Medaka Fish Parkinson’s Disease Model

Hideaki Matsui,Roberto Gavinio,Ryosuke Takahashi2 한국뇌신경과학회 2012 Experimental Neurobiology Vol.21 No.3

The teleost fish has been widely used in creating neurodegenerative models. Here we describe the teleost medaka fish Parkinson’s disease (PD) models we developed using toxin treatment and genetic engineering. 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,4–tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), proteasome inhibitors, lysosome inhibitors and tunicamycin treatment in our model fish replicated some salient features of PD: selective dopamine cell loss and reduced spontaneous movement with the last three toxins producing inclusion bodies ubiquitously in the brain. Despite the ubiquitous distribution of the inclusion bodies, the middle diencephalic dopaminergic neurons were particularly vulnerable to these toxins, supporting the idea that this dopamine cluster is similar to the human substantia nigra. PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) homozygous mutants also showed reduced spontaneous swimming movements. These data indicate that medaka fish can serve as a new model animal of PD. In this review we summarize our previous data and discuss future prospects

Comparison of the Interpretations between Untrained Japanese Returnee Students and Untrained Japanese EFL Learners

( Takahashi Kinuko ),( Sophia University ) 한국통역번역학회 2013 FORUM Vol.11 No.1

L`etude presentee compare les interpretations entre le groupe d`etudiants japonais rapatries sans formation d`interprd`te et le groupe d`apprenants EFL (i.e., anglais comme langue etrangd`re) japonais non-rapatries sans formation d`interprd`te. Selon Takahashi (2012), les rapatries ont frequemment insere des pauses remplies et ont fait des auto-corrections avant et pendant l`interpretation, et ces actes ont cause des interpretations legd`rement incomprehensibles. Cependant, on ne sait pas si le phenomd`ne etait unique au groupe de rapatries ou si le phenomd`ne etait universel a tous les apprenants EFL japonais, en raison de l`absence de formation d`interprd`te. Afin d`explorer la question, des non-rapatries (apprenants EFL) ont ete demandes a servir d`interprd`te du meme discours que dans Takahashi (2012), et les frequences des pauses remplies et auto-corrections ont ete compares. Le resultat indiquait que les frequences des pauses remplies et auto-corrections etaient plus eleves pour le groupe de rapatries que pour le groupe de non-rapatries bien qu`il n`y eut pas de difference significative. En plus, dans les interpretations effectuees par les rapatries, une grande variete de pauses remplies et auto-corrections coexistait tandis que celles-ci n`ont pas ete trouvees dans les interpretations effectuees par les non-rapatries, sauf dans quelques cas.

Image of Purple and Orange by Pleasantness Seekers and Comfortableness Seekers

Shin’ya Takahashi,Takashi Hanari,Riko Miyake 한국색채학회 2017 AIC 2017 Jeju Vol.2017 No.10

Following Takahashi and Hanari (2015) and Takahashi, Hanari, and Miyake (2016), relationship between individual’s color preference and his/her personality concerning pleasantness and comfortableness was examined. A hundred and seventy-nine university students answered the questionnaire that asked his/her degree of preference of twelve colors, tendency of seeking pleasantness and comfortableness, and the image of purple and orange colors. The results showed that pleasantness seeking had a positive correlation with restful image for purple, and comfortableness seeking had a positive correlation with restful image for orange. These correlations suggested mental affinity between pleasantness and purple color, and between comfortableness and orange color. However, in the present study, color preference data did not show the same tendency as previous studies; purple preference had no relationship with pleasantness seeking, and orange preference had no relationship with comfortableness seeking. Though the underlying psychological process that links our good feelings and certain colors has become clearer by the present findings, further research is needed with some procedural improvements.

STRUCTURAL DETERMINANTS OF THE RATE OF CHANGE OF JAPANESE RETAIL MARKET POTENTIAL: 1991 – 2007

Charles A. Ingene,Ikuo Takahashi 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2014 Global Marketing Conference Vol.2014 No.7

Market potential for a line of retail trade within a geographic market has been defined as the difference between (i) actual sales of the line of trade in the geographic market and (ii) potential sales based on the marketing environment, current retailers’ marketing efforts, and competition from related lines of trade and nearby geographic markets (Ingene and Takahashi 2012). In this current research we examine the rate of change of retail market potential in Japan over a sixteen year span (1991-2007).We theoretically address, and empirically estimate, key factors that affect the rate of change of retail sales per household in four major lines of retail trade: frequently purchased consumables (food and drink), less frequently bought non-durables (apparel, shoes and dry goods), and infrequently acquired durable goods that range from moderately costly (furniture) to truly expensive (autos). Information on these lines is drawn from the Japanese Retail Trade Censuses of 1991 and 2007 at the Industrial Classification (IC) level. We examine Dry Goods, Apparel and Accessory stores (largely clothing, shoe, linen and accessories (IC 56; Share of retail trade in 2007: 8%)); Food and Beverage stores (primarily grocery, liquor, and specialty food stores (IC 57; Share of retail trade: 30%)); Furniture, Household Utensils, and Appliances (IC 59; Share of retail trade: 9%); and Motor Vehicles and Bicycle stores (IC 58; Share of retail trade: 12%). Note that because our measure is sales, autos dominate in the IC 58 category. These four lines of trade collectively comprise about 60% (1991: 62%, 2007: 58%) of all retail sales. We previously explored determinants of the absolute value of retail sales per household in these lines of retail trade (Ingene and Takahashi 2013). However, this research deals with the rate of change of retail sales per household. Thus, we explain differences in change of retail market potential among 528 Japanese cities, in all 47 prefectures, that are home to over 75% of Japan’s people. According to our previous study (Ingene and Takahashi 2013), retail sales are determined by three fundamental factors: the Market Environment (which is beyond the control of retail managers), Intertype Competition (which is influenced, but not controlled, by managers in the line of trade), and the Marketing Mix in each line of trade (which is set by managers). The essence of our argument is that the Market Environment determines a base level of rate of change in sales per household. Intertype Competition takes sales away from the focal lines of trade. Finally, the Marketing Mix in each line of trade augments sales (a) by appealing to customers and (b) by countering the negative impact of Intertype Competition.Turning to our empirical model (Figure 1), we include seven variables in the Market Environment that are measured by their rate of change between 1991 and 2007: per capita income, home size in square meters (a proxy for household wealth), population growth, daytime population relative to residential population, auto ownership per capita (a proxy for mobility), distance to the prefecture’s capital city (a proxy for out-shopping), and newspapers per capita. We expect each of these independent variables to increase our dependent variable: retail sales per household.For the Marketing Mix we measure three variables in terms of their rate of change in the same time period: average square meters of selling space per store (a proxy for assortment), employees per square meter of selling space (a proxy for service), and number of stores per 1000 people (a proxy for locational convenience); each of them should increase retail sales per household in its line of trade, but not in other lines (e.g., the marketing mix for Food stores should only affect food sales per household).For Intertype Competition we use General Merchandise Stores (largely department stores and supercenters (IC55; Share of retail trade in 2007: 12%)) that, in Japan, directly compete with Clothing, Furniture and Food stores. We focus on the same three variables (assortment, service, and access); they are expected to be inversely related to the rate of change in sales per household in the lines with which they compete. There is no intertype competition in our Motor Vehicle regressions. In the first stage of our analysis we use the change of the Market Environment to explain the variation in the rate of change in retail sales per household and four lines of trade (i.e., four regressions). The Market Environment generates adjusted R2’s of 2% (Clothing) to 25% (Autos).In our second-stage analysis our dependent variable is the residuals from the first-stage regressions. Here we include the Marketing Mix and Intertype Competition variables as explanatory; they account for 2% (Autos) to 43% (Clothing) of the variation in the first-stage residuals. Taking the two stages together, we are able to explain26% (Autos) to 54% (Food) of the variation in retail sales per capita across the four lines of trade. We make four contributions with our empirical research. First, we investigate data from two censuses that span a sixteen year period; few previous studies have examined changes in retail structure over time (e.g., Hall, et al. 1961). Second, we demonstrate the time-variant stability of the Marketing Mix variables. Third, we show the importance of intertype competition – although in our data it appears that only the Food and Beverage category experiences significant intertype competition. Fourth, we examine retailing in Japan; the world’s third largest economy has rarely been the focus of retail trade studies.

STRUCTURAL DETERMINANTS OF THE RATE OF CHANGE OF JAPANESE RETAIL MARKET POTENTIAL: 1991-2007

Charles A. Ingene,Ikuo Takahashi 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2014 Global Marketing Conference Vol.2014 No.2

Market potential for a line of retail trade within a geographic market has been defined as the difference between (i) actual sales of the line of trade in the geographic market and (ii) potential sales based on the marketing environment, current retailers’ marketing efforts, and competition from related lines of trade and nearby geographic markets (Ingene and Takahashi 2012). In this current research we examine the rate of change of retail market potential in Japan over a sixteen year span (1991-2007).We theoretically address, and empirically estimate, key factors that affect the rate of change of retail sales per household in four major lines of retail trade: frequently purchased consumables (food and drink), less frequently bought non-durables (apparel, shoes and dry goods), and infrequently acquired durable goods that range from moderately costly (furniture) to truly expensive (autos). Information on these lines is drawn from the Japanese Retail Trade Censuses of 1991 and 2007 at the Industrial Classification (IC) level. We examine Dry Goods, Apparel and Accessory stores (largely clothing, shoe, linen and accessories (IC 56; Share of retail trade in 2007: 8%)); Food and Beverage stores (primarily grocery, liquor, and specialty food stores (IC 57; Share of retail trade: 30%)); Furniture, Household Utensils, and Appliances (IC 59; Share of retail trade: 9%); and Motor Vehicles and Bicycle stores (IC 58; Share of retail trade: 12%). Note that because our measure is sales, autos dominate in the IC 58 category. These four lines of trade collectively comprise about 60% (1991: 62%, 2007: 58%) of all retail sales. We previously explored determinants of the absolute value of retail sales per household in these lines of retail trade (Ingene and Takahashi 2013). However, this research deals with the rate of change of retail sales per household. Thus, we explain differences in change of retail market potential among 528 Japanese cities, in all 47 prefectures, that are home to over 75% of Japan’s people. According to our previous study (Ingene and Takahashi 2013), retail sales are determined by three fundamental factors: the Market Environment (which is beyond the control of retail managers), Intertype Competition (which is influenced, but not controlled, by managers in the line of trade), and the Marketing Mix in each line of trade (which is set by managers). The essence of our argument is that the Market Environment determines a base level of rate of change in sales per household. Intertype Competition takes sales away from the focal lines of trade. Finally, the Marketing Mix in each line of trade augments sales (a) by appealing to customers and (b) by countering the negative impact of Intertype Competition.Turning to our empirical model (Figure 1), we include seven variables in the Market Environment that are measured by their rate of change between 1991 and 2007: per capita income, home size in square meters (a proxy for household wealth), population growth, daytime population relative to residential population, auto ownership per capita (a proxy for mobility), distance to the prefecture’s capital city (a proxy for out-shopping), and newspapers per capita. We expect each of these independent variables to increase our dependent variable: retail sales per household.For the Marketing Mix we measure three variables in terms of their rate of change in the same time period: average square meters of selling space per store (a proxy for assortment), employees per square meter of selling space (a proxy for service), and number of stores per 1000 people (a proxy for locational convenience); each of them should increase retail sales per household in its line of trade, but not in other lines (e.g., the marketing mix for Food stores should only affect food sales per household).For Intertype Competition we use General Merchandise Stores (largely department stores and supercenters (IC55; Share of retail trade in 2007: 12%)) that, in Japan, directly compete with Clothing, Furniture and Food stores. We focus on the same three variables (assortment, service, and access); they are expected to be inversely related to the rate of change in sales per household in the lines with which they compete. There is no intertype competition in our Motor Vehicle regressions. In the first stage of our analysis we use the change of the Market Environment to explain the variation in the rate of change in retail sales per household and four lines of trade (i.e., four regressions). The Market Environment generates adjusted R2’s of 2% (Clothing) to 25% (Autos).In our second-stage analysis our dependent variable is the residuals from the first-stage regressions. Here we include the Marketing Mix and Intertype Competition variables as explanatory; they account for 2% (Autos) to 43% (Clothing) of the variation in the first-stage residuals. Taking the two stages together, we are able to explain26% (Autos) to 54% (Food) of the variation in retail sales per capita across the four lines of trade. We make four contributions with our empirical research. First, we investigate data from two censuses that span a sixteen year period; few previous studies have examined changes in retail structure over time (e.g., Hall, et al. 1961). Second, we demonstrate the time-variant stability of the Marketing Mix variables. Third, we show the importance of intertype competition - although in our data it appears that only the Food and Beverage category experiences significant intertype competition. Fourth, we examine retailing in Japan; the world’s third largest economy has rarely been the focus of retail trade studies.

10-oxo-12(<i>Z</i>)-octadecenoic acid, a linoleic acid metabolite produced by gut lactic acid bacteria, enhances energy metabolism by activation of TRPV1

Kim, Minji,Furuzono, Tomoya,Yamakuni, Kanae,Li, Yongjia,Kim, Young-Il,Takahashi, Haruya,Ohue-Kitano, Ryuji,Jheng, Huei-Fen,Takahashi, Nobuyuki,Kano, Yuriko,Yu, Rina,Kishino, Shigenobu,Ogawa, Jun,Uchid The Federation of American Societies for Experimen 2017 The FASEB Journal Vol.31 No.11

<P>Gutmicrobiota can regulate the host energymetabolism; however, the underlying mechanisms that could involve gut microbiota-derived compounds remain to be understood. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the effects ofKetoA [10-oxo-12(Z)-octadecenoic acid]-a linoleic acidmetaboliteproduced by gut lactic acid bacteria-on whole-body energy metabolism and found that dietary intake of KetoA could enhance energy expenditure in mice, thereby protecting mice from diet-induced obesity. By using Ca2+ imaging and whole-cell patch-clamp methods, KetoA was noted to potently activate transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) and enhance noradrenalin turnover in adipose tissues. In addition, KetoA up-regulated genes that are related to brown adipocyte functions, including uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) inwhite adipose tissue (WAT), whichwas later diminished in the presence of a b-adrenoreceptor blocker. By using obese and diabetic model KK-Ay mice, we further show that KetoA intake ameliorated obesity-associatedmetabolic disorders. In the absence of any observedKetoA-induced antiobesity effect or UCP1 up-regulation in TRPV1-deficient mice, we prove that the antiobesity effect of KetoAwas caused by TRPV1 activation-mediated browning inWAT. KetoA produced in the gut could therefore be involved in the regulation of host energy metabolism.-Kim, M., Furuzono, T., Yamakuni, K., Li, Y., Kim, Y.-I., Takahashi, H., Ohue-Kitano, R., Jheng, H.-F., Takahashi, N., Kano, Y., Yu, R., Kishino, S., Ogawa, J., Uchida, K., Yamazaki, J., Tominaga, M., Kawada, T., Goto, T. 10-oxo-12(Z)-octadecenoic acid, a linoleic acid metabolite produced by gut lactic acid bacteria, enhances energy metabolism by activation of TRPV1.</P>

思考動詞「思う」の文型と意味~ヲ格名詞を伴う場合~

( Takahashi Miho ) 한국일어일문학회 2013 日語日文學硏究 Vol.86 No.1

Changing Security Landscape of Northeast Asia in Transition

Takahashi Sugio(다카하시 스기오) 한국전략문제연구소 2012 전략연구 Vol.55 No.-

Strategic landscape in Northeast Asia is dramatically changing. In North Korea, after repeated provocations, Kim Jong Il was dead in 2011 and Kim Jong Un succeeded the position of the leader of North Korea. April 2012, while it was failed, North Korea launched long range missile. This event illustrates the fact that North Korea seriously continues to develop long-range ballistic missiles. With anotherconsistent effort to develop nuclear weapons, North Korea causes unpredictable instability in Northeast Asia. And rising China brings about even more unpredictability (although not necessarily instability) in this region. After two-decade rapid economic growth, China overtook Japan as a national GDP scale to be the second largest economy in the world. While Chinese economy is now indispensable for regional and world economic growth, China sometimes take assertive behaviors and such behaviors has raised concern among regional countries, especially countries at South China Sea and East China Sea. On the other hand, since economic interdependence with China has deepened and spread, shaping the future of “win-win” for both China and regional countries is the most important regional strategic challenge. In such radically changing region, both Japan and Republic of Korea (ROK)face common strategic challenge, with some difference in nuance. Both countries share democratic values, market economy, being allies of the U.S., threatened by North Korea, and facing complex problems from the rise of China. Given rapidly changing strategic landscape, Japan and ROKshould deepen security cooperation both in the context of the coordination of two bilateral alliances and bilateral relations between Japan and ROK, to broaden range of choices for both countries. (Not to antagonize or to contain China) To think about such challenge, this paper discusses three issues: Japan’s recent development of security strategy, its attitude toward China discussed in Japanese think tank community, and future of Japan-ROK bilateral and Japan-US-ROK trilateral cooperation.

Six Perfections (pāramitā) in the Tattvārtha Chapter of the Bodhisattvabhūmi

TAKAHASHI Koichi 동국대학교 불교학술원 2018 International Journal of Buddhist Thought & Cultur Vol.28 No.1

The Yogācāra, one of the schools of Mahāyāna Buddhism, advocated mind only or vijñaptimātratā as their philosophy. At the same time, the Yogācāra school advances the position that the six perfections (pāramitā) are significant for the bodhisattva. One study indicates that originally mind only and the six perfections are isolated from each other. The study investigates the Saṃdhinirmocana-sūtra and points out that the sūtra treated these two categories in different chapters respectively. Another study shows that the Mahāyānasaṃgraha considers mind only and the six perfections to be in an interdependent relationship. The study, however, suggests that this tendency is peculiar to the Mahāyānasaṃgraha, and cannot be found in other Yogācāra texts. It seems as if most Yogācāra works originally did not associate its philosophical thought with ethical practices. However, the Bodhisattvabhūmi, one of the portions of the Yogācārabhūmi, indicates that realization of reality is fundamentally related to the six perfections. In general, the Bodhisattvabhūmi is considered to belong to the oldest layer of the Yogācārabhūmi. It does not advance the doctrine of mind only; but promotes the inexpressibility of the vastu as the characteristic philosophical viewpoint of the Bodhisattvabhūmi. It says that if the bodhisattva realizes the inexpressibility of the vastu, consequently he will be able to behave for the benefit of others. The statement evidently intends to explain the connection between the inexpressibility of the vastu and the six perfections, but it does not use technical terms with regard to the six perfections. As a result, this statement has not attracted scholarly attention. This paper aims to explicate that the Bodhisattvabhūmi deals with the six perfections in the context of recognizing true reality. The investigation will provide evidence that the Yogācāra school correlated the six perfections with the realization of philosophical reality from the beginning of the establishment of its thought.

「と思う」の用法に関する記述的研究 -推量用法と記憶再生用法-

TAKAHASHI MIHO 한국일본언어문화학회 2019 일본언어문화 Vol.47 No.-

This paper aims at revealing the features of inferred usage of “to-omou”, and the differences between inferred usage and memory regeneration one. First, in the inferred usage we can find the syntagmatical relation between a sentence of premise and an inferred sentence. However, in the memory regeneration usage, we cannot find the syntagmatical relation anymore. Secondary, adverbs such as “tabun” and “kitto” are used in the inferred usage, but “tashika” is found in the memory regeneration usage more often. Thirdly, only past tense can be used in the memory regeneration usage, but all of the tense is used in the inferred one. However, the memory regeneration usage is closing to inferred one, when there is a syntagmatical relation, and is co-occurred with “tabun“ and present tense. So, sometimes it is not clear to distinguish the usage of the sentence from another one. .