Euclidean Distance-based Machine Learning Scheme to Detect Vehicle Hacking Cyber-Attacks

Saeed Ahmed,Anila Kousar,Noor Gul,Junsu Kim,Su Min Kim 한국통신학회 2022 한국통신학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2022 No.2

Advanced vehicles and cars carry contemporary computing, control, and communication devices and technologies that turn them into intelligent self-drive systems. However, Due to over-dependency on communications and computing technologies, smart cars may become vulnerable to intelligently-designed car hacking cyber-attacks. Machine-learning-based techniques are extensively employed to detect such attacks. This paper proposes a Euclidean distance-based machine learning technique to detect car hacking denial of service (DoS) cyber-attacks.

Reasoning Non-Functional Requirements Trade-off in Self-Adaptive Systems Using Multi-Entity Bayesian Network Modeling

Ahmed Abdo Ali Saeed,Seok-Won Lee(이석원) 한국컴퓨터정보학회 2019 韓國컴퓨터情報學會論文誌 Vol.24 No.3

Non-Functional Requirements (NFR) play a crucial role during the software development process. Currently, NFRs are considered more important than Functional Requirements and can determine the success of a software system. NFRs can be very complicated to understand due to their subjective manner and especially their conflicting nature. Self-adaptive systems (SAS) are operating in dynamically changing environment. Furthermore, the configuration of the SAS systems is dynamically changing according to the current systems context. This means that the configuration that manages the trade-off between NFRs in this context may not be suitable in another. This is because the NFRs satisfaction is based on a per-context basis. Therefore, one context configuration to satisfy one NFR may produce a conflict with another NFR. Furthermore, current approaches managing Non-Functional Requirements trade-off stops managing them during the system runtime which of concern. To solve this, we propose fragmentizing the NFRs and their alternative solutions in form of Multi-entity Bayesian network fragments. Consequently, when changes occur, our system creates a situation specific Bayesian network to measure the impact of the system’s conditions and environmental changes on the NFRs satisfaction. Moreover, it dynamically decides which alternative solution is suitable for the current situation.

Decision Making for Non-Functional Requirements Tradeoff in Self-Adaptive Systems

Ahmed AA.Saeed,Seok-Won Lee 한국정보과학회 2018 한국정보과학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.2018 No.6

The effect of antioxidant supplementation on dysmenorrhea and endometriosis-associated painful symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials

Saeed Baradwan,Abdulrahim Gari,Hussein Sabban,Majed Saeed Alshahrani,Khalid Khadawardi,Ibtihal Abdulaziz Bukhari,Abdullah Alyousef,Ahmed Abu-Zaid 대한산부인과학회 2024 Obstetrics & Gynecology Science Vol.67 No.2

This study aimed to review randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the effects of dietary antioxidant supplements on the severity of endometriosis-related pain symptoms. The PubMed/Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were searched until April 2022. Additionally, we manually searched the reference lists. Endpoints were summarized as standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) in a random-effects model. The I2 statistic was used to assess heterogeneity. Ten RCTs were included in this meta-analysis. Overall, 10 studies were related to dysmenorrhea, four to dyspareunia, and four to pelvic pain. Antioxidants significantly reduced dysmenorrhea (SMD, -0.48; 95% CI, -0.82 to -0.13; I2=75.14%). In a subgroup analysis, a significant reduction of dysmenorrhea was observed only in a subset of trials that administered vitamin D (SMD, -0.59; 95% CI, -1.13 to -0.06; I2=69.59%) and melatonin (SMD, -1.40; 95% CI, -2.47 to -0.32; I2=79.15%). Meta-analysis results also suggested that antioxidant supplementation significantly improved pelvic pain (SMD, -1.51; 95% CI, -2.74 to -0.29; I2=93.96%), although they seem not to have a significant beneficial impact on the severity of dyspareunia. Dietary antioxidant supplementation seems to beneficially impact the severity of endometriosis-related dysmenorrhea (with an emphasis on vitamin D and melatonin) and pelvic pain. However, due to the relatively small sample size and high heterogeneity, the findings should be interpreted cautiously, and the importance of further well-designed clinical studies cannot be overstated. This study aimed to review randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the effects of dietary antioxidant supplements on the severity of endometriosis-related pain symptoms. The PubMed/Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were searched until April 2022. Additionally, we manually searched the reference lists. Endpoints were summarized as standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) in a random-effects model. The I² statistic was used to assess heterogeneity. Ten RCTs were included in this meta-analysis. Overall, 10 studies were related to dysmenorrhea, four to dyspareunia, and four to pelvic pain. Antioxidants significantly reduced dysmenorrhea (SMD, -0.48; 95% CI, -0.82 to -0.13; I²=75.14%). In a subgroup analysis, a significant reduction of dysmenorrhea was observed only in a subset of trials that administered vitamin D (SMD, -0.59; 95% CI, -1.13 to -0.06; I²=69.59%) and melatonin (SMD, -1.40; 95% CI, -2.47 to -0.32; I²=79.15%). Meta-analysis results also suggested that antioxidant supplementation significantly improved pelvic pain (SMD, -1.51; 95% CI, -2.74 to -0.29; I²=93.96%), although they seem not to have a significant beneficial impact on the severity of dyspareunia. Dietary antioxidant supplementation seems to beneficially impact the severity of endometriosis-related dysmenorrhea (with an emphasis on vitamin D and melatonin) and pelvic pain. However, due to the relatively small sample size and high heterogeneity, the findings should be interpreted cautiously, and the importance of further well-designed clinical studies cannot be overstated.

Unsupervised Machine Learning-Based Detection of Covert Data Integrity Assault in Smart Grid Networks Utilizing Isolation Forest

Ahmed, Saeed,Lee, Youngdoo,Hyun, Seung-Ho,Koo, Insoo IEEE 2019 IEEE transactions on information forensics and sec Vol.14 No.10

<P>Being one of the most multifaceted cyber-physical systems, smart grids (SGs) are arguably more prone to cyber-threats. A covert data integrity assault (CDIA) on a communications network may be lethal to the reliability and safety of SG operations. They are intelligently designed to sidestep the traditional bad data detector in power control centers, and this type of assault can compromise the integrity of the data, causing a false estimation of the state that further severely distresses the entire power system operation. In this paper, we propose an unsupervised machine learning-based scheme to detect CDIAs in SG communications networks utilizing non-labeled data. The proposed scheme employs a state-of-the-art algorithm, called isolation forest, and detects CDIAs based on the hypothesis that the assault has the shortest average path length in a constructed random forest. To tackle the dimensionality issue from the growth in power systems, we use a principal component analysis-based feature extraction technique. The evaluation of the proposed scheme is carried out through standard IEEE 14-bus, 39-bus, 57-bus, and 118-bus systems. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme is proficient at handling non-labeled historical measurement datasets and results in a significant improvement in attack detection accuracy.</P>

Prophylactic tranexamic acid to reduce blood loss and related morbidities during hysterectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Ahmed Abu-Zaid,Saeed Baradwan,Ehab Badghish,Rayan AlSghan,Ahmed Ghazi,Bayan Albouq,Khalid Khadawardi,Nora F AlNaim,Latifa F AlNaim,Meshael Fodaneel,Fatimah Shakir Abualsaud,Mohammed Ziad Jamjoom,Abdul 대한산부인과학회 2022 Obstetrics & Gynecology Science Vol.65 No.5

To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that evaluated the efficacyand safety of prophylactic tranexamic acid (TXA) versus a control (placebo or no treatment) during hysterectomy forbenign conditions. Six databases were screened from inception to January 23, 2022. Eligible studies were assessed forrisk of bias. Outcomes were summarized as weighted mean differences and risk ratios with 95% confidence intervalsin a random-effects model. Five studies, comprising six arms and 911 patients were included in the study. Two andthree studies had an overall unclear and low risk of bias, respectively. Estimated intraoperative blood loss, requirementfor postoperative blood transfusion, and requirement for intraoperative topical hemostatic agents were significantlyreduced in a prophylactic TXA group when compared with a control group. Moreover, postoperative hemoglobinlevel was significantly higher in the prophylactic TXA group than in the control group. Conversely, the frequencyof self-limiting nausea and vomiting was significantly higher in the prophylactic TXA group than in the control group. There were no significant differences between the groups in terms of surgery duration, hospital stay, and diarrhearate. All the RCTs reported no incidence of major adverse events in either group, such as mortality, thromboembolicevents, visual disturbances, or seizures. There was no publication bias for any outcome, and leave-one-out sensitivityanalyses demonstrated stability of the findings. Among patients who underwent hysterectomy for benign conditions,prophylactic TXA appeared largely safe and correlated with substantial reductions in estimated intraoperative bloodloss and related morbidities.

Hydrothermal carbonization of oil palm trunk via taguchi method

Sundus Saeed Qureshi,Premchand,Mahnoor Javed,Sumbul Saeed,Rashid Abro,Shaukat Ali Mazari,Nabisab Mujawar Mubarak,Muhamad Tahir Hussain Siddiqui,Humair Ahmed Baloch,Sabzoi Nizamuddin 한국화학공학회 2021 Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol.38 No.4

Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) and its parameters show a significant role in the quality of HTC products and the distribution of yield. The present study investigates the optimal conditions that are suitable to produce maximum yield products of solid, liquid, and gas, from HTC of oil palm trunk (OPT), by following the Taguchi method. Moreover, all the three products of HTC were analyzed using various characterizations. The optimum runs for hydrochar yield, liquid yield, and gaseous yield were run 1 (R1), run 4 (R4), and run 9 (R9), respectively. The reaction temperature was found to be the most influential parameter that affected the yield distribution during HTC, where low temperature supported solid production, intermediate temperatures favored liquid yield, and high temperature produced higher gaseous yield. Elemental analysis, H/C and O/C atomic ratios, higher heating value (HHV), and energy density values of hydrochar recommended that the HTC process has significantly converted OPT into better energy fuel. The energy densification value of hydrochar ranged between 1.28 and 1.40, which confirmed the significance of the HTC process. Two characteristic peaks from FTIR were observed at 3,430 cm1 and 2,923 cm1 hydrochar. SEM analysis confirmed that the porosity of hydrochar was higher than OPT after HTC. However, the major organic matter in the bio-oil traced by GC-MS analysis was acetic acid, accounting for about 59.9-71.7%, and the outlet gaseous product consisted of 0.87-9.17% CH4, 3.88-29.02% CO2, 1.07-7.89% CO, and 0.31-1.97% H2, respectively, as shown by GC-TCD.

A Review of Structural Testing Methods for ASIC based AI Accelerators

Umair, Saeed,Irfan Ali, Tunio,Majid, Hussain,Fayaz Ahmed, Memon,Ayaz Ahmed, Hoshu,Ghulam, Hussain International Journal of Computer ScienceNetwork S 2023 International journal of computer science and netw Vol.23 No.1

Implementing conventional DFT solution for arrays of DNN accelerators having large number of processing elements (PEs), without considering architectural characteristics of PEs may incur overwhelming test overheads. Recent DFT based techniques have utilized the homogeneity and dataflow of arrays at PE-level and Core-level for obtaining reduction in; test pattern volume, test time, test power and ATPG runtime. This paper reviews these contemporary test solutions for ASIC based DNN accelerators. Mainly, the proposed test architectures, pattern application method with their objectives are reviewed. It is observed that exploitation of architectural characteristic such as homogeneity and dataflow of PEs/ arrays results in reduced test overheads.

Clinico-Pathological Patterns and Survival Outcome of Colorectal Cancer in Young Patients: Western Saudi Arabia Experience

Elsamany, Shereef Ahmed,Alzahrani, Abdullah Saeed,Mohamed, Mervat Mahrous,Elmorsy, Soha Ali,Zekri, Jamal Eddin,Al-Shehri, Ahmed Saleh,Haggag, Rasha Mostafa,Alnagar, Ahmed Abdel-Reheem,El Taani, Hani A Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2014 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.15 No.13

Background: The prognosis of young colorectal cancer (CRC) patients has been addressed by several studies but with contradictory results. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the clinico-pathological features of young Saudi patients with CRC in addition to displaying their survival outcome. Materials and Methods: In this retrospective study, young CRC patients (${\leq}40$ years) diagnosed between 2007 and 2011 from 4 centres in western Saudi Arabia, were included. Clinico-pathological features, tumor markers, dates of disease relapse and death were collected. Survival parameters were compared with those of older Saudi patients, reported in previous studies. Results: One hundred and sixteen young patients with CRC were identified (32.2% rectal, 67.8% colon). Some 44% were metastatic while 32.7% had stage III at diagnosis. Patients with grade 3 tumors made up 29.4% of the total while 49.5% had positive lymphovascular invasion (LVI), 56% had a lymph node (LN) ratio ${\geq}0.2$ and 40.2% were K-ras mutant. Median disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) in non-metastatic cases were 22.8 and 49.6 months respectively with better median DFS in K-ras wild compared to mutant patients (28.5 vs 20.9 months, p=0.005). In metastatic cases, median OS was 19.5 months. These survival outcomes are inferior compared to those of older Saudi patients reported in prior studies. Conclusions: Young CRC patients present more commonly with advanced stage and a high incidence of adverse prognostic factors such as LVI and high LN ratio. Young CRC patients seem to have worse survival compared to older Saudi patients.

Exploratory Investigation for Some Universities' E-Learning Systems during Covid-19 Pandemic

Fatima Rayan Awad, Ahmed,Thowiba E., Ahmed,Rashid A., Saeed,Elmustafa Sayed, Ali,Ghada Elnour Elterafi, Abdelrhman,Somia Yousif Ahmed, Abutiraima International Journal of Computer ScienceNetwork S 2022 International journal of computer science and netw Vol.22 No.12

COVID pandemic has reshaped the world as it has been known to us and the education system is one of the most affected by it. Due to social distancing, quarantines and isolations have made it impossible for the knowledge transition to the masses using conventional methods. For cope with pandemic, the only other way available for some of the fortunate countries is the use of E-learning having somewhat the same traditional teaching method. This paper is concerned with the study of the preparedness of the learning system in some Sudanese universities due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Critical analysis has been performed to evaluate the current developing scenario, usage of the facilities available in open-source platforms, and the interaction of the universities folks with e-learning systems. The impact of such measures has been thoroughly investigated in this paper for Sudan which is already deprived of a proper education system. The investigation shows that the interact of the staff and the students with the system was acceptable where more than 85% of those enrolled to the system were interact properly and efficiently. The lecturers conducted through the platform were attended with more than 75% of the students. We also found that most of the lecturer were avoid to exam students by utilize the platform; where only 45% of the uploaded courses were conducted exams over Moodle platform. As Moodle is an open source and still need to be improved to be used for high examination credibility.