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        Knockdown of the olfactory co-receptor Orco impairsmate recognition in Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

        Xiao-Ming Liu,Bang-Xian Zhang,Shi-Guang Li,Xiang-Jun Rao,Dong-MingWang,Xiao-Xuan Hu,Su Liu 한국응용곤충학회 2016 Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology Vol.19 No.2

        The yellow mealworm beetle, Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), is a common insect pest that damages stored grain. The insect olfactory co-receptor (Orco) is a transmembrane protein localized on the surface of the dendrites of olfactory sensory neurons and plays an essential role in the olfactory perception. In this study, an Orco ortholog (named as Tmol\Orco) inT.molitorwas characterized. The deduced amino acid sequence of Tmol\Orco shared significant high identities with Orcos in other insect species from distinct Orders. Reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis showed that Tmol\Orco was predominantly expressed in the antennae of both male and female adults, and the difference between male antennae and female antennae was not significant. Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) directly against the Tmol\Orco mRNA was synthesized and injected into the T. molitor male adults, RT-qPCR results demonstrated that the transcription level of Tmol\Orco was significantly reduced at 6 d after the injection. The mate-seeking behavior of Tmol\Orco-silenced beetles was significantly inhibited. Compare to the control individuals, the percentage of Tmol\Orco-silenced beetles successfully find mateswas significantly decreased and the average time they spent for searching were significantly increased. These results provided first direct evidence that suppression of Tmol\Orco transcription contributes to the decline in mate recognition of T. molitor

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        A Dynamic Modeling Approach to Simulate Groundwater Discharges into a Tunnel from Typical Heterogenous Geological Media During Continuing Excavation

        Qiang Xia,Mo Xu,Han Zhang,Qiang Zhang,Xian-xuan Xiao 대한토목학회 2018 KSCE JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Vol.22 No.1

        Most of the analytical and numerical models of tunnel groundwater inflow ignore the excavation process, leading to inaccurate prediction of discharge rate. A dynamic modeling approach was introduced by redevelopment of MODFLOW to simulate the change of groundwater flow step by step in accord with tunnel excavation. The drilling tunnel was conceptualized as a changing boundary condition, which was modeled by dividing the drilling process into a series of successive steps. The impact of permeability heterogeneity on groundwater flow was studied through a comparison between a homogeneous hydraulic conductivity case and a synthetic heterogeneous one. It was found that the discharge rate at drilling front kept stable in the homogeneous case, resulting in a linear increase in the total discharge rate, similar to the analytical solution by Perrochet (2005). In contrast, the front and total discharge rate were influenced significantly by the variability of permeability in the heterogeneous case. The time-dependent discharge rate at a given place was subject to an exponential decay for both cases with the maximum inflow occuring at the beginning of excavation. The relationship between discharge rate and hydraulic properties was further investigated in a high-K zone. It revealed that maximum discharge rate was proportional to hydraulic conductivity (K) and specific storage (Ss). The decaying rate of discharge was time-dependent and also proportional to the value of K and Ss. The water budget analysis demonstrated that water released from storage of the high-K zone was the major source of tunnel discharge at early times.

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