北韓의 經濟部門에서의 變化와 1998年 憲法改正

張明奉 國民大學校 法學硏究所 2002 법학논총 Vol.14 No.-

The purpose of the present study is to analyze the backgrounds, characteristics, and contents of clauses related to the economy(Articles 19~38) in the amended Constitution in 1998 that resulted from changing internal-external economic policy in North Korea, and to make legal references to the direction of the economic policy in Kim Jong-il’s regime. In addition, this study intends to provide valuable legal information needed for inter-Korean economic cooperation by researching the economic environment and constitutional amendments of North Korea. By studying the changes of economic circumstances and the amended Constitution(1998) of North Korea, we can summarize the research results as follows: (1) It is well known that North Korea denies private property ownership and its economic system is centrally planned. In order to reinforce the political system and overcome economic difficulties, however, Kim Jong-il’s regime seeks to restructure political and economic areas. In short, these changes of political and economic systems seem to have the intention of consolidating Kim Jong-il’s regime. The constitutional amendments of North Korea, which take place in 1992 and 1998, have two main features. The first one deals with the completion of Kim Jong-41’s dynastic power succession. The second one amends economic dauses parallel to the change in the political structure. (2) Especially, the amendments of economic clauses in the North Korean Constitution(1998) appear to convert the existing centrally planned social economic system into the so-called ‘economic system of socialist market.’ This includes the expansion of foreign trade and investment, the pursuit of economic development with encouragement for establishing more ‘special economic zones,’ and a reflection on the change of the economic internal/external environment. (3) The change of economic circumstances in North Korea and the amendments of clauses related to the economy results in the maintenance of the external economic and foreign investment laws. The amendment of the North Korean Constitution(1998) was a reflection of reshuffling government organization, the extension of foreign investment, and the reinforcement of external openness in the view of pragmatism. In order to invest capital and technology into North Korea and prepare solutions against conflicts of laws between the South and the North, we have to analyze the economic environment in North Korea in more detail. (4) In conclusion, the limits of the North Korean economy, such as ‘openness without reform; ‘mosquito net style openness,’ etc., must overcome to maintain the direction of reform and open door policy in North Korea. We am fully aware of the importance of changes in the economic circumstances of North Korea. In order to steadily carry out various projects to open and reform the North Korean economy, it is important to provide encouragement to North Korean authorities for opening and reform. That is, we should support the strengthening of social stability to obtain positive results of reform within the North Korean economy.

Dipyridamole 부하 심근 SPECT에서 Dipyridamole의 작용과 부작용

고창순(Chang Soon Koh),이명철(Myung Chul Lee),정준기(June Key Chung),이동수(Dong Soo Lee),최창운(Chang Woon Choi),배상균(Sang Kyun Bae),양형인(Hyung In Yang),여정석(Jeong Suk Yeo) 대한핵의학회 1993 핵의학 분자영상 Vol.27 No.2

N/A Dipyridamole is an agent that may be used to noninvasively evaluate coronary artery disease. The effect of dipyridamole infusion its generally related to its induced peripheral vasodilatory effect. In normal person, heart rate is generally increased slightly while blood pressure decrease, but the achieved double product and related myocardial oxygen consumption have no significant change. The purpose of this study is to examine the effect and side effect of dipyridamole, and to compare different response to dipyridamole among the patients. We evaluated 847 patients who underwent dipyridamole stress myocardial SPECT. 93.6% of them had induced hypotension 0.9% showed no change of blood pressure, 5.5% had increased blood pressure 8.3% had no change of pulse rate more than 10% of basal pulse rate. Among diabetes, 16.9% was not change of pulse rate, 6.7% in non-diabetes. There was no significant correlation between age and rate pressure product rest(RPPr), in patients without perfusion defects on SPECT(y=7.1x+48.4r=0.13 p>0.01). As increasing age, RPPs/RPPr was declined(y=-11.6x+68.9 r=0.17 p〈0.01), similar results were obtained in patients with perfusion defect. The size of perfusion defect on myocardial SPECT have no correlation between RPPr and RPPs/RPPr. The side effects of dipyridamole included chest pain and chest tightness, headache, abdominal pain, dizzness, nausea, and dyspnea. As increasing age, dipyridamole-induced cardiac work at rest was increased, cardiac response to dipyridamole was decreased.

妊産婦에 있어서의 眼底變化

李明秀,金順昌,趙炳釵 최신의학사 1961 最新醫學 Vol.4 No.1

국궁 사법의 원형에 대한 실태 분석

모창배(Chang Bae Mo),정진명(Jin Myung Jeong) 한국사회체육학회 2007 한국사회체육학회지 Vol.0 No.31

Though Korean Traditional Archery has existed for countless centuries, few, if any, records exist on this subject. The fact that it takes years, indeed decades, of practice to master archery only compounds the difficulty in documenting it. Fortunately, this dearth in documented accounts of Korean Traditional Archery (hereafter referred as KTA) was alleviated with the publication of ``Joseon ui Gungsul``. However, since its original publication over 70 years ago, there have been and continue to be many changes and developments in the field, and it follows that the time has come to review, re-assess, and redefine the nature and form of KTA. Recognizing that a single individual`s account of KTA does not give us a valid picture of what defines it, we decided to collect the accounts of numerous veteran archers since the Liberation of Korea and to specifically look for common pointsin order to get a clearer picture of what KTA really is. The results of our research indicate that those accounts generally correlate with the data found in ``Joseon ui Gungsul``. We also found, however, that the KTA as described by these veteran archers differed from that described in ``Joseon ui Gungsul`` in many significant respects. They agree that there have been many changes in KTA since Korea`s liberation and that for a variety of reasons there appeared a modern form of KTA in the late 1970`s. One of the more significant changes was that modern KTA incorporated the pushing of the ``bow`` hand to generate power(characteristic of Western archery) whereas in classic KTA most of the power was generated by the drawing of the ``arrow`` hand. The documented accounts of post-Liberation veteran archers attest to the fact that KTA has changed and continues to change. There is a common recognition, however, that the traditions that define classic KTA are valuable and must be preserved. And for this reason we note that, for the most part, the accounts of the post-Liberation veteran archers generally match the data found in ``Joseon ui Gungsul``.

암세포 증식에 대한 YB-1 안티센스 올리고핵산염의 영향

김명성 ( Myung Sung Kim ),이완식 ( Wan Sik Lee ),박창환 ( Chang Hwan Park ),주영은 ( Young Eun Joo ),김현수 ( Hyun Soo Kim ),최성규 ( Sung Kyu Choi ),유종선 ( Jong Sun Rew ),정영도 ( Young Do Jung ),김세종 ( Sei Jong Kim ),안봉환 대한내과학회 2006 대한내과학회지 Vol.71 No.3

목적: YB-1은 PCNA, DNA 중합효소 및 MDR 유전자 등의 전사인자로 작용한다. YB-1 유전자는 정상 어른의 간에서는 발현되지 않지만 태아의 간이나 재생 중인 간에서는 발현이 현저히 증가되어서 세포의 증식과 밀접한 관련이 있음이 보고되었다. 본 연구에서는 YB-1 유전자의 안티센스 올리고핵산염을 이용하여 YB-1의 발현을 억제함으로써 암세포 증식을 차단 할 수 있는지를 실험하고 암치료를 위한 유전자 요법으로서의 가능성을 알아보았다. 방법: 세포주로는 Chang liver, HepG2, CT-26 세포를 사용하였고, 사람의 정상세포로는 섬유아세포와 내피세포가 혼재된 조직을 사용하였다. YB-1 유전자의 안티센스 올리고핵산염으로는 YB-1 cDNA의 변역 시작 부위에 상보적인 21mer 올리고핵산염을 제작하여 사용하였다. 세포의 성장은 MTT assay를 이용하였고, 유전자 발현은 Northern blot으로 분석하였으며, 세포주기 변화는 propidium iodide로 염색하여 유식세포분석기로 분석하였다. 동물실험에서는 CT-26 세포를 1.0×10(5)개씩 Balb/c 생쥐의 피하에 접종하여 종양을 유도하였다. 종양이 유도된 Balb/c 생쥐에 YB-1 안티센스 올리고핵산염을 꼬리정맥이나 종양조직에 주사한 후 종양의 크기를 측정하여 종양억제 효과를 관찰하였다. 결과: YB-1 안티센스 올리고핵산염은 CT-26 세포에서는 50 nM 이상 농도에서 Chang liver와 HepG2 세포에서는 10 nM 이상 농도에서 세포주의 성장을 강하게 억제하였지만 정상 조직세포의 성장에는 아무런 영향을 미치지 않았다. 안티센스 올리고핵산염을 DOTAP에 담지한 경우 세포성장 억제에 미치는 효과가 안티센스 올리고핵산염 단독 처치 보다 강하였다. 이때 YB-1의 발현은 증식이 억제된 세포주(Chang liver 및 CT-26)에서는 감소하였으나 정상조직세포에서는 변화가 없었다. 증식이 억제된 세포주에서 세포주기를 살펴보면 초기에 S phase가 감소함을 관찰 할 수 있었다. 꼬리정맥이나 종양조직에 YB-1 안티센스 올리고핵산염을 주입 시 종양의 크기가 유의하게 감소하였다. 결론: 이상의 실험 결과 YB-1 안티센스 올리고핵산염은 암세포의 성장을 저해하며 종양 동물모델에서 종양의 성장을 억제할 수 있음을 시사하였다. Background: Human YB-1 is a transcription factor that binds to the inverted CCAAT box in the promoter region of a variety of genes such as PCNA, DNA polymerase and MDR. In this study we evaluated the effect of YB-1 antisense oligonucleotides on tumor cell growth. Methods: Chang liver, HepG2 and CT-26 cells were cultured as immortalized cell lines. The MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl] 2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay, Northern blot and flow cytometric analyses were used to determine cell growth, gene expression and cell cycle changes. In an animal model, CT-26 cells were injected into Balb/c mice to induce tumor; YB-1 antisense oligonucleotides were injected into the tail vein or tumor tissue of the mice; change of tumor size was then measured. Results: Phosphorothioated YB-1 antisense oligonucleotides suppressed the proliferation of the immortalized liver cells (Chang liver cells) and a variety of cancer cells (HepG2 and CT-26 cells); however, it did not inhibit normal cell growth. The DOTAP/antisense oligonucleotide mixture showed stronger effects on cell proliferation than did the antisense oligonucleotide alone. The YB-1 antisense oligonucleotide decreased specific expression of the YB-1 mRNA in the immortalized cancer cell lines. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that the inhibition of cell proliferation might have been due to a decrease in the S phase of the cell cycle. We found that in an animal tumor model, the administration of the YB-1 antisense oligonucleotide, in the vein or tumor tissues, decreased the tumor size significantly. Conclusions: These results suggest that the YB-1 antisense oligonucleotide may inhibit growth of a variety of cancer cells.(Korean J Med 71:293-301, 2006)

Surgical Causes of Significant Intraoperative Neuromonitoring Signal Changes in Three-Column Spinal Surgery

Wi Seung Myung,Park Sang-Min,Chang Sam Yeol,Lee Jeongik,Kim Sung-Min,장봉순,Kim Hyoungmin 대한척추외과학회 2021 Asian Spine Journal Vol.15 No.6

Study Design: Retrospective case series. Purpose: To evaluate the risks and causes of neurologic complications in three-column spinal surgery by analyzing intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (IONM) data. Overview of Literature: Three-column spinal surgery, which may be required to correct complex spinal deformities or resection of spinal tumors, is known to carry a high risk of neurologic complications. However, few studies reported a specific surgical procedure related to a significant IONM signal change during surgery. Methods: Multimodality IONM data, including somatosensory-evoked potentials (SSEP) and motor-evoked potentials (MEP), were reviewed in 64 patients who underwent three-column spinal surgery from 2011 to 2015. Surgical procedures included posterior vertebral column resection, pedicle subtraction osteotomy, total en bloc spondylectomy, piecemeal spondylectomy, and corpectomy with laminectomy (n=27) in three cervical, 34 thoracic, and 31 lumbar procedures. Results: Significant IONM signal changes occurred in 11 of 64 (17.1%) patients. SSEP and MEP were changed in 11 patients. Postoperative neurologic deterioration occurred in 54.5% (6 of 11) of the patients, and two of them were permanent. There was no postoperative neurologic deterioration in patients without significant signal change. Suspected causes of IONM data changes are as follows: adhesion/tethering, translation, contusion, and perfusion. Conclusions: Based on the results of this study, to enhance neurologic safety in three-column spinal surgery, surgeons should pay attention to protect the spinal cord from mechanical insult, especially when the spinal column was totally destabilized during surgery, and not to compromise perfusion to the spinal cord in close cooperation with a neurologist and anesthesiologist.

Three-dimensional analysis of soft and hard tissue changes after mandibular setback surgery in skeletal Class III patients

Park, Jae-Woo,Kim, Nam-Kug,Kim, Myung-Jin,Chang, Young-Il The Korean Association Of Orthodontists 2005 대한치과교정학회지 Vol.35 No.4

하악 수술로 치료한 골격성 3급 부정교합 환자의 연조직 변화를 3차원적으로 분석하였다. 수술전과 수술후에 CT를 촬영하고, 연조직과 경조직을 각각의 임계값에 따라 segmentation였다. FH.평면, 정중시상면, PNS를 포함하는 전두면을 기준으로 공통 좌표계를 구성하고, 이 좌표계를 기준으로 술전, 술후 영상을 위치시켰다. 술후의 변화를 측정하기 위해 각각의 모형에 대해 전두면에 평행한 grid를 형성하였다. Grid내의 교점에서 골조직과 연조직 모형에 투사하여 만나는 점의 좌표값을 구하고, 이를 바탕으로 술후의 변화를 측정하였다. 하악골 후퇴술시 안모의 변화는 하악골 부분에서만 발생한 것이 아니라, 구각부에서도 관찰되었다. 하악골 부위의 연조직 변화는 대응되는 골조직 이동량에 따른 상대적인 값으로 계산하였다. 정중시상면에서의 변화율은 $77\~102\%$로 나타났다. (p<0.05). 정중시상면 이외의 부분의 변화양상도 이와 유사하였다. 구각부에서의 변화는 하악골의 이동을 대표할 수 있는 점의 이동량에 대한 상대적인 값으로 계산하였다. 정중시상면에서의 변화는 B점을 기준으로 $14\~29\%$이고, Pog점을 기준으로 $17\~37\%$, grid상 83번째 점을 기준으로 $11\~22\%$로 관찰되었다.(p<0.05) The three-dimensional (3D) changes of bone, soft tissue and the ratio of soft tissue to bony movement was investigated in 8 skeletal Class III patients treated by mandibular setback surgery. CT scans of each patient at pre- and post-operative states were taken. Each scan was segmented by a threshold value and registered to a universal three-dimensional coordinate system, consisting of an FH plane, a mid-sagittal plane, and a coronal plane defined by PNS. In the study, the grid parallel to the coronal plane was proposed for the comparison of the changes. The bone or soft tissue was intersected by the projected line from each point on the gird. The coordinate values of intersected point were measured and compared between the pre- and post-operative models. The facial surface changes after setback surgery occurred not only in the mandible, but also in the mouth corner region. The soft tissue changes of the mandibular area were measured relatively by the proportional ratios to the bone changes. The ratios at the mid-sagittal plane were $77\~102\%(p<0.05)$. The ratios at all other sagittal planes had similar patterns to the mid-sagittal plane, but with decreased values. And, the changes in the maxillary region were calculated as a ratio, relative to the movement of a point representing a mandibular movement. When B point was used as a representative point, the ratios were $14\~29\%$, and when Pog was used, the ratios were $17\~37\%(9<0.05)$. In case of the 83rd point of the grid, the ratios were $11\~22\%(p<0.05)$.

측두하악관절 골관절염 환자의 진단에서 Cone Beam 전산화 단층촬영의 유용성

노창세,정연화,태일호,고명연,안용우,Roh, Chang-Se,Jung, Yun-Hoa,Tae, Il-Ho,Ko, Myung-Yun,Ahn, Yong-Woo 대한안면통증구강내과학회 2009 Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain Vol.34 No.1

This study is designed to assess Relationship between clinical diagnosis of Temporomandibular Joint Disorder and diagnostic finding of Cone Beam Computed Tomography(CBCT) The author performed clinical examination for TMD Patients who visited Orofacial pain clinic, Jin-ju ooo Dental office. CBCT(Cone beam computed tomography) was taken for 190 joints in 95 subjects. A Oral medicine and Oral radiologist evaluated CBCT each other. then we compared with that result, Condyle bony changes were classified by no bone change, flattening, erosion and osteophyte. The obtained results were as follow: 1. The Kappa index of the diagnosis between oral medicine and oral radiogist were high, the index of diagnosis by degenerative joint disease were more higher. 2. The Kappa index of panoramic view and CBCT was low, more condylar bone chages were observed by CBCT diagnosis 3. Condylar bone changes of the 54.2% of non-DJD group clinicaly was observed by CBCT diagnosis and no bone changes of the 15.3% of DJD group.was observed by CBCT 4. TMJ pain was associated with erosion of condyle bone change of TMJ. Crepitation and longest duration of TMD were associated with osteophytic bone change.

환율변동과 이자율, 그리고 주식수익률 간의 상호연관성 분석

장명기 한국관세학회 2009 관세학회지 Vol.10 No.1

This paper is to reassess some traditional statements on exchange rate determination in relation to domestic and foreign interest rate differential movements as well as stock market returns. The conventional benchmark is based on the so-called Uncovered Interest Rate Parity(UIP, hereafter) hypothesis which states that the spread between domestic and foreign interest rates (or equivalently, the spread between forward and spot exchange rates) should be an unbiased predictor of the future change in the exchange rate. Unfortunately, this assumption is generally rejected by empirical evidence according to previous studies based on most advanced countries' data. It is generally noted that the money market and foreign exchange market are integrated as one market in case of advanced countries such as Japan. In case of Japanese Yen, there exists a Eurocurrency market, If a certain trader sells US dollar and buys Japanese Yen in foreign exchange market, it means that his short term money market investment in US dollar is converted into that in Japanese Yen. In other words, US dollar deposit will decline, while Japanese Yen deposit will increase in the money market as a result of foreign exchange market transaction. Therefore, the foreign exchange market transaction and the Euromoney market transaction are happening at the same time. Unlike Japanese Yen, the Euromoney market for Korean Won does not exist. Therefore, it is not that difficult to think about the hypothesis for difference between the Korea and Japan in terms of correlation between exchange rate change and macroeconomic fundamentals. It has been often reported that the most important determinant of exchange rate is the global stock market capital flow as a result of active global stock market investment since 1990s. Previous studies show that the rejection of the standard UIP hypothesis is not surprising as long as ARCH effects have been evidenced in exchange rate data. This paper examines the correlations between exchange rate and financial market variables such as interest rate differentials and stock market returns in Korea and Japan. The objective is to determine whether any significant relationship exists between exchange rate change and other macroeconomic fundamentals in both Korea and Japan and compare the empirical results of two countries, if there exist any significant difference. This paper will use the exchange rate data presumed to be structurally changed since 1990s as well as the appropriate statistical tools such as GARCH model, which will cope with the ARCH effects evidenced in exchange rate data.

A Study of Fundamental Human Rights in the Communist Constitutions : With Special Reference to the Soviet and the North Korean Constitutions

Chang,Myung-bong 국민대학교 법학연구소 1986 法政論叢 Vol.8 No.1