Implications of oxidative stress in chronic kidney disease: a review on current concepts and therapies

( Sagar Verma ),( Priyanka Singh ),( Shiffali Khurana ),( Nirmal Kumar Ganguly ),( Ritushree Kukreti ),( Luciano Saso ),( Devinder Singh Rana ),( Vibha Taneja ),( Vinant Bhargava ) 대한신장학회 2021 Kidney Research and Clinical Practice Vol.40 No.2

Moderate levels of endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important for various cellular activities, but high levels lead to toxicity and are associated with various diseases. Levels of ROS are maintained as a balance between oxidants and antioxidants. Accumulating data suggest that oxidative stress is a major factor in deterioration of renal function. In this review, we highlight the possible mechanism by which oxidative stress can lead to chronic kidney disease (CKD). This review also describes therapies that counter the effect of oxidative stress in CKD patients. Numerous factors such as upregulation of genes involved in oxidative phosphorylation and ROS generation, chronic inflammation, vitamin D deficiency, and a compromised antioxidant defense mechanism system cause progressive detrimental effects on renal function that eventually lead to loss of kidney function. Patients with renal dysfunction are highly susceptible to oxidative stress, as risk factors such as diabetes, renal hypertension, dietary restrictions, hemodialysis, and old age predispose them to increased levels of ROS. Biomolecular adducts (DNA, proteins, and lipids) formed due to reaction with ROS can be used to determine oxidative stress levels. Based on the strong correlation between oxidative stress and CKD, reversal of oxidative stress is being explored as a major therapeutic option. Xanthine oxidase inhibitors, dietary antioxidants, and other agents that scavenge free radicals are gaining interest as treatment modalities in CKD patients.

Estimating shear wave velocities in oil fields: a neural network approach

Sagar Singh,Ali Ismet Kanli 한국지질과학협의회 2016 Geosciences Journal Vol.20 No.2

In this study, we applied the back-propagation Artificial Neural Network (ANN) technique to test the shear-velocity for the two wells from an oil field in southeastern region of Turkey estimated from an empirical relationship. The input to the neural network includes neutron porosity, density, true resistivity, P-wave velocity and gamma-ray logs which are known to affect the shearwave velocity. The correlation between the shear-wave velocity from the empirical relationship and that from the neural network is close to one in both the training and testing stages. Thus, the ANN technique can be used to predict shear-wave velocity from other well log data.

Heuristic Guided Artificial Potential Field for Avoidance of Small Obstacles

Sagar Dalai,Mahammad Irfan,Samarth Singh,Kaushal Kishore,Dr. S.A Akbar 제어로봇시스템학회 2021 제어로봇시스템학회 국제학술대회 논문집 Vol.2021 No.10

In this paper, a modified heuristic guided Artificial Potential Field (APF) based algorithm has been proposed to find a practical trajectory for an Autonomous Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) path planning. The local minima are encountered in the conventional APF algorithm due to the cancellation of attractive and repulsive potential while avoiding unknown obstacles within the desired path, which results in the trapping of the agent before reaching the goal. Consequently, the traditional APF technique is therefore no longer advantageous in such cases. So in this proposed perpendicular approach based on APF helps to avoid such local minima. The advantage of the newly proposed method is the low computing time that lines up with the standard global path planner method. The proposed algorithm is tested and validated against existing general potential field techniques for different simulation scenarios in a 3D simulated environment using ROS and Gazebo supported PX4-SITL. The results have been presented for drone navigation and obstacle avoidance for the different scenarios in a simulated environment.

Psychiatric, Somatic and Other Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders in Patients With Irritable Bowel Syndrome at a Tertiary Care Center

( Prashant Singh ),( Abhishek Agnihotri ),( Manish K Pathak ),( Asef Shirazi ),( Rajeew P Tiwari ),( V Sreenivas ),( Rajesh Sagar ),( Govind K Makharia ) 대한소화기기능성질환·운동학회 2012 Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility (JNM Vol.18 No.3

Background/Aims To study the prevalence of somatic and psychiatric co-morbidities in the patients of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and to assess the quality of life (QOL) of these patients. Methods One hundred and eighty-four IBS patients and 198 controls were included. Diagnosis of IBS, its sub-classification and assessment of other functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) was made on basis of Rome III criteria. Severity of IBS was assessed using IBS severity scoring system. Psychiatric evaluation was done using Patient Heath Questionnaire. QOL was evaluated using WHO QOL-BREF. Results One hundred and forty-seven (79.9%) and 158 (85.9%) patients with IBS had at least one other FGID or at least one somatic co-morbidity, respectively. Higher number of patients had at least one psychiatric co-morbidity compared to controls (79.9% vs 34.3%; P < 0.001). Major depressive syndrome (47.3% vs 5.1%; P < 0.001), somatoform disorder (50% vs 14.6%; P < 0.001) and panic syndrome (44% vs 11.6%; P < 0.001) were more common in IBS than controls. Only 14 (7.6%) patients were receiving drug treatment for their psychiatric illness. Severe IBS symptoms were present in significantly higher number of patients with constipation predominant IBS than diarrhea predominant IBS. Those with severe disease had higher prevalence of psychiatric (95.1%) and somatic (96.7%) co-morbidities compared with mild disease. QOL of IBS patients was significantly lower in all four domains compared to controls. Presence of at least one other FGID was significantly associated with presence of one or more psychiatric co-morbidity (P < 0.001). Conclusions Majority of IBS patients presenting to a tertiary care center had associated psychiatric, somatic co-morbidities and reduced QOL. Very few of them received specific psychiatric treatment. (J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2012;18:324-331)

Pandemic induced lockdown as a boon to the Environment: trends in air pollution concentration across India

Gautam Alok Sagar,Sanjeev Kumar,Sneha Gautam,Aryan Anand,Ranjit Kumar,Abhishek Joshi,Kuldeep Bauddh,Karan Singh 한국기상학회 2021 Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences Vol.57 No.4

The present paper designed to understand the variations in the atmospheric pollutants viz. PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NO2, and CO during the COVID-19 pandemic over eight most polluted Indian cities (Mumbai, Delhi, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Lucknow, Chandigarh, Kolkata, and Ahmedabad). A significant reduction in the PM2.5 (63%), PM10 (56%), NO2 (50%), SO2 (9%), and CO (59%) were observed over Major Dhyan Chand Stadium. At Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport, a decline of 44% in PM2.5 and 50% in PM10 was seen just a week during the initial phase of the lockdown. Gaseous pollutants (NO2, SO2 & CO) dropped up-to 36, 16, and 41%, respectively. The Air Quality Index (AQI) shows a dramatic change from 7% to 67% during observation at Chandigarh and Ballygunge during the inspection. Whereas, Ahmedabad, Worli, Income Tax Office, Talkatora, Lalbagh, and Ballygaunge have showed a significant change in AQI from 25.76% to 68.55%. However, Zoo Park, CST, Central School, and Victoria show relatively low variation in AQI in the range of 3.0% to 14.50% as compare to 2019 after lockdown. Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) analysis suggested that long range transportation of pollutants were also a part and parcel contributing to changes in AQI which were majorly coming from the regions of Iran, Afghanistan, Saudi Arabia, as well as a regional grant from Indian Gangatic plains and Delhi Non-capital region.

Inhibition of Quorum Sensing Regulated Virulence Factors and Biofilm Formation by Eucalyptus globulus against Multidrug-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Pankaj Kumar Sagar,Poonam Sharma,Rambir Singh 대한약침학회 2022 Journal of pharmacopuncture Vol.25 No.1

Objectives: The quorum-sensing–inhibitory and anti-biofilm activities of the methanol extract of E. globulus leaves were determined against clinically isolated multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Methods: The preliminary anti-quorum–sensing (AQS) activity of eucalyptus was investigated against a biosensor strain Chromobacterium violaceum ATCC 12472 (CV12472) by using the agar well diffusion method. The effect of sub-minimum inhibitory concentrations (sub-MICs) of the methanol extract of eucalyptus on different quorum-sensing–regulated virulence factors, such as swarming motility, pyocyanin pigment, exopolysaccharide (EPS), and biofilm formation, against clinical isolates (CIs 2, 3, and 4) and reference PA01 of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were determined using the swarm diameter (mm)-measurement method, chloroform extraction method, phenol (5%)-sulphuric acid (concentrated) method, and the microtiter plate assay respectively, and the inhibition (%) in formation were calculated. Results: The preliminary AQS activity (violacein pigment inhibition) of eucalyptus was confirmed against Chromobacterium violaceum ATCC 12472 (CV12472). The eucalyptus extract also showed concentration-dependent inhibition (%) of swarming motility, pyocyanin pigment, EPS, and biofilm formation in different CIs and PA01 of P. aeruginosa. Conclusion: Our results revealed the effectiveness of the E. globulus extract for the regulation of quorum-sensing–dependent virulence factors and biofilm formation at a reduced dose (sub-MICs) and suggest that E. globulus may be a therapeutic agent for curing and controlling bacterial infection and thereby reducing the possibility of resistance development in pathogenic strains.

Clinical and Social Outcomes of Cochlear Implantation in Older Prelinguals

Tyagi Pragya,Chauhan Divya,Singh Anup,Bhutada Mayank,Sikka Kapil,Chaudhary Tanvi,Sharma Sonam,Agarwal Shivani,Verma Hitesh,Sagar Prem,Kumar Rakesh,Thakar Alok 대한청각학회 2023 Journal of Audiology & Otology Vol.27 No.2

Background and Objectives: Cochlear implantation in late implanted prelinguals necessitates a complex decision-making process for clinicians and patients due to the uncertainty of achieving adequate benefit in auditory and speech perception. This study longitudinally evaluated clinical and social outcomes of prelingually deaf children with implantation in their late childhood.Subjects and Methods: A total of 113 (49 females and 64 males) participants, with an age range of 5-15 years, were assessed for the pre-implant parameters such as hearing loss etiology, aided responses, anatomical aspects, and psychological evaluation. The Category of Auditory Performance, Speech Awareness Threshold, Speech Reception Threshold, and Speech Discrimination Score were administered to assess the patient’s auditory skills. Further, the Speech Intelligibility Rating scale was administered to evaluate the patient’s speech intelligibility at 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, and 24 months post-surgery. Subjectively perceived benefits were evaluated using the satisfaction rating scale and a questionnaire.Results: The statistical results showed a significant impact of cochlear implantation in all domains. Positive impact and improvement post-implantation were noted in all the spheres, including auditory, linguistic, social, and educational.Conclusions: The study highlighted that the outcomes of a cochlear implant at a later age might not parallel with the implantation at a younger age. However, this still provides measurable benefits even after a longer period of auditory deprivation.

Algorithmic Approach for Safe Optimization and Surgical Planning in Hilar Blocks- Single Center Experience

( Rohan Jagat Chaudhary ),( V. Sagar Puppala ),( Thiagarajan S. ),( Prashant Bhangui ),( Amit Rastogi ),( Tarun Piplani ),( S. Baijal ),( V. Vohra ),( Arvinder Singh Soin ) 대한간학회 2020 춘·추계 학술대회 (KASL) Vol.2020 No.1

Aims: To study the outcomes of our algorithmic-approach for safe optimisation and surgical planning in patients with Hilar- Block. Methods: Retrospective-analysis of prospectively-maintained database of patients undergoing surgery for hilar-block from Jan2013-May2019 was done.Our approach includes Imaging, Biliary-decompression, Future-liver-remnant-Volume(FLR)augmentation based on CT-Volumetry and FLR-function assessment. Results: 45cases of hilar-blocks underwent resections.32were Hilar-cholangiocarcinoma,5-Intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma, 6-Ca-Gall-Bladder with hilar-block,2-IgG4-sclerosing- cholangitis-presenting as malignant-masquerade. The mean age was57±12years and 30(67%) were males. On MRCP, hilar-blocks types 2,3a,3b,4 were 3,15,17,10 respectively. Pre-operative biliary-decompression of FLR were done in 21cases[19 PTBD(Percutaneous-Transhepatic-biliary-drainage)/ 2 EBD(Endoscopic-biliary-drainage)]. Additional PTBD were done in 2 cases for inadequate fall in SB, and 3 for cholangitis. The mean SB(Serum-Total-Bilirubin) at presentation was 9.57±5.58mg/dl. The rate of fall of S.bilirubin was faster in patients < 50yrs of age and type-3 hilar-blocks than in type-4 hilar- blocks. PVE was performed in 14cases and FLR hypertrophy of 11.3± 3.03%was achieved.The quality of FLR was assessed with LAI(n=39),fibroscan(n=17), ICGR15(n=12), HVPG (n=35), and selective-remnant-biopsy(n=14,if HVPG >10 mm Hg,ICGR15> 15%, or in-suspected steatosis or fibrosis).After optimization, surgical procedures done were Right-Hepatectomy(7), Right-TriSectorectomy(7), Extended-Right-Hepatectomy(9), Left-Hepatectomy(6),Extended-Left-Hepatectomy(5), Left-Trisectorectomy( 8) and Bile-duct-excision-alone(3).Eleven patients required concomitant vascular-resections and reconstructions(- 8portal-vein-resections, 2 hepatic-arterial-resection,1both) to obtain R0. R0 and R1 resections were achieved in 42(93%) and 3 patients. Clavien-Dindo-Grade3/4 complications were 22.2%(n=10). 8(18%)patients had Post-Hepatectomy-Liver- Failure.Overall operative-mortality was 5/45(11.1%). Conclusions: Our algorithmic approach for safe optimization by preoperative-biliary-drainage, FLR-augmentation and FLR-functional- assessment have led to a high rate of R0 major liver resection and good outcomes in patients with hilar-blocks.Augmentation of FLR can also increase resectability in borderline resectable cases.

Therapeutic Profile of T11TS vs. T11TS+MiADMSA: A Hunt for a More Effective Therapeutic Regimen for Arsenic Exposure

Chaudhuri, Suhnrita,Acharya, Sagar,Chatterjee, Sirshendu,Kumar, Pankaj,Singh, Manoj Kumar,Bhattacharya, Debanjan,Basu, Anjan Kumar,Dasgupta, Shyamal,Flora, S.J.S.,Chaudhuri, Swapna Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2012 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.13 No.6

Arsenic exposure is a serious health hazard worldwide. We have previously established that it may result in immune suppression by upregulating Th2 cytokines while downregulating Th1 cytokines and causing lymphocytic death. Treatment modalities for arsenic poisoning have mainly been restricted to the use of chelating agents in the past. Only recently have combination therapies using a chelating agent in conjunction with other compounds such as anti-oxidants, micronutrients and various plant products, been introduced. In the present study, we used T11TS, a novel immune potentiating glycopeptide alone and in combination with the sulfhydryl-containing chelator, mono-iso-amyl-dimarcaptosuccinic acid (MiADMSA) as a therapeutic regimen to combat arsenic toxicity in a mouse model. Results indicated that Th1 cytokines such as TNF-${\alpha}$, $IFN{\gamma}$, IL12 and the Th2 cytokines such as IL4, IL6, IL10 which were respectively downregulated and upregulated following arsenic induction were more efficiently restored to their near normal levels by T11TS alone in comparison with the combined regimen. Similar results were obtained with the apoptotic proteins studied, FasL, BAX, BCL2 and the caspases 3, 8 and 9, where again T11TS proved more potent than in combination with MiADMSA in preventing lymphocyte death. The results thus indicate that T11TS alone is more efficient in immune re-establishment after arsenic exposureas compared to combination therapy with T11TS+MiADMSA.

Characteristics and Variability of Carbonaceous Aerosols over a Semi Urban Location in Garhwal Himalayas

K. Sandeep,R. S. Negi,A. S. Panicker,Alok Sagar Gautam,D. S. Bhist,G. Beig,B. S. Murthy,R. Latha,Santosh Singh,S. Das 한국기상학회 2020 Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences Vol.56 No.3

Extraction of organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) were carried out over Srinagar, India, an ecologically sensitive semi-urban site in Garhwal Himalays. The PM2.5 sampling was carried out during January to December, 2017 over the site. The OC and EC were extracted from PM2.5 samples using a thermo optical OC/EC analyzer. Highest OC and EC concncentrations were found during postmonsoon (17.67 ± 1.1 μg/m3 OC and 6.34 ± 0.75 EC) and Winter (17.31 ± 3.045 μg/m3 OC and 6.32 ± 0.585 μg/m3 EC) seasons are attributed to boundary layer dynamics and anthropogenic activities. The lower concentration of OC/ EC was observed during monsoon season (11.64 ± 1.75 μgm−3 OC and 3.46 ± 0.19μgm−3 EC) owing to wet scavenging of aerosols and minimum count of forest fire/biomass buring incidences. Both pre-monsoon and post-monsoon season concentrations are also influenced by biomass burning in the IGP (Indo-Gangetic Plain) region and forest fires in the adjecent areas. The OC/EC ratio sounds that vehicular exhaust and biomass burning are the major source of OC/EC over the site. Generation of secondary organic carbon (SOC) at the region causes variability in OC/EC ratio in different seasons. It is found that 24–32% of PM2.5 is contributed by carbonaceous aerosols (OC and EC) over Srinagar. The pivotal role of meteorology in modulating OC/ EC concentrations has been illustared in detail.