韓南塘的人心道心思想硏究

사효동 ( Xiao Dong Xie ) (사)율곡연구원(구 사단법인 율곡학회) 2016 율곡학연구 Vol.32 No.-

한국의 대유학자 남당(南塘) 한원진(韓元震)은 ‘사단칠정동질론(四端七情同質論)’을 견지했던 인물로 ‘사단은 선악을 겸하고 있다(四端是兼善惡)’고 주장하였다. 그에게 있어서 도심과 인심은 칠정일 뿐만 아니라, 동시에 사단의 표현 형태이기도 하다. 이는 이율곡이 단지 칠정으로부터 출발한 것과는 달리 도심인심 모두 그 표현 형태라는 관점이며, 율곡의 사단은 도심 및 인심의 선한 측면이라는 관점과도 구별된다. 이 두 가지 관점은 동아시아의 인심도심론에 있어서 남당의 독특한 점이라 할 수 있다. 남당은 형기(形氣)와 심(心)에서 발용하는 기를 구분하였고, 그것으로부터 리기호발설(理氣互發說)을 비판하는 기초를 마련하였다. 남당은 주리(主理)ㆍ주기(主氣)라는 두 가지 개념으로 자주 표현했는데, 그 결론은 도심은 리를 주로 하여(主理) 발하는 것이며, 인심의 선한 측면도 리를 주로 하여 발하는 것이고, 그 불선(不善)한 것은 기를 주로 하여(主氣) 발한다고 하였다. 남당은 더 나아가 기의 용사(用事)와 불용사(不用事)라는 두 명제를 해석하고 있는데, 도심과 인심의 선한 측면은 기를 맑게 하는데 쓰이고, 인심의 악한 측면은 기를 탁하게 하는데 쓰인다고 지적하였다. 남당은 도심인심도기론(道心人心道器論)을 비판하면서 이 이론은 일종의 인심도심 및 그와 관계된 잘못된 이해라고 생각하였다. 도기론은 두 가지 기본 요점을 가지고 있는데, 즉 인심지각화(人心知覺化)와 도심성리화(道心性理化)이다. 남당은 주희의 인심도심의 전후가 서로 다름을 깊게 분석하였다. 동시에 주희의 후학 중 리기호발설에 대한 경향에 대해 정곡을 찌르는 비판을 하였다. 그 중 채침(蔡沈), 황간(黃幹), 진덕수(眞德秀) 그리고 왕백(王柏)에 대한 비판도 포함되어 있다. 남당은 동아시아 유학 중에 오심도심 문제에 있어서 가장 역사적 감각을 가진 사상가라고 할 수 있다. 본 논문은 한편으로 남당의 인심도심설을 전반적ㆍ체계적으로 분석하였으며, 다른 한편으로 「답채계통이(答蔡季通二)」 “말이 도리어 아직 밝지 못하다(語却未瑩)”의 문제를 해석하는 등 세부적인 부분에도 연구를 기울였다. Nantang Han, a famous Korea Confucianism, put forward the homogeneity theory between the Four Sprouts and the Seven Emotions which regard the Four Sprouts as both good and evil. In his opinion, the Human Mind and the Moral Mind are not only the appearance of the Four Sprouts but also the Seven Emotions. This differ from Yulgok Lee’s view, that is the Human Mind and the Moral Mind are only the Seven Emotions’ form of expression. And it also differ from the point of view of Yulgok’s, that is the Four Sprouts is the Moral Mind and good of the Human Mind. It should be said that these two thoughts are the unique in the intellectual history of the Human Mind and the Moral Mind in East Asia. Nantang made a distinction between the qi of body and the qi of heart, which lay a critical foundation to the theory of principle and matter (liqi)launch each other.Nantang defined two popular representations, zhuli(主理) and zhuqi(主氣), its conclusion are that all the Moral Mind are the launch of zhuli, and the good of the Human Mind is the launch of zhuli, and the evil of the Human Mind is the launch of zhuqi. Nantang further explained t two propositions,qi acts or qi doesn’t acts. He pointed out that the Moral Mind and the good of the Human Mind are the outcome of clear qi(淸氣) acts, and the evil of the Human Mind is the outcome of dirty qi(濁氣) acts . Nantang criticized the theory of Dao and Qi(道器) between the Human Mind and the Moral Mind. He believed that standpoint is a wrong understanding about the relationship between the Human Mind and the Moral Mind. Nantang extremely precise analysis of the difference in Zhu Xi’s thought of the Human Mind and the Moral Mind. It can be said that Nantang is a thinker with an excellent sense of history in the East Asian Confucianism for the problem of the Human Mind and the Moral Mind.The contribution of this paper is that hand as a whole more comprehensive and systematically analysis the Nantang’s theory of the Human Mind and the Moral Mind.On the other hand, the article also makes some progress in details. For example, it interpreted effectively the problem of "language is not reasonable" in the letter of Answering Jitong Cai II.

Mechanism underlying 2n male and female gamete formation in lemon via cytological and molecular marker analysis

Kai‑Dong Xie,Qiang‑Ming Xia,Jun Peng,Xiao‑Meng Wu,Zong‑Zhou Xie,Chun‑Li Chen,Wen‑Wu Guo 한국식물생명공학회 2019 Plant biotechnology reports Vol.13 No.2

The unreduced (2n) gametes have long been used in triploid breeding of citrus. In lemon, the previously reported mechanisms for 2n megagametophyte formation were controversial, whereas that for 2n pollen production is still unknown. Herein, the frequency of and mechanism underlying 2n megagametophyte and 2n pollen formation in ‘Eureka’ lemon were investigated based on cytological observation and genotyping of the triploid hybrids between ‘Eureka’ lemon and ‘Early gold’ sweet orange. As a result, 4.79% of the viable pollens of ‘Eureka’ lemon were identified as the 2n pollen with a larger diameter (70.16 ± 3.92 μm). The 2n pollen might be resulted from the formation of parallel spindles at meiosis stage II. Among the 204 plantlets regenerated from embryo rescue following the sexual cross, 12 were triploids as identified by flow cytometry. According to the analysis of heterozygosity transmission using 13 pericentromeric single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers and 20 randomly distributed simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers, 11 triploids were identified to be originated from the fertilization of 2n megagametophytes of ‘Eureka’ lemon, with a frequency of 5.39%. Among them, nine 2n megagametophytes were supposed to be arisen from the second division restitution (SDR), whereas the other two were from postmeiotic genome doubling (PMD). These results to understand the mechanism underlying 2n gamete formation in lemon are valuable for its efficient polyploid breeding.

Clinical Characteristics and Survival Analysis of Breast Cancer Molecular Subtypes with Hepatic Metastases

Ge, Qi-Dong,Lv, Ning,Kong, Ya-Nan,Xie, Xin-Hua,He, Ni,Xie, Xiao-Ming,Wei, Wei-Dong Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2012 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.13 No.10

Background: The liver is one of the most common metastatic sites of breast cancer, hepatic metastases developing in 6%-25% of patients with breast cancer and being associated with a poor prognosis. The aim of this study was to analyze the survival and clinical characteristics of patients with hepatic metastases from breast cancer of different molecular subtypes and to investigate the prognostic and predictive factors that effect clinical outcome. Methods: We retrospectively studied the charts of 104 patients with breast cancer hepatic metastases diagnosed at Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center from December 1990 to June 2009. Subtypes were defined as luminal A, luminal B, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) enriched, triple-negative (TN). Prognostic factor correlations with clinical features and treatment approaches were assessed at the diagnosis of hepatic metastases. Results: The median survival time was 16.0 months, and the one-, two- three-, four-, five-year survival rates were 63.5%, 31.7%, 15.6%, 10.8%, and 5.4%, respectively. Median survival periods after hepatic metastases were 19.3 months (luminal A), 13.3 months (luminal B), 18.9 months (HER2-enriched), and 16.1 months (TN, P=0.11). In multivariate analysis, a 2 year-interval from initial diagnosis to hepatic metastasis, treatment with endocrine therapy, and surgery were independent prognostic factors. Endocrine therapy could improve the survival of luminal subtypes (P=0.004) and was a favorable prognostic factor (median survival 23.4 months vs. 13.8 months, respectively, P=0.011). Luminal A group of patients treated with endocrine therapy did significantly better than the Luminal A group of patients treated without endocrine therapy (median survival of 48.9 vs. 13.8 months, P=0.003). Conclusions: Breast cancer subtypes were not associated with survival after hepatic metastases. Endocrine therapy was a significantly favorable treatment for patients with luminal subtype.

Metastatic Axillary Lymph Node Ratio (LNR) is Prognostically Superior to pN Staging in Patients with Breast Cancer -- Results for 804 Chinese Patients from a Single Institution

Xiao, Xiang-Sheng,Tang, Hai-Lin,Xie, Xin-Hua,Li, Lai-Sheng,Kong, Ya-Nan,Wu, Min-Qing,Yang, Lu,Gao, Jie,Wei, Wei-Dong,Xie, Xiaoming Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2013 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.14 No.9

The number of axillary lymph nodes involved and retrieved are important prognostic factors in breast cancer. The purpose of our study was to investigate whether the lymph node ratio (LNR) is a better prognostic factor in predicting disease-free survival (DFS) for breast cancer patients as compared with pN staging. The analysis was based on 804 breast cancer patients who had underwent axillary lymph node dissection between 1999 and 2008 in Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center. Optimal cutoff points of LNR were calculated using X-tile software and validated by bootstrapping. Patients were then divided into three groups (low-, intermediate-, and high-risk) according to the cutoff points. Predicting risk factors for relapse were performed according to Cox proportional hazards analysis. DFS was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared by the log-rank test. The 5-year DFS rate decreased significantly with increasing LNRs and pN. Univariate analysis found that the pT, pN, LNR, molecule type, HER2, pTNM stage and radiotherapy well classified patients with significantly different prognosis. By multivariate analysis, only LNR classification was retained as an independent prognostic factor. Furthermore, there was a significant prognostic difference among different LNR categories for pN2 category, but no apparent prognostic difference was seen between different pN categories in any LNR category. Therefore, LNR rather than pN staging is preferable in predicting DFS in node positive breast cancer patients, and routine clinical decision-making should take the LNR into consideration.

Modulation of the Self-Assembly of Collagen by Phytic Acid: An In Vitro Study

Xiao Tu,Xincheng Chen,Ying Peng,Jie Nan,Benmei Wei,Lang He,Chengzhi Xu,Yuling Xu,Dong Xie,Juntao Zhang,Haibo Wang 한국고분자학회 2018 Macromolecular Research Vol.26 No.13

Phytic acid, containing a myoinositol ring coupled with six phosphate groups, can react with the amino groups of collagen to regulate their self-assembly behavior. The aim of this research is to evaluate the effects of phytic acid on the selfassembly behavior of collagen, the structures and properties of the resulting fibrils and hydrogels. Turbidity and chloramine T assay suggested that phytic acid could improve the self-assembly kinetics and degree of collagen, and the optimal ratio of phytic acid/collagen was 1/1 (w/w). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis indicated that co-fibrils of collagen with phytic acid are more slender than that of pure collagen, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) reveals that the characteristic D-periodicity of collagen fibrils is not affected by phytic acid. Besides, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and rheology revealed that the thermal stability of collagen fibrils and the viscoelasticity of collagen hydrogels could be improved by phytic acid and the optimal ratio of phytic acid/collagen is 1/1 (w/w).

Allogeneic Hemopietic Stem Cell Transplants for the Treatment of B Cell Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia

Dong, Wei-Min,Cao, Xiang-Shan,Wang, Biao,Lin, Yun,Hua, Xiao-Ying,Qiu, Guo-Qiang,Gu, Wei-Ying,Xie, Xiao-Bao Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2014 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.15 No.15

Objective: Explore the feasibility of allo-hemopietic stem cell transplants in treating patients with B cell acute lymphocytic leukemia. Methods: Between september 2006 and February 2011, fifteen patients with B cell acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) were treated by allo-hemopietic stem cell transplants (HSCT). Stem cell sources were peripheral blood. Six patients were conditioned by busulfan (BU) and cyclophosphamide (CY) and nine patients were conditioned with TBI and cyclophosphamide (CY). Graft versus host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis regimen consisted of cyclosporine A (CSA), methotrex ate (MTX) and mycophenolatemofetil (MMF). Results: Patients received a median of $7.98{\times}10^8{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ ($5.36-12.30{\times}10^8{\cdot}kg^{-1}$) mononuclear cells (MNC). The median time of ANC> $0.5{\times}10^9/L$ was day 12 (10-15), and PLT> $20.0{\times}10^9/L$ was day 13 (11-16). Extensive acute GVHD occurred in 6 (40.0%) patients, and extensive chronic GVHD was recorded in 6 (40.0%) patients. Nine patients were alive after 2.5-65 months follow-up. Conclusion: Allogeneic stem cell transplant could be effective in treating patients with B cell acute lymphocytic leukemia.

Alkaline responsive self-healing nanocontainer composite reverse osmosis membrane by layer self-assembly: Enhanced permeable and chlorine resistance properties

Xiao Xie,Qian Yang,Qiong Sun,Na Song,Liyan Yu,Lifeng Dong 한국공업화학회 2022 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.113 No.-

Low water flux and poor chlorine resistance have become barriers to the applications of polyamidereverse osmosis (RO) membranes. Here, we design and develop a novel RO membrane with high permeabilityand self-healing chlorine resistance capability by doping alkaline-responsive polymer nanocontainersinto the polyamide layer. The nanocontainer is prepared through chemical adsorption andelectrostatic self-assembly with titanium dioxide (TiO2) as the core, calcium alginate (CA) and chitosan(CS) as the repair materials, and polyaspartic acid (PASP) as the responsive shell. In addition to increasingwater transport through the channels, the PASP shell of the nanocontainer reacts with alkali during conventionalalkaline cleaning and thereby the CA and CS are released to precisely repair the chlorinatedpolyamide and restore the NaCl rejection of the RO membrane. Upon release of the nanocontainer,TiO2 is also exposed to make the membrane antibacterial. The nanocontainer doping significantlyenhances surface roughness of the RO membrane, and the water permeability of the thin-film nanocompositemembrane doped with 0.005 wt% nanocontainers is increased by 43.71% to 5.03 L/m2 h bar comparedwith the blank membrane, while performing an excellent NaCl rejection of 98.02% and maintaining95.95% after 8000 ppm h active chlorine treatment and alkaline cleaning process.

Labdane-type Diterpenoids from the Fruits of Vitex rotundifolia

Xiao-Qiang Wang,Teng Zhang,Bin Zheng,Wei-Dong Xie,Tong Shen 대한화학회 2014 Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society Vol.35 No.2

Functional RsaI/PstI Polymorphism in Cytochrome P450 2E1 Contributes to Bladder Cancer Susceptibility: Evidence from a Meta-analysis

Deng, Xiao-Dong,Gao, Qin,Zhang, Bo,Zhang, Li-Xia,Zhang, Wei,Er, Zhe-Er Mu,Xie, Ying,Ma, Ying,Liu, Yun Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2014 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.15 No.12

Background: Cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) might be involved in the development of bladder cancer. However, previous studies of any association between CYP2E1 RsaI/PstI polymorphism and bladder cancer risk have yielded conflicting results. In this study, we performed a more precise estimation of the relationship by a meta-analysis based on the currently available evidence from the literature. Method: To assess the effect of CYP2E1 RsaI/PstI polymorphism on bladder cancer susceptibility, a meta-analysis of 6 available studies with 1,510 cases and 1,560 controls were performed through Feb 2014. Summary odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to estimate the strength of association for CYP2E1 RsaI/PstI polymorphism under different genetic models. Results: When available studies were pooled into the meta-analysis, we found that the C1C2 and C2C2 genotypes of CYP2E1 RsaI/PstI polymorphism significantly decreased bladder cancer risk under different genetic models (heterozygote: OR=0.766, 95%CI=0.613-0.957, $P_{OR}$=0.019; homozygote: OR=0.51, 95%CI=0.303-0.858, $P_{OR}$=0.011; dominant: OR=0.733, 95%CI=0.593-0.905, $P_{OR}$=0.004; recessive: OR=0.565, 95%CI=0.337-0.947, $P_{OR}$=0.030). Subgroup analysis indicated that C2C2 genotype was significantly associated with decreased bladder cancer risk under the homozygote genetic model in Caucasians. There was no evidence of heterogeneity or publication bias. Conclusions: The current meta-analysis suggested that the CYP2E1 RsaI/PstI polymorphism might be associated with bladder cancer susceptibility, especially in Caucasians. Further studies are needed to validate the above conclusion.

Hydrothermal Synthesis of Hexagonal MoO3 and Its Reversible Electrochemical Behavior as a Cathode for Li-Ion Batteries

Yuan-Dong Xu,Ling-Ling Xie,Yu-Jun Zhang,Xiao-Yu Cao 대한금속·재료학회 2013 ELECTRONIC MATERIALS LETTERS Vol.9 No.5

Hexagonal molybdenum trioxide (h-MoO3) nanoparticles with a particle size of several tens of nanometers were prepared from sodium molybdate (Na2MoO4) using hydrothermal synthesis and ultrasonication. The morphology, structure, composition, and chemical states of the nanoparticles were characterized by x-ray diffraction,field-emission scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy. Cyclic voltammetry results showed a strong reduction peak, which indicated a lithium ion insertion/extraction mechanism. The plateau observed in the first discharge curve around 1.8 V was in accordance with the above mechanism,which was also verified by differential capacity measurements. Cycling performance results showed that the capacity retention was up to 90% in the second cycle and that the irreversible capacities decreased with subsequent cycles.