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Diamond Conditioner Wear Characterization for a Copper CMP Process
Boruckia, L.,Zhuang, Y.,Kikuma, R.,Rikita, N.,Yamashita, T.,Nagasawa, K.,Lee, H.,Sun, T.,Rosales-Yeomans, D.,Philipossian, A.,Stout, T The Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic 2007 Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Material Vol.8 No.1
Conditioner wear, copper polish rates, pad temperature and coefficient of friction (COF) are measured for two novel Mitsubishi Materials Corporation designs during an extended wear and polishing test. Both designs are coated with a $Teflon^{TM}$ film to reduce substrate wear and chemical attack. Using optical interferometry, changes in the coating that result in gradual changes in diamond exposure are measured. Theories of the COF, conditioning, and polishing are applied to explain the observed performance differences between the designs.
Diamond Conditioner Wear Characterizationfor a Copper CMP Process
L. Borucki,Y. Zhuang,R. Kikuma,N. Rikita,T. Yamashita,K. Nagasawa,H. Lee,T. Sun,D. Rosales-Yeomans,A. Philipossian,T. Stout 한국전기전자재료학회 2007 Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Material Vol.8 No.1
Conditioner wear, copper polish rates, pad temperature and coefficient of friction (COF) are measured for two novel Mitsubishi Materials Corporation designs during an extended wear and polishing test. Both designs are coated with a TeflonTM film to reduce substrate wear and chemical attack. Using optical interferometry, changes in the coating that result in gradual changes in diamond exposure are measured. Theories of the COF, conditioning, and polishing are applied to explain the observed performance differences between the designs.
NOX4-dependent fatty acid oxidation promotes NLRP3 inflammasome activation in macrophages
Moon, Jong-Seok,Nakahira, Kiichi,Chung, Kuei-Pin,DeNicola, Gina M,Koo, Michael Jakun,Pabó,n, Maria A,Rooney, Kristen T,Yoon, Joo-Heon,Ryter, Stefan W,Stout-Delgado, Heather,Choi, Augustine M K Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan P 2016 Nature medicine Vol.22 No.9
<P>Altered metabolism has been implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases. NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4), a source of cellular superoxide anions, has multiple biological functions that may be of importance in inflammation and in the pathogenesis of human metabolic diseases, including diabetes. However, the mechanisms by which NOX4-dependent metabolic regulation affect the innate immune response remain unclear. Here we show that deficiency of NOX4 resulted in reduced expression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A), which is a key mitochondrial enzyme in the fatty acid oxidation (FAO) pathway. The reduced FAO resulted in less activation of the nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich-repeat-containing receptor (NLR), pyrin-domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome in human and mouse macrophages. In contrast, NOX4 deficiency did not inhibit the activation of the NLR family, CARD-domain-containing 4 (NLRC4), the NLRP1 or the absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) inflammasomes. We also found that inhibition of FAO by etomoxir treatment suppressed NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Furthermore, Nox4-deficient mice showed substantial reduction in caspase-1 activation and in interleukin (IL)-1b and IL-18 production, and there was improved survival in a mouse model of NLRP3-mediated Streptococcus pneumoniae infection. The pharmacologic inhibition of NOX4 by either GKT137831, which is currently in phase 2 clinical trials, or VAS-2870 attenuated NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Our results suggest that NOX4-mediated FAO promotes NLRP3 inflammasome activation.</P>
Lee Janie M.,Ichikawa Laura E.,Wernli Karen J.,Bowles Erin J. A.,Specht Jennifer M.,Kerlikowske Karla,Miglioretti Diana L.,Lowry Kathryn P.,Tosteson Anna N. A.,Stout Natasha K.,Houssami Nehmat,Onega T 대한영상의학회 2023 Korean Journal of Radiology Vol.24 No.8
Objective: When multiple surveillance mammograms are performed within an annual interval, the current guidance for oneyear follow-up to determine breast cancer status results in shared follow-up periods in which a single breast cancer diagnosis can be attributed to multiple preceding examinations, posing a challenge for standardized performance assessment. We assessed the impact of using follow-up periods that eliminate the artifactual inflation of second breast cancer diagnoses. Materials and Methods: We evaluated surveillance mammograms from 2007–2016 in women with treated breast cancer linked with tumor registry and pathology outcomes. Second breast cancers included ductal carcinoma in situ or invasive breast cancer diagnosed during one-year follow-up. The cancer detection rate, interval cancer rate, sensitivity, and specificity were compared using different follow-up periods: standard one-year follow-up per the American College of Radiology versus follow-up that was shortened at the next surveillance mammogram if less than one year (truncated follow-up). Performance measures were calculated overall and by indication (screening, evaluation for breast problem, and short interval follow-up). Results: Of 117971 surveillance mammograms, 20% (n = 23533) were followed by another surveillance mammogram within one year. Standard follow-up identified 1597 mammograms that were associated with second breast cancers. With truncated follow-up, the breast cancer status of 179 mammograms (11.2%) was revised, resulting in 1418 mammograms associated with unique second breast cancers. The interval cancer rate decreased with truncated versus standard follow-up (3.6 versus 4.9 per 1000 mammograms, respectively), with a difference (95% confidence interval [CI]) of -1.3 (-1.6, -1.1). The overall sensitivity increased to 70.4% from 63.7%, for the truncated versus standard follow-up, with a difference (95% CI) of 6.6% (5.6%, 7.7%). The specificity remained stable at 98.1%. Conclusion: Truncated follow-up, if less than one year to the next surveillance mammogram, enabled second breast cancers to be associated with a single preceding mammogram and resulted in more accurate estimates of diagnostic performance for national benchmarks.