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Ramesh Kakarla,최정운,윤진호,김병혁,허진아,이수진,조대현,Rishiram Ramanan,김희식 한국미생물학회 2018 The journal of microbiology Vol.56 No.1
Increased lipid accumulation of algal cells as a response to environmental stress factors attracted much attention of researchers to incorporate this stress response into industrial algal cultivation process with the aim of enhancing algal lipid productivity. This study applies high-salinity stress condition to a two-phase process in which microalgal cells are initially grown in freshwater medium until late exponential phase and subsequently subjected to high-salinity condition that induces excessive lipid accumulation. Our initial experiment revealed that the concentrated culture of Chlorella sorokiniana HS1 exhibited the intense fluorescence of Nile red at the NaCl concentration of 60 g/L along with 1 g/L of supplemental bicarbonate after 48 h of induction period without significantly compromising cultural integrity. These conditions were further verified with the algal culture grown for 7 days in a 1 L bottle reactor that reached late exponential phase; a 12% increment in the lipid content of harvested biomass was observed upon inducing high lipid accumulation in the concentrated algal culture at the density of 5.0 g DW/L. Although an increase in the sum of carbohydrate and lipid contents of harvested biomass indicated that the external carbon source supplemented during the induction period increased overall carbon assimilation, a decrease in carbohydrate content suggested the potential reallocation of cellular carbon that promoted lipid droplet formation under high-salinity stress. These results thus emphasize that the two-phase process can be successfully implemented to enhance algal lipid productivity by incorporating high-salinity stress conditions into the pre-concentrated sedimentation ponds of industrial algal production system.
Apoptotic cell-derived exosomes: messages from dying cells
Ramesh Kakarla,허재학,Yeon Ji Kim,Jaeyoung Kim,채영준 생화학분자생물학회 2020 Experimental and molecular medicine Vol.52 No.-
Apoptosis, a type of programmed cell death that plays a key role in both healthy and pathological conditions, releases extracellular vesicles such as apoptotic bodies and microvesicles, but exosome release due to apoptosis is not yet commonly accepted. Here, the reports demonstrating the presence of apoptotic exosomes and their roles in inflammation and immune responses are summarized, together with a general summary of apoptosis and extracellular vesicles. In conclusion, apoptosis is not just a ‘silent’ type of cell death but an active form of communication from dying cells to live cells through exosomes.
IDMMAC: Interference Aware Distributed Multi-Channel MAC Protocol for WSAN
Kakarla, Jagadeesh,Majhi, Banshidhar,Battula, Ramesh Babu Korea Information Processing Society 2017 Journal of information processing systems Vol.13 No.5
In this paper, an interference aware distributed multi-channel MAC (IDMMAC) protocol is proposed for wireless sensor and actor networks (WSANs). The WSAN consists of a huge number of sensors and ample amount of actors. Hence, in the IDMMAC protocol a lightweight channel selection mechanism is proposed to enhance the sensor's lifetime. The IDMMAC protocol divides the beacon interval into two phases (i.e., the ad-hoc traffic indication message (ATIM) window phase and data transmission phase). When a sensor wants to transmit event information to the actor, it negotiates the maximum packet reception ratio (PRR) and the capacity channel in the ATIM window with its 1-hop sensors. The channel negotiation takes place via a control channel. To improve the packet delivery ratio of the IDMMAC protocol, each actor selects a backup cluster head (BCH) from its cluster members. The BCH is elected based on its residual energy and node degree. The BCH selection phase takes place whenever an actor wants to perform actions in the event area or it leaves the cluster to help a neighbor actor. Furthermore, an interference and throughput aware multi-channel MAC protocol is also proposed for actor-actor coordination. An actor selects a minimum interference and maximum throughput channel among the available channels to communicate with the destination actor. The performance of the proposed IDMMAC protocol is analyzed using standard network parameters, such as packet delivery ratio, end-to-end delay, and energy dissipation, in the network. The obtained simulation results indicate that the IDMMAC protocol performs well compared to the existing MAC protocols.
IDMMAC: Interference aware Distributed Multi-channel MAC protocol for WSAN
Jagadeesh Kakarla,Banshidhar Majhi,Ramesh Babu Battula 한국정보처리학회 2017 Journal of information processing systems Vol.13 No.5
In this paper, an interference aware distributed multi-channel MAC (IDMMAC) protocol is proposed forwireless sensor and actor networks (WSANs). The WSAN consists of a huge number of sensors and ampleamount of actors. Hence, in the IDMMAC protocol a lightweight channel selection mechanism is proposed toenhance the sensor's lifetime. The IDMMAC protocol divides the beacon interval into two phases (i.e., the adhoctraffic indication message (ATIM) window phase and data transmission phase). When a sensor wants totransmit event information to the actor, it negotiates the maximum packet reception ratio (PRR) and thecapacity channel in the ATIM window with its 1-hop sensors. The channel negotiation takes place via acontrol channel. To improve the packet delivery ratio of the IDMMAC protocol, each actor selects a backupcluster head (BCH) from its cluster members. The BCH is elected based on its residual energy and nodedegree. The BCH selection phase takes place whenever an actor wants to perform actions in the event area orit leaves the cluster to help a neighbor actor. Furthermore, an interference and throughput aware multichannelMAC protocol is also proposed for actor-actor coordination. An actor selects a minimuminterference and maximum throughput channel among the available channels to communicate with thedestination actor. The performance of the proposed IDMMAC protocol is analyzed using standard networkparameters, such as packet delivery ratio, end-to-end delay, and energy dissipation, in the network. Theobtained simulation results indicate that the IDMMAC protocol performs well compared to the existing MACprotocols.
Kondaveeti, Sanath,Kakarla, Ramesh,Kim, Hong Suck,Kim, Byung-goon,Min, Booki Informa UK (TaylorFrancis) 2018 Environmental Technology Vol.39 No.3
<P>This study evaluates long-term stability of low-cost separators in single-chamber bottle-type microbial fuel cells with domestic wastewater. Low-cost separators tested in this study were nonwoven fabrics (NWF) of polypropylene (PP80, PP100), textile fabrics of polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), sulfonated polyphenylene sulfide (SPPS), and cellulose esters. NWF PP80 separator generated the highest power density of 280 mW/m(2), which was higher than with ion-exchange membranes (cation exchange membrane; CEM = 271 mW/m(2), cation exchange membrane; CMI = 196 mW/m(2), Nafion = 260 mW/m(2)). MFC operations with other size-selective separators such as SPPS, PPS, and cellulose esters exhibited power densities of 261, 231, and 250 mW/m(2), respectively. During a 280-day operation, initial power density of PP80 (278 mW/m(2)) was decreased to 257 mW/m(2), but this decrease was smaller than with others (Nafion: 265-230 mW/m(2); PP100: 220-126 mW/m(2)). The anode potential of around -430 mV did not change much with all separators in the long-term operation, but the initial cathode potential gradually decreased. Fouling analysis suggested that the presence of carbonaceous substance on Nafion and PP80 after 280 days of operation and Nafion was subject to be more biofouling.</P>
( Na Li ),( Ramesh Kakarla ),( Jung Mi Moon ),( Booki Min ) 한국미생물 · 생명공학회 2015 Journal of microbiology and biotechnology Vol.25 No.7
Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) have gathered attention as a novel bioenergy technology to simultaneously treat wastewater with less sludge production than the conventional activated sludge system. In two different operations of the MFC and aerobic process, microbial growth was determined by the protein assay method and their biomass yields using real wastewater were compared. The biomass yield on the anode electrode of the MFC was 0.02 g-COD-cell/g- COD-substrate and the anolyte planktonic biomass was 0.14 g-COD-cell/g-COD-substrate. An MFC without anode electrode resulted in the biomass yield of 0.07 ± 0.03 g-COD-cell/g-CODsubstrate, suggesting that oxygen diffusion from the cathode possibly supported the microbial growth. In a comparative test, the biomass yield under aerobic environment was 0.46 ± 0.07 g-COD-cell/g-COD-substrate, which was about 3 times higher than the total biomass value in the MFC operation.