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이원복,강승구 대구대학교 경제경영연구소 2002 경제경영연구 Vol.1 No.2
전자적으로 전송되는 디지트 제품들은 실물적 재화로 취급되는 것이 서비스 재로 취급되는 경우보다 훨씬 자유무역을 촉진시킬 수 있지만, GATS 규정을 적용 받고 있는 것이 현실이다. 서비스 교역레짐(GATS 규정)은 각 회원국에 의해서 수행된 특정한 공약에 의지하기 때문에 전자적으로 배송되는 미디어 제품의 무관세 대우 제안은 제한적인 함의만을 가진다. 또한 모든 서비스 재를 실물 재화로 분류(GATT 규정)한다면, 무역에 대한 제한은 점차적으로 사라지게 될 것이다. 그러니 이 제안 역시 기술발전에 따라 전자적 전송 서비스재가 다양한 형태로 정의될 가능성에 대한 고려를 빠뜨리고 있다. 전자적 배송이 대안적 배송(실물적 배송)보다 효율적인 배송 수단이라면 전자상거래에 대한 무관세화는 무역창출을 결과할 것이다. 그러나 전자적 배송수단이 대안적 배송수단 보다 덜 효율적이라면, 전자상거래에 대한 무관세화는 무역전환 비용을 낳게 될 것이다. 디어드로프는 모든 전자적 거래를 서비스 재로 간주하면서, 서비스재가 내국민 대우를 적용하기보다는 MFN 대우가 적용될 수 있도록 GATS 규정이 재 협상되어야 한다고 주장한다. 이렇게 함으로써, 전자적으로 배송되는 미디어 제품의 무관세 대우 제안의 제한적 함의를 극복할 수 있다고 보는 것이다. 한편, 서비스 관세화에 따른 서비스 재 교역시의 후생효과의 크기는 서비스 재의 수입금지와 비교했을 때 보다 크다는 사실을 증명해 보이고 있다.
The Quality Characteristics of Commercial Gwamegi by Product Types
Kang, Hui-Seung,Jeong, Seung-Weon,Ko, Jong-Cheul,Jang, Mi,Kim, Jong-Chan The Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition 2011 Preventive Nutrition and Food Science Vol.16 No.3
This study was performed to investigate the physical, chemical and microbial characteristics of Gwamegi to provide basic data for the standardization of marine processed foods and for the improvement of the quality of commercial Gwamegi. The acid values of commercial Gwamegi were 5.8, 5.3 and 5.2 mg KOH/g for fillet type (F-type), "two divide" type (T-type) and whole type (W-type), respectively, and the peroxide values were 51.6, 51.5 and 53.2 meq/kg for each. There was a positive correlation between the acid value and the peroxide value (r=0.555) at confidence intervals (CI) of 99%. Trimethylamine (TMA) content of F-type, T-type and W-type products were 2.9, 2.6 and 3.6 mg%, respectively, while volatile basic nitrogen (VBN) contents were 22.4, 21.5 and 21.8 mg%. There was a strong positive correlation between TMA and VBN (r=0.961) at a CI of 99%. The histamine content was detected to be as much as 122 mg/kg, with about 36 % of the samples exceeding the CODEX criteria for histamine of 100 mg/kg. The total microbial count of 4 products exceeded 5 Log CFU/g and coliform group of 11 products exceeded the criteria of less than 1 Log CFU/g. Staphylococcus aureus in 27% of the samples exceeded the criteria of less than 2 Log CFU/g.
Seung-Weon Lim,Minsoo Kim,Mihee Hong,Kyung-Hwa Kang,Minji Kim,Su-Jung Kim,Yoon-Ji Kim,Young Ho Kim,Sung-Hoon Lim,Sang Jin Sung,Seung-Hak Baek,Jin-Hyoung Cho 대한치과교정학회 2022 대한치과교정학회지 Vol.52 No.1
Objective: To investigate demographic and skeletodental characteristics of one-jaw (1J-OGS) and two-jaw orthognathic surgery (2J-OGS) in patients with skeletal Class III malocclusion. Methods: 750 skeletal Class III patients who underwent OGS at 10 university hospitals in Korea between 2015 and 2019 were investigated; after dividing them into the 1J-OGS (n = 186) and 2J-OGS groups (n = 564), demographic and skeletodental characteristics were statistically analyzed. Results: 2J-OGS was more frequently performed than 1J-OGS (75.2 vs. 24.8%), despite regional differences (capital area vs. provinces, 86.6 vs. 30.7%, p < 0.001). Males outnumbered females, and their mean operation age was older in both groups. Regarding dental patterns, the most frequent maxillary arch length discrepancy (ALD) was crowding in the 1J-OGS group (52.7%, p < 0.001) and spacing in the 2J-OGS group (40.4%, p < 0.001). However, the distribution of skeletal pattern was not significantly different between the two groups (all p > 0.05). The most prevalent skeletal patterns in both groups were hyper-divergent pattern (50.0 and 54.4%, respectively) and left-side chin point deviation (both 49.5%). Maxillary spacing (odds ratio [OR], 3.645; p < 0.001) increased the probability of 2J-OGS, while maxillary crowding (OR, 0.672; p < 0.05) and normo-divergent pattern (OR, 0.615; p < 0.05) decreased the probability of 2J-OGS. Conclusions: In both groups, males outnumbered females, and their mean operation age was older. The most frequent ALD was crowding in the 1J-OGS group, and spacing in the 2J-OGS group, while skeletal characteristics were not significantly different between the two groups.
Kang, Hui-Seung,Ha, Sang-Do,Jeong, Seung-Weon,Jang, Mi,Kim, Jong-Chan The Korean Society for Applied Biological Chemistr 2013 Applied Biological Chemistry (Appl Biol Chem) Vol.56 No.6
Gwamegi (semidry Pacific saury [Cololabis saira]) is a Korean food made by a traditional method of repeated freezing and de-freezing during winter. The present study aimed at developing predictive modeling of S. aureus growth on Gwamegi as a function of temperature ($10-35^{\circ}C$). Modified Gompertz, Baranyi, and logistic primary models were fitted to experimental values. Polynomial quadratic, nonlinear Arrhenius and square root models were selected as secondary models and analyzed using specific growth rate (${\mu}_{max}$) and lag time (${\lambda}$) values obtained from the primary models. Based on the optimized models derived from the Baranyi and square root equations for ${\mu}_{max}$, its $r^2$ and mean square error (MSE) were 0.991 and 0.00058, and bias factor ($B_f$) and accuracy factor ($A_f$) were 1.0087 and 1.0801, respectively. The logistic and polynomial quadratic equations for ${\lambda}$, its $r^2$ and MSE were 0.989 and 0.22834, $B_f$ and $A_f$ were 0.9742 and 1.0271, respectively. These predictive models can provide basic information for quantitative microbial risk assessment of Gwamegi and other processed semidried seafood.
The Quality Characteristics of Commercial Gwamegi by Product Types
Hui-Seung Kang,Seung-Weon Jeong,Jong-Cheul Ko,Mi Jang,Jong-Chan Kim 한국식품영양과학회 2011 Preventive Nutrition and Food Science Vol.16 No.3
This study was performed to investigate the physical, chemical and microbial characteristics of Gwamegi to provide basic data for the standardization of marine processed foods and for the improvement of the quality of commercial Gwamegi. The acid values of commercial Gwamegi were 5.8, 5.3 and 5.2 mg KOH/g for fillet type (F-type), “two divide” type (T-type) and whole type (W-type), respectively, and the peroxide values were 51.6, 51.5 and 53.2 meq/kg for each. There was a positive correlation between the acid value and the peroxide value (r=0.555) at confidence intervals (CI) of 99%. Trimethylamine (TMA) content of F-type, T-type and W-type products were 2.9, 2.6 and 3.6 mg%, respectively, while volatile basic nitrogen (VBN) contents were 22.4, 21.5 and 21.8 mg%. There was a strong positive correlation between TMA and VBN (r=0.961) at a CI of 99%. The histamine content was detected to be as much as 122 mg/kg, with about 36 % of the samples exceeding the CODEX criteria for histamine of 100 mg/kg. The total microbial count of 4 products exceeded 5 Log CFU/g and coliform group of 11 products exceeded the criteria of less than 1 Log CFU/g. Staphylococcus aureus in 27% of the samples exceeded the criteria of less than 2 Log CFU/g.