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H.264/AVC를 위한 디블록킹 필터의 최적화된 하드웨어 설계
정윤진(Younjin Jung),류광기(Kwangki Ryoo) 大韓電子工學會 2010 電子工學會論文誌-SD (Semiconductor and devices) Vol.47 No.1
본 논문에서는 고성능 H.264/AVC 복호기 설계를 위해 디블록킹 필터의 수행시간 단축과 저전력 설계를 위한 필터링 순서 및 효율적인 메모리 구조를 제안하고 5단 파이프라인으로 구성된 필터의 설계에 대해 기술한다. 디블록킹 필터는 블록 경계에서 발생하는 왜곡을 제거하여 영상의 화질을 개선시키지만 하나의 경계에 여러 번 필터링을 수행하여 많은 메모리 접근과 반복되는 연산과정이 수반된다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 메모리 접근과 필터 수행 사이클을 최소화하는 새로운 필터 순서를 제안하고 반복되는 연산의 효율적 관리를 위해 파이프라인 구조를 적용하였다. 제안하는 디블록킹 필터는 메모리 읽기, 임계값 계산, 전처리 연산, 필터 연산, 메모리 쓰기로 구성된 5단 파이프라인으로 구현되어 순차적인 필터 연산에 병렬적 처리가 가능하며 각 단계에 클록 게이팅을 적용하여 하드웨어 자원에 불필요한 전력을 감소시켰다. 또한, 적은 내부 트랜스포지션 버퍼를 사용하면서 필터링 순서를 효율적으로 개선하여 필터 수행을 위한 메모리 접근과 수행 사이클을 감소시켰다. 제안하는 디블록킹 필터의 하드웨어는 Verilog HDL로 설계 하였으며 기존의 복호기에 통합하여 Modelsim 6.2g 시뮬레이터를 이용해 검증하였다. 입력으로는 표준 참조 소프트웨어 JM9.4 부호기를 통해 압축한 다양한 QCIF영상 샘플을 사용하였다. 기존 필터들과 수행 사이클을 비교한 결과, 제안하는 구조의 설계가 비교적 적은 트랜스포지션 버퍼를 사용했으며 최소 20%의 수행 사이클이 감소함을 확인하였다. This paper describes a design of 5-stage pipelined de-blocking filter with power reduction scheme and proposes a efficient memory architecture and filter order for high performance H.264/AVC Decoder. Generally the de-blocking filter removes block boundary artifacts and enhances image quality. Nevertheless filter has a few disadvantage that it requires a number of memory access and iterated operations because of filter operation for 4 time to one edge. So this paper proposes a optimized filter ordering and efficient hardware architecture for the reduction of memory access and total filter cycles. In proposed filter parallel processing is available because of structured 5-stage pipeline consisted of memory read, threshold decider, pre-calculation, filter operation and write back. Also it can reduce power consumption because it uses a clock gating scheme which disable unnecessary clock switching. Besides total number of filtering cycle is decreased by new filter order. The proposed filter is designed with Verilog-HDL and functionally verified with the whole H.264/AVC decoder using the Modelsim 6.2g simulator. Input vectors are QCIF images generated by JM9.4 standard encoder software. As a result of experiment, it shows that the filter can make about 20% total filter cycles reduction and it requires small transposition buffer size.
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SoC Platform Design and Verification for Multimedia Application
Hongkyun Jung,Xianzhe Jin,Younjin Jung,Ok Kim,Byoungyup Lee,Kwangki Ryoo 대한전자공학회 2008 ITC-CSCC :International Technical Conference on Ci Vol.2008 No.7
This paper proposes an SoC platform for the development of multimedia applications. The SoC platform uses a 32-bit RISC processor with 4-way set-associative cache for improvement of performance, a VGA controller and an AC97 controller for multimedia, an SoC debug interface for debugging and supports WISHBONE compatible peripheral IPs. The multimedia SoC platform is implemented on Xilinx VIRTEX-4 XC4VLX80 FPGA device and the FPGA executes at the maximum frequency of 64.574㎒. As a result of system-level verification using test programs in development board including the FPGA device, the proposed SoC platform was satisfactory for the desired functions.
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Frequent Occurrence of SARS-CoV-2 Transmission among Non-close Contacts Exposed to COVID-19 Patients
Jung Jiwon,Lee Jungmin,Kim Eunju,Namgung Songhee,Kim Younjin,Yun Mina,Lim Young-Ju,Kim Eun Ok,Bae Seongman,Kim Mi-Na,Lee Sun-Mi,Park Man-Seong,Kim Sung-Han 대한의학회 2021 Journal of Korean medical science Vol.36 No.33
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission among non-close contacts is not infrequent. We evaluated the proportion and circumstances of individuals to whom SARS-CoV-2 was transmitted without close contact with the index patient in a nosocomial outbreak in a tertiary care hospital in Korea. From March 2020 to March 2021, there were 36 secondary cases from 14 SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals. Of the 36 secondary cases, 26 (72%) had been classified as close contact and the remaining 10 (28%) were classified as non-close contact. Of the 10 non-close contact, 4 had short conversations with both individuals masked, 4 shared a space without any conversation with both masked, and the remaining 2 entered the space after the index had left. At least one quarter of SARSCoV-2 transmissions occurred among non-close contacts. The definition of close contact for SARS-CoV-2 exposure based on the mode of droplet transmission should be revised to reflect the airborne nature of SARS-CoV-2 transmission.
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Kim, Da Jung,Hong, Younjin,Kim, So Han,Lee, Kang Mun,Mun, Sang-deok,Yoon, Sungwoo,Lee, Junseong,Do, Youngkyu,Kim, Youngjo Elsevier 2011 Inorganica chimica acta Vol.378 No.1
<P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P><P>A novel series of three boratrane derivatives featuring a stepwise change in ring size from three six-membered rings to one six-membered and two five-membered rings were prepared. X-ray analysis revealed that the coordination around boron and nitrogen was a slightly distorted tetrahedral geometry and the tricyclic cage moiety resembled a three-bladed turbine of <I>C</I><SUB>3</SUB> or <I>C<SUB>s</SUB></I> symmetry.<ce:figure id='f0005'></ce:figure></P><P><B>Highlights</B></P><P>► (HO-<I>o</I>-ArCH<SUB>2</SUB>)<SUB>3−</SUB><I><SUB>n</SUB></I>N(CH<SUB>2</SUB>CH<SUB>2</SUB>OH)<I><SUB>n</SUB></I> (<I>n</I>=0–2) were used as ligands. ► B(OMe)<SUB>3</SUB> was used as a boron precursor. ► Boratrane derivatives with (HO-<I>o</I>-ArCH<SUB>2</SUB>)<SUB>3−</SUB><I><SUB>n</SUB></I>N(CH<SUB>2</SUB>CH<SUB>2</SUB>OH)<I><SUB>n</SUB></I> (<I>n</I>=0–2) were prepared. ► The tricyclic cage moiety resembled a three-bladed turbine of <I>C</I><SUB>3</SUB> or <I>C<SUB>s</SUB></I> symmetry. ► The N–B bond length of 1.6322(19)Å is the shortest among reported boratranes.</P> <P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>New types of boratranes B[(O-<I>o</I>-ArCH<SUB>2</SUB>)<SUB>3−</SUB><I><SUB>n</SUB></I>N(CH<SUB>2</SUB>CH<SUB>2</SUB>O)<I><SUB>n</SUB></I>] (Ar=2,4-di-MeC<SUB>6</SUB>H<SUB>2</SUB>; <I>n</I>=0, <B>1</B>; <I>n</I>=1, <B>2</B>; <I>n</I>=2, <B>3</B>) featuring three six-membered chelating ring (<B>1</B>) to two five-membered chelating rings (<B>3</B>) in a stepwise fashion through <B>2</B> have been synthesized by the reaction of B(OMe)<SUB>3</SUB> with a series of tetradentate ligands such as (HO-<I>o</I>-ArCH<SUB>2</SUB>)<SUB>3−</SUB><I><SUB>n</SUB></I>N(CH<SUB>2</SUB>CHOH)<I><SUB>n</SUB></I> (Ar=2,4-di-MeC<SUB>6</SUB>H<SUB>2</SUB>; <I>n</I>=0, <B>L1H<SUB>3</SUB></B>; <I>n</I>=1, <B>L2H<SUB>3</SUB></B>; <I>n</I>=2, <B>L3H<SUB>3</SUB></B>). Compounds <B>1</B>–<B>3</B> have been characterized by solution <SUP>1</SUP>H, <SUP>13</SUP>C{<SUP>1</SUP>H} and, <SUP>11</SUP>B NMR and the crystal structures of <B>1</B> and <B>3</B> have been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Compounds <B>1</B> and <B>3</B> are the first structurally characterized boratrane derivatives bearing all six-membered rings and mixed ring systems in the atrane cage, respectively. Especially, the molecular structures of <B>1</B> revealed that its transannular N–B bond length of 1.6322(19)Å is the shortest among the previously reported boratrane and its derivatives.</P>
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