韓國農村의 近代化와 小作農에 관한 硏究 : 嶺南 地方을 中心으로

鄭喆洙,金種震,尹槿燮 慶北大學校 東洋文化硏究所 1978 東洋文化硏究 Vol.5 No.-

1. Duration of the Project: fron June 1977 to July 1978 2. Objectives of the Project: 1) An empirical survey on the real state and practices of the tenancy in rural community. 2) An analysis of the mobility of tenants and the relationships which exist between tenants and landlords. 3) Determining the orientation of the tenants' pattern of thought. 4) Examination of socio-economic factors related to the retardation of agricultural modernization under farm tenancy. 3. Methodology: Fourty rural villages, of these three types-villages near a city, in a plain and in a mountainous remote areas-have been selected for this research in Kyungsangbuk-do and Kyungsangnam-do areas. A tota1 of 3166 households were doing farming as their main occupations. Out of these 3166 farm households, there were 878 small tenant farm households (27.7%) which iuclude pure tenants, tenant farmers with their own farms, own farmers with tenant farms, ancestor worship farm tenants and others. Two thirds of these 878 tenant farmers (585 household heads) were selected for this research. However, a total of 514 tenants (responding rate:88%) out of 585 tenants were possible for interview. These 514 tenant farmers were subjects of analysis for this research. The findings are summarized in the following: (1) To see the ratio of tenant farm households to the total farm in suburban willages which are located near a city (48.5%); the next remote villages located in remote mountainous areas (23.1%) and plain villages located in a plain (20.6%). The reason for these differential ratio of tenant farmers in different types of villages may be explained in terms of rich urban residents' capability to buy farmlands near their living cities and then to rent those farms to the vi11age tenant farmers. (2) Around 90% of 514 respondents are males and they are mainly in their 40s and 50s(65%). 82% of them had less than elementary school education. There are 6.5 persons per household on the average. This number of average household members exceeds average number of Korean household members by 1.4 persons (1975). (3) 68% of all respondents farm less than one jongbo of arable land per house hold. Extremely poor farmers who farm less than 5 danbo are 22% of all respondents. Among these figures, pure tenant farmers are almost half of these extremely poor farmers(47%). As a whole, the size of tenant farmlands per household is: less than one jongbo(93%), less than five danbo(97%). The ratio of tenant farm area to the total average arable land per household is 57%. (4) Annual average income per household is: less than 700,000 won (55%), more than 1,000,000 won(24%). 87% of those pure tenant farmers, on the average, record an annual average income of less than 700,000 won. Compared with an annual average income of 1,430,000 won of Korean rural residents per household(1977), A majority of tenant farmers are earning less than half of the Korean farm household annual income in general. (5) 88% of all respondent farmers live in their own houses. However, only 65% of pure tenant farmers live in their own houses. Cultural conveniences include radio and TV (16% respectively), newspaper subscription (16%), and use of toothpasts(2.5%). (6) 65% of respondents have lived in their present villages since before August 15th(1945) Korean Liberation Day (i.e. for more than 30 years they have lived in the villages); These farmers born in their village comprise 31% while immigrants from other places are 69%. Out of these 69% of tenant farmers who moved in the present villages, a majority of them(90%) are from rural areas of their province of origin. (7) Social mobility of tenant farmers: 68% of respondents were farmers as thier previous occupations, and about 18% of respondents were front non-agricultural backgrounds (mannual laborers, agricultural laborers, salers, and tne non-employed). Around 23% of respondents who were landlords before the Land Reform showed downward social mobility by becoming tenant farmers after the Land Reform. About 21% of respondents showed reverse social mobility trend, i.e. upward social mobility from farm laborers or farm servants. Those tenant farmers whose fathers were own farmers or landlords were about 40% of all respondents while those who showed intergenerational upward mobility from employed laborer status to tenant farming covers only six per cent of all respondents. (8) Practice of tenancy has a long history in Korea, and the three different types of tenancy in general practice are: 1) fix ground rent (Jongdo-bob) which tenant farmer pays a certain amount of rent to the landlord regardless of good of bad harvest, 2) after-harvest rent (Tajak-bob) in which a certain amount of tenant rate is predetermined in advance, however, the actual amount of crops may vary depending upon the amount of crops well or illharvested, 3) before-harvest rent (Doji-bob) in which tenant rent is decided upon just before the harvest mainly by the estimates of the crops by tenant farmers and landlords. In this research we find that 49% of respondents are in after-harvest rent practice 42% in fix ground rent practice and 6% in before-harvest rent practice. Eighty-two percent of tenant farmers pay their rents by way of rice crops and only 13% of them pay the rent in cash. In the case of the after-harvest rent practice, 88% of the tenant farmers divide the harvest crops in half with the landlords. A total of 79 tenant farmers (15%) out of 514 tenant farmers pay some part of between-rice crops as their tenant rents in addition to the heavy main rents. In varying degrees, the tenant farmers pay land taxes(52%), and water tax or seed expenses and fertilizer cost (85%). Almost 47% of tenant farmers bear half of the lenses of carrying the rent crop to the landlord's house. 32% of tenants carry the rent crop to the landlord's house with tenant's expenses. (9) Tenant period tends not to be definite in terms of contracts (68%). About 89% of tenants rent the farms from the landlords by oral contracts. Around 87% of the tenants pay their rent after the harvest is completed. (10) Half of the tenant farmers have no kinship relations with their landlords. Around one third of the tenant farmers rent farms from close kinsmen including parent-child relations. Around 68% of landlords live in the villages, while 29% of landlords live in the cities. The landlords control the tenant frmers directly without brokers between them. (11) On the questions of their attitudes toward farming occupation, around 60% of tenant farmers expressed dissatisfaction of their farming occupation. About 40% of them satisfied themselves with their occupation, and equally about 40% of them cited farming or agriculature as their desired occupation. Asked what occupation they want their children to work on, they cited govern ment offices, teaching, sales. Agriculture or farming found the lowest scale of the desire. Judging from these phenomena, the tenant farmers do not like farming inside their heart. Therefore, those tenant farmers who really like working on the farm are not many. (12) Around over one third of tenant farmers think there are some differences in the harvest amount between their own lands and their related lands. The main reason for this pattern of thought seems to be in their attachment to their lands. Around 38% of those respondents answered in the positive when asked whether they could produce more harvest if their tenanted lands were their own lands. The majority of tenant farmers responded favorably to the Land Reform. In the above we reviewed the real state of tenancy in Korea. Although around 30 years have passed since the Land Reform in 1949, we have unfortunately found the actual existence of landlord-tenant relations which are forbidden by law. The existence of tenancy impedes the modernization of rural Korean community. Those tenant farmers who have only less than 24,506 acre of lands to cultivate are 70% of all respondents. These tenant farmers who pay 50% of their harvest as their rent to the landlords are around 90% of all the farmers interviewed. In addition, may of those tenants should bear the expenses of land taxes, water tax, seed purchase, fertilizer, other rents and the burden of carrying the crop rent to the landlords. Thus the majority of their annual average income are lower that half of that of Korean rural community in general. That is, their annual average income is only meager 700,000 won, forming lower income strata. However, these tenant families have 1.4 persons more members per family compared with the number of persons per family of the rural Korean community average in general. Thus, their subsistance faces further difficulty. These tenants, economically in difficult conditions, are also insulated from the cultural benefits of modernization. Their educational level shows that 80% of them had only less than 6 years of formal education. The fact that 16% of them posess radios and only 2.5% of them use toothpastes for brushing the teeth demonstrates their cultural deprivation. On the other hand, concerning the landlord tenant relationships, the oral contact dominate between the two parties, and no period of tenancy is decided in the beginning. Therefore we can safely see the practice of pre-modern patterns of practices. We think that the tenants still maintain the pre-modernization patterns of thought which can be seen in an answer by tenants to question on, what amount of rent would be desirable; around 58% of tenants said the proper amount of rent would be more than 40% of crops harvested. In short, for the rapid realization of Korean modernization and democratization, it is necessary to destroy the landlord-tenant relations according to the principle of "land to the tiller." In case of its difficulty to carry it out soon, at least we should see to it that the high rate of rent should be reduced to the level which may ease heavy burden of tenant farmers. These, measures should be taken steps soon so that the tenant farmers may enhance their level of life as well as enjoy the cultural benefits. These measures will help change some pattern of thought of tenant farmers.

Al₂O₃纖維 强化 알루미늄 複合材料에서 合金元素 添加가 界面反應에 미치는 影響

金錫胤,宋在京,金政根 弘益大學校 1986 弘大論叢 Vol.18 No.2

In the fabrication of the fiber reinforced aluminum alloy composites was made by liquid metal vacuum infiltration. Emphasis was placed on the study addition of alloying elements to matrices and interface interactions between fiber and matrices. Al₂O₃fiber well wetted in Al-Mg, Al-Li and poorly in Al-Cu-Mg alloys but pure Al and Al-Cu matrices bad wetted. The distribution of constituents at the interaction zones between reinforcements and matrices was analysed by EDS and WDS.

Al₂O₃섬유강화-알루미늄 금속 복합 재료에 첨가된 Li의 영향

金錫胤,金政根 弘益大學校 1989 弘大論叢 Vol.21 No.2

Samples of FP(Al₂O₃) fiber/Al-2.5Li metal matrix composite have been fabricated by Liquid metal pressure forming technique. The fiber orientation in the composite was unidirectional to the specimen axis. The ?? of the specimen was 468 MPa and especially young's modulus was very high enough to 150.9GPa owing to the good bonding between fiber and matrix. The fracture surfaces exhibited that the cracks were propagated in a mixed mode, that is, fibers bread with the matrix, debonding and pullout from the matrix until a final fracture took place. The interfacial delaminated dendritic structure were also observed. Li addition increased the wettability of the fiber in the matrix, because of the formation of two compounds in the interfaces, namely, α-LiAlO₂and LiAl??O??.

인슐린의존형 당뇨병환자에서 임신중 병발한 당뇨병성 케톤산증 1예

이성근,신영구,이성규,정윤석,이관우,김현만,김행수 아주대학교 1997 아주의학 Vol.2 No.2

저자등은 인슐린의존형 당뇨병환자에서 임신중에 병발한 당뇨병성 케톤산증을 1예를 경험하였기에 문헌고찰과 함께 보고하는 바이다. IDDM is an autoimmune disease resulted from beta cell destruction and insulin deficiency, and developed mostly in children and puberty. Ketoaddosis remains one of the most senous complications that can occur in the pregnant diabetic. A 26-year-old woman, gravida 1, para 0, was admitted at 32 weeks gestation because of fever lasted for 6 days. She had been treated with insulin pump during the pregnancy. Blood sugar was well controlled before admission, and the etiology of her ketoacidosis was urinary tract infection and no insulin-intake. DKA was treated with fluids and intravenous insulin. Urinary tract infection was treated with antibiotics, based on culture test. Healthy newbom was later delivered by cesarean section due to fetal distress. We experienced a case of DKA in pregnant woman and report it with a review on literature.

류마티스 관절염 환자에서 발생한 Mycobacterium intracellulare에 의한 관절염 1예

박근우,권현희,정승혜,김경찬,최정윤,이영환 대한감염학회 2007 감염과 화학요법 Vol.39 No.1

비정형 항산균에 의한 근골격계 감염은 매우 드물며, 진단이 지연되는 경우가 많다. 저자들은 류마티스 관절염환자에서 수차례 스테로이드 주사 후에 생긴 M. intracellulare에 의한 관절염을 진단하고 수술적 치료없이 약물 치료만으로 좋은 결과를 보인 예를 경험하였기에 보고하는 바이다. Nontuberculous mycobacteria are ubiquitous organisms that are frequently present in the water, soil and animal reservoirs. Nontuberculous mycobacterial infections of the musculoskeletal system are rare and usually associated with predisposing factors, such as prior joint disease, trauma, use of intraarticular or oral corticosteroids, or an immunocompromised state. A sixty five-year-old patient with rheumatoid arthritis was hospitalized due to swelling on the left wrist. M. intracellulare was cultured from the aspirated joint fluid. The patient was successfully treated with clarithromycin, ethambutol, and rifampin. We report this case with review, emphasizing high suspicion for nontuberculous mycobacterial infection in patients with predisposing risk factors.

초지연제의 응결시간차를 이용하여 수평분할 타설한 매스 콘크리트의 온도이력 특성

전충근,윤치환,신동안,오선교,한천구 대한건축학회 2003 대한건축학회 학술발표대회 논문집 - 계획계/구조계 Vol.23 No.2

In this paper, field application test of super retarding agent is discussed to reduce hydration heat of mass concrete considering setting time difference of super retarding agent by using horizontal placing layer in Megatrium building construction field at Yongsan in Seoul. Properties of fresh and hardened concrete and hydration heat are investigated, According to test results, both base concrete and flowing concrete meet the requirement of designed slump and air content, although some variances exist. As for compressive strength, it also satisfies the specified strength the consumer need in base concrete and hardened concrete. As for hydration heat, highest temperature of middle section in top placing layer is 65v at 28hours, and in bottom placing layer is 73℃ at 68hours.

Southern Blot Hybridization법을 이용한 악성 림프종의 면역유전형에 관한 연구

전호종,기근홍,김윤신,이미숙,이미자,장원재,장숙진,박영진,정춘해,정종훈,양성훈,이광민 조선대학교 1994 The Medical Journal of Chosun University Vol.19 No.2

Immunogenotyping using gene rearrangement analysis has emerged as a precise laboratory aid in the diagnosis and classification of malignant Iymphoid neoplasms. The lineage and clonality of the malignant Iymphoid neoplasms can be identified by the demonstration of rearrangements of antigen receptor genes of the immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor genes. The analysis of the gene rearrangements on the malignant Iymphoid neoplasms are also useful as a sensitive unique clonal markers to detect early recurrence in patients with malignant Iymphoid neoplasms after treatment. To analyze the sensitivity and specificity of gene rearrangements in the diagnosis of malignant Iymphoid neoplasms. 24 cases of malignat Iymphoma were examined by Southern blot hybridization using CTβ-T cell receptor β chain gene-DNA probe and JH-immunoglobulin heavy chain gene-DNA probe. The results of the immunogenotypings using Southern blot hybridization disclosed high correlation between the immunophenotyping using immunohistochemical stain with monoclonal antibodies (B-cell Iymphoma 84.2%. T-cell Iymphoma 75% ). The analysis of the gene rearrangement of the angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy(AILD) and unclassifiable Iymphoma using immunohistochemical stain could resolve the monoclonality and lineage . Rearranged bands to the CTβDNA probe were observed in one case out of 2 cases of AILD. One case of unclassifiable Iymphoma showed rearranged bands to the CTβ DNA probe. There were no rearrangements in reactive follicular Iymphoid hyperplasia and paracortical Iymphoid hyperplasia. In conclusion, DNA gene rearrangement study should be applied to differentiate the clonality and cell lineage in the malignant Iymphoma with indistinctive immunophenotype.

열형광선량계에 의한 선량평가 알고리즘 개발

송명재,김희근,하정우,이태영,윤석철 대한방사선 방어학회 1992 방사선방어학회지 Vol.17 No.2

본 연구의 목적은 ANSI N13. 11-1983의 시험기준에서 제시한 개인선량계의 선량평가 시험범주를 모두 만족시킬 수 있는 선량평가 알고리즘을 개발하는데 있다. 알고리즘 개발 대상 개인선량계로는 Teledyne Isotopes사의 PB-3 열형광선량계로 하였다. 개발된 알고리즘에 대한 미국 Atlan-Tech사와의 2차례의 검증결과, 본 알고리즘은 ANSI N-13. 11-1983의 선량평가 범주를 모두 만족시키는 것으로 나타났다. The purpose of this study is to develop an algorithm of TLD dose evaluation to meet all requirements stated in ANSI N13. 11-1983. It made the PB-3 TLD of Teledyne Isotopes an object of the development. Personal dosimetry performance testings of the development algorithm have been performed twice through the Atlan-Tech, INC. in accordance with the criteria of testing described in ANSI N13. 11-1983. As a result, it is assured that the developed algorithm has complied with all requirements stated in ANSI N13-1983.

Chinchilla 달팽이핵에서 calbindin D-28ka 양성세포에 관한 면역조직화학적 연구

장인엽,윤상필,정윤영,정종중,문정석,허영,모근석,김흥중 대한해부학회 1997 Anatomy & Cell Biology Vol.30 No.5

시멘트의 분말도 변화에 따른 시멘트 모르터의 역학적 특성

文學龍,김경민,전충근,윤기원,양성환,한천구 대한건축학회 2003 대한건축학회 학술발표대회 논문집 - 계획계/구조계 Vol.23 No.2

This study discusses the influence of fineness of cement on mechanical properties of cement mortar. According to the result, compressive strength increases in order of C>B>OPC>A and C>B>A>OPC at mixture proportion of 1:1 and 1:3 respectively. An increase of compressive strength by increase of fineness of cement is because internal structure of concrete grows dense by an increase of hydration reaction. As for curing condition, compressive strength is higher in standard curing than in air curing at mixture proportion of 1:1 and 1:3. There is not any tendency of strength development with age and fineness of cement by 91days. Length change by drying shrinkage increases in order of C>B>OPC>A at mixture proportion of 1:1 and 1:3 due to an increase of water content by variation of W/C.