Ultrasonic Degradation of Endocrine Disrupting Compounds in Seawater and Brackish Water

So Young Park,Jong Sung Park,Ha Yoon Lee,Ji Yong Heo,Yeo Min Yoon,Kyung Ho Choi,Nam Guk Her 대한환경공학회 2011 Environmental Engineering Research Vol.16 No.3

In this study, a series of experiments was conducted on the relative degradation of commonly known endocrine-disrupting compounds such as bisphenol A (BPA) and 17α-ethinyl estradiol (Ee₂) in a single-component aqueous solution using 28 and 580 kHz ultrasonic reactors. The experiments were conducted with three different types of model water: deionized water (DI), synthetic brackish water (SBW), and synthetic seawater (SSW) at pH 4, 7.5, and 11 in the presence of inert glass beads and humic acids. Significantly higher sonochemical degradation (93-97% for BPA) occurred at 580 kHz than at 28 kHz (43-61% for BPA), regardless of water type. A slightly higher degradation was observed for Ee₂ compared to that of BPA. The degradation rate of BPA and Ee₂ in DI water, SBW, and SSW after 30 min of ultrasound irradiation at 580 kHz increased slightly with the increase in pH from 4 (0.073-0.091 min-1 for BPA and 0.081-0.094 min-1 for Ee₂) to 7.5 (0.087-0.114 min-1 for BPA and 0.092?0.124 min-1 for Ee₂). In contrast, significant degradation was observed at pH 11 (0.149-0.221 min-1 for BPA and 0.147-0.228 min-1 for Ee₂). For the given frequencies of 28 and 580 kHz, the degradation rate increased in the presence of glass beads (0.1 mm and 25 g) for both BPA and Ee₂: 0.018-0.107 min-1 without beads and 0.052-0.142 min-1 with beads for BPA; 0.021-0.111 min-1 without beads and 0.054-0.136 min-1 with beads for Ee₂. A slight increase in degradation of both BPA and Ee₂ was found as the concentration of dissolved organic carbon (DOC, humic acids) increased in both SBW and SSW: 0.107-0.115 min-1 in SBW and 0.087-0.101 min-1 in SSW for BPA; 0.111-0.111 min-1 in SWB and 0.092-0.105 min-1 in SSW for Ee₂. After 30 min of sonicating the humic acid solution, DOC removal varied depending on the water type: 27% (3 mg L-1) and 7% (10 mg L-1) in SBW and 7% (3 mg L-1) and 4% (10 mg L-1) in SSW.

18–30세 사이에 발생하는 뇌경색의 특징, 다기관 레지스트리 연구

장윤경,송태진,김용재,허지회,이경열,김영은,장민욱,조수진,강석윤 이화여자대학교 의과학연구소 2017 EMJ (Ewha medical journal) Vol.40 No.3

Objectives: Although there have been several reports that described characteristics for young age stroke, information regarding very young age (18–30 years old) has been limited. We aimed to analyze demographic factors, stroke subtype, and 3-month outcome in acute ischemic stroke patient who have relatively very young age in multicenter stroke registry. Methods: We evaluated all 122 (7.1%) consecutive acute ischemic stroke (within 7 days after symptom onset) patients aged 18 to 30 from 17,144 patients who registered in multicenter prospective stroke registry, 1997 to 2012. Etiology was classified by Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment criteria. Stroke severity was defined as National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) and stroke outcome was defined by modified Rankin scale (mRS) at 3 months after index stroke. Results: The mean age of all included patients was 25.1±3.7 years and 76 patients (62.2%) were male. The median NIHSS at admission was 4. Considering stroke subtype, 37 patients (30.3%) had stroke of other determined etiology (SOD), 37 (30.3%) had undetermined negative evaluation (UN) and 31 (25.4%) had cardioembolism (CE) were frequently noted. After adjusting age, sex and variables which had P<0.1 in univariable analysis (NIHSS and stroke subtype), CE stroke subtype (odds ratio, 4.68; 95% confidence interval, 1.42–15.48; P=0.011) were significantly associated with poor functional outcome (mRS≥3). Conclusion: In very young age ischemic stroke patients, SOD and UN stroke subtype were most common and CE stroke subtype was independently associated with poor discharge outcome.

Biliary Self-Expandable Metal Stent Could Be Recommended as a First Treatment Modality for Immediate Refractory Post-Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography Bleeding

Sun Young Moon,Jun Heo,Min Kyu Jung,Chang Min Cho 대한소화기내시경학회 2022 Clinical Endoscopy Vol.55 No.1

Background/Aims: Recent reports suggest that the biliary self-expandable metallic stent (SEMS) is highly effective for maintaininghemostasis when endoscopic hemostasis fails in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)-related bleeding. Wecompared whether temporary SEMS offers better efficacy than angioembolization for refractory immediate ERCP-related bleeding. Methods: Patients who underwent SEMS placement or underwent angioembolization for bleeding control in refractory immediateERCP-related bleeding were included in the retrospective analysis. We evaluated the hemostasis success rate, severity of bleeding,change in hemoglobin levels, amount of transfusion, and delay to the start of hemostasis. Results: A total of 27 patients with SEMS and 13 patients who underwent angioembolization were enrolled. More transfusionswere needed in the angioembolization group (1.0±1.4 units vs. 2.5±2.0 units; p=0.034). SEMS failure was successfully rescued byangioembolization. The partially covered SEMS (n=23, 85.1%) was generally used, and the median stent-indwelling time was 4 days. The mean delay to the start of angioembolization was 95.2±142.9 (range, 9–491) min. Conclusions: Temporary SEMS had similar results to those of angioembolization (96.3% vs. 92.3%; p=0.588). Immediate SEMSinsertion is considered a bridge treatment modality for immediate refractory ERCP-related bleeding. Angioembolization still has arole as rescue therapy when SEMS does not work effectively.

물리학 선량법을 이용한 갑상선암의 개인별 최대안전용량 I-131 치료법 개발과 유용성 평가

김정철,윤정한,범희승,제갈영종,송호천,민정준,정환정,김성민,허영준,이명호,박영규,정준기 대한핵의학회 2003 핵의학 분자영상 Vol.37 No.2

목적 : 분화갑상선암 환자에 대한 방사성옥소(I-131) 치료는 재발율과 사망률을 감소시키는 효과적인 치료법이지만, 치료용량을 증가시킴으로써 치료율을 향상시킬 수 있는지에 대해서는 아직 논란이 있다. 본 연구에서는 최대허용선량 치료법의 효용성을 검증하고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법 : 임상적 병기가 제3, 4병기이고, 6개월 이후에 I-131 전신스캔(이하 IWBS)과 혈중 thyroglobulin (이하 Tg), anti-thyroglobulin antibody (이하 ATA), 초음파검사 (이하 US) 및 F-18 FDG PET 등을 통해 치료여부를 확인할 수 있었던 58명(남:여=9:49, 평균연령 50±11세)의 유두상갑상선암 환자를 대상으로 하였다. 이중 11명은 제4병기, 47명은 제3병기였으며, 43명(남:여=4:39), 평균연령 50±11세)은 7.4 GBq 이하의 고식적인 저용량치료법으로 치료하였고, 9.25 GBq 이상의 고용량 치료를 받은 환자는 15명(남:여=5:10, 평균연령 50±12세)으로 고용량군에서 남자가 더 많았으나 연령의 차이는 없었다. 고용량군 환자 모두에서 추적용량의 방사성옥소(평균 77±3 MBq)를 경구 투여한 후 혈중 방사능소실곡선을 통해 최대허용선량(maximum permissible dose, 이하 MPD)을 계산하였으며, 7명에서는 말초혈액림프구의 중기염색체분석법에 의해 생물학적으로 MPD를 계산하였다. 14명에서는 치료용량의 방사성옥소를 투여한 후 혈중 방사능소실곡선을 통해 MPD를 계사하였다. 완전치유(complete response, 이하 CR)는 IWBS에서 병소가 없어지고, 혈중 Tg치가 1 ng/mL 이하로 감소한 경우로 정의하였으며, 부분치유(partial response, 이하 PR)는 IWBS에서 병소가 없어졌더라도 혈중 Tg, ATA치가 높거나, US 또는 PET 검사에서 병소가 남아있는 경우로 정의하였다. 치료후 IWBS에서 병소가 오히려 증가하거나 변함없는 경우는 없었다. 방사성옥소 치료에 의한 부작용은 입원기간 중 타액선이 현저하게 붓고 통증이 있거나, 구토를 심하게 하는 경우, 그리고 퇴원후 1개월째 백혈구수가 20% 이상 감소한 경우로 정의하였다. 결과 : 양 군간에 연속적인 수치변화를 비교하는 경우는 paired t-test를 이용하였으며, 대상군간 치료효과와 부작용의 비교는 chi-square test를 이용하였다. p값 0.05 미만을 통계적으로 유의한 차이로 인정하였다. 고용량군 환자 모두에서 추적용량과 치료용량의 방사성옥소 투여 후 혈액의 피폭선량은 각각 0.012±0.3 Gy, 1.66±25 Gy였으며, 방사성옥소 투여 후 혈액에 전달되는 피폭선량은 추적용량보다 치료용량에서 더 많았고 (1.21: 166 rad, p<0.001), 방사성옥소 1 mCi당 혈액에 전달되는 피폭선량은 차이가 없었다(0.58±0.1 vs. 0.56±0.1 rad/37 MBq, p=0.34). 추적용량 방사성옥소 투여 후 구한 MPD는 평균 13.3±1.9 GBq (9.7 ~ 16 GBq) 이였고, 치료용량 방사성옥소 투여 후 구한 MPD는 평균 13.8±2.1 GBq (10.4 ~ 16.3 GBq)로 유의한 차이가 없었으며 (p=0.20), 두 수치간에는 유의한 상관 관계가 있었다(r=0.8, p<0.0001). 7명의 환자에서 말초혈액림프구 중기염색체 분석법으로 MPD를 측정하였는데 혈액의 피폭선량은 1.78±0.03 G였으며, 같은 환자에서 혈중 방사능소실곡선으로부터 구한 피폭선량은 1.54±0.03 G로 유의하게 낮았으나 (p=0.01), 두 측정치 간에는 유의한 상관관계(r=0.86, p=0.01)가 있었다. 저용량 치료군 43명 중 22명(51.2%)에서 완전치유를 보였고 21명(48.8%)에서는 부분치유를 보인 반면 고용량 치료군 15명 중 12명(80%)에서 완전치유를 보였고 3명(20%)에서만 부분치유를 보여 고용량 치료군에서 유의하게 높은 완전치유를 얻을 수 있었다(p=0.05). 한편 부작용 발생빈도는 저용량 치료군 43명 중 13(30.2%), 고용량 치료군 15명 중 6명(40%)로 양군간에 유의한 차이가 없었다(p=0.46). 임상적인 병기, 연령 및 성별에 따라서는 치유의 차이가 없었다(p>0.05). 결론 : 혈중소실곡선으로부터 MPD를 결정하고 이를 토대로 환자 개개인별로 적절한 선량을 선택하여 치료하는 방법은 부작용을 최소화하면서도 치료효과를 높일 수 있는 매우 유용한 치료법이며, 고위험군 분화갑상선 암 환자에게 가장 적절한 치료법이라고 사료되었다. Purpose: Radioiodine (1-131) therapy is an effective modality to reduce both recurrence and mortality rates in differentiated thyroid cancer. Whether higher doses shows higher therapeutic responses was still debatable. The purpose of this study was to validate curve-fitting (CF) method measuring maximum permissible dose (MPD) by a biological dosimetry using metaphase analysis of peripheral blood lymphocytes. Materials and Methods: Therapeutic effects of MPD was evaluated in 58 patients (49 females and 9 males, mean age 50±11 years) of papillary thyroid cancer. Among them 43 patients were treated with ≤7.4 GBq, while 15 patients with ≥9.25 GBq. The former was defined as low-dose group, and the latter high-dose group. Therapeutic response was defined as complete response when complete disappearance of lesions on follow-up 1-131 scan and undetectable serum thyroglobulin levels were found. Statistical comparison between groups were done using chi-square test. P value less than 0.05 was regarded as statistically significant. Results: MPD measured by CF method using tracer and therapeutic doses were 13.3±1.9 and 13.8±2.1 GBq, respectively (p=0.20). They showed a significant correlation (r=0.8, p<0.0001). Exposed doses to blood measured by CF and biological methods were 1.54±0.03 and 1.78±0.03 Gy (p=0.01). They also showed a significant correlation (r=0.86, p=0.01). High-does group showed a significantly higher rate of complete response (12/15, 80%) as compared to the low-dose group (22/43, 51.2%) (p=0.05). While occurrence of side effects was not different between two groups (40% vs. 30.2%, p=0.46). Conclusion: Measurement of MPD using CF method is reliable, and the high-dose 1-131 therapy using MPD gains significantly higher therapeutic effects as compared with low-dose therapy.

地方自治團體의 條例制定權의 限界 : 判例를 中心으로 Focused on Cases

許永敏 全北大學校 1996 論文集 Vol.41 No.-

This Paper is studied focused on cases in theoretical and institutional aspect of the local self government in order to make legal basis of municipal bylaw-making power and to clarify its limits by reestablishing of legal system of bylaw. Therefore this paper is concentrated on the major points as follows. Chapter Ⅰ. Instruction. Chapter Ⅱ. Overview of municipal bylaw-making power. This chapter is consisted of process and effect of bylaw-making etc. Chapter Ⅲ. Principle of Vorrang des Gesetzes and limits of bylaw. This chapter is consisted of concrete cases, for example our Supreme Count's case on Jeon-ju city bylaw on freedom of administrative information etc. Chapter Ⅳ. Principle of Vorbehalt des Gesetzes and limits of bylaw. Chapter Ⅴ. Problems on limits of bylaw in related with important matters. In this chapter, bylaw is studied in relation to rights and duties of inhabitants, penalty and taxation etc. Finally in recent localization era. I expect municipal bylaw-making activity to be established in corresponding with local characteristic and differences.

情報化社會에 있어서 프라이버시 保護에 대한 法的 考察

許永敏,申洋均 전북대학교 법학연구소 1989 法學硏究 Vol.16 No.-

Von den letzten Ha¨lften des 1970’s ab ist die Akkumulation und Erledigung der Information in unserem Land durch EDV. nicht nur bei o¨ffentlicher Sektion sondern nur bei privater Sektion. Computer hat daher auch in unserem Land wichtige und feste Stellung als Lo¨we des zuku¨nftien Gesellschafts, anderseits bedroht er mit ultramodi - schem Technik perstinlichen und privaten Lebensgebiet. Schon im Ausla¨nder hat sich die gesetzliche Beka¨mpfung gegen Privacy (Geheimhaltung-) verletzung auseinander - gesetzt, insbes. bei, Schweden in der Gestalt von Privacyschutzgesetz(1973). Heute erscho¨pf sich Privacyrecht nicht in Geheimhaltungsrecht (Right to be let alone). sondern bedeutet es umfassendes und positives Recht, das Umlauf der Informations u¨ber sich selbst steuren kann. A¨nderseits herrscht fast ausschlieβich offentliche Anstalten oder Privatunternehmen Informationsquelle und muβ die Gesetze sie zu Informationsverto¨ffentlichung verpflichten, unter den Umsta¨nde des Informationmonopols um das Recht zu wissen zu gewa¨hrleisten. Die Pmblematik der neuen durch Computeri zation begleiteten Privacyverletzung und deren Schutz muβ daher unter Beru¨cksichtigung auf diesen beiden Aspekten untersucht werden. Im voriegenden Aufsatz hat sich das Thema auseinandergesetzt folgend: Im ersten Teil : 1. Enhicklung des Informationsgesellschaft 2. Informationsvero¨ffentlichung und Privacyschutz 3. Neue Gestaltung der Privacyverletzung 4. Strafrechtliche Arna¨hrung zum Privacyschutz Im zweiten Teil 1. Begriff der Computerkriminalita¨t 2. Typisierung des Computerkrirninalita¨t 3. Zusammenha¨nge zwischen Computerkriminalita¨t und Privacyverletzung Im dritten Teil (Privacyverletzung durch Computer) 1. Gegenstand der Auseinandersetzung 2. Unrechtliche Akkumulation der privaten Information 3. Unrechtliche Benutzung der privaten Information 4. Unrechtliche Umlauf der privaten Information Als Ergebnis, es ist vor allem auf der verwaltungsrechtlichen Seite notwendig. das Gesetz fu¨r Infomtionsvero¨ffentlichung und Privacyschutz zu geben, um das Recht von Privacy und Wissen zu gewshrleisten. Auf der strafrechtlichen Seite'ist es wichtig, die Grenzen der strafrechtlichen Regelung richtig nach Tendenzen der Neukriminalisierung und kriminalpolitischen Forderung zu bestimmen. Aber es muβ immer berucksichtigt weden, daβ diese zwei Aufgabe zueinander nicht andere Frage sind. So ist dringend die interdisziplina¨re Auseindersetzung zwischen Strafrechtlem und Verwaltungsrechtlern gefordert.

土地公槪念實現을 위한 法律에 관한 硏究

許永敏,白種仁,李東燦 전북대학교 법학연구소 1992 法學硏究 Vol.19 No.-

Das Grundstu¨ck, das man nicht produzieren kann und absoluter Bestandteil fu¨r Existenz der Menschen ist, hatte far die letzten 10 Jahre durch die unproduktive Spekulation ernstes Sozialproblem verursacht, weil der aus Grundstu¨ck erzeugte Gewinn viel mehr als die produktive Wirtschaftsta¨tigkeit war. Also benutzte ein Teil der Klasse das als Mittel der Vermbgensvermehrung. Auch das hat sich als die gesundes Produktivbewuβtsein hindernde Elemente gewirkt. Daher hat sich das vo¨lkische Bewuβtesein zum Einkommen aus Kapital-vermo¨gen vergro¨βeert und die Staatswirtschaft beschwert. Inzwischen hat die Regierung viele Gesetze zum Grundstu¨ck gegeben und tata¨chlich guten Erfolg gebracht. Aber die Regierung hat das Problem, d.h. das Einkommen aus Kapitalvermo¨gen mit dem Grundstu¨ck, durch die schon bestehenden Gesetsze gru¨ndlich nicht lo¨sen kbnnen. Daher wurden die starken Gesetze zun Grundstu¨ck gefordert. In dieser Arbeit werden der neu festgesetzte Inhalt der Gesetze und dessen rechtstheoretisches und inkraf tsetzendes Problem untersuccht. Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit lauten : Ich meine, diese Gesetze sprechen rechtstheoretisch dem Grundgesetz nicht wider. Aber diese Gesetze haben die wesentlichen Probleme, die bei der Rechtsdurchfu¨hrung verursacht werden ko¨nnen und die Regierung lo¨sen muβ. 1. Die Regierung muβ den bffentlichen Wert des Grundstu¨cks resolut verwirklichen und dann kann die Regierung den Zwedc der Gesetzgebung erreichen. 2. Ich meine, Die Regierung muβ die Obergrenze der Fla¨che, die laufenden Dreitypen in Beziehung zum offentlichen Wert des Grundstu¨cks setzend, klassifizieren. 3. Steuersatz ist zu hoch, Steuer ist dualistisch, also uneffizient. 4. Die Regierung muβ eine objektive, gerechte Haltung zur Steuereinkassierung einnehmen. Auβerdem meine ich, die Regierung soll den Gru¨ngtu¨rtel mit Grundstu¨ckfonds, in Beziehung zum Angebot der mangelnden Fla¨che, zum angemessenen Preis einkaufen.

스포츠 센터 회원의 구매행동과 소비자 만족도와의 관계

허천,염두승,이영민 한국스포츠리서치 2004 한국 스포츠 리서치 Vol.15 No.5

The purpose of this thesis was to understand customer's needs and wants in the sports market that was the basis of the sports industry and to satisfy them. Also, it was to set up gym's programs or plans that are formed based on that. Furthermore, I'd like to present basic information to those who apply the sports marketing and operate their companies or gyms to help them establish rational, efficient, and effective business strategies.

勤勞基本權의 構造와 그 限界에 관한 硏究

許永敏,金學洙,徐巨錫 全北大學校 敎育大學院 1984 敎育論叢 Vol.4 No.-

Historically, the right to work, independent association, collective bargaining and collective action were not admitted in the early stage. But left to themselves after that, nowadays, admitted generally. Object for admitting those rights lies in making them live humanly by enhancing working conditions. This paper discourses on the structure and the limitation of the labor standard right. The labor standard right, as a rule, ought to be guaranteed in proper range, the restriction must not transcend necessary extent. Because industrial peace and state development can be made by cooperation of capital and labor.

行政計劃의 司法的 統制에 관한 考察

許永敏,金喜坤 全北大學校 1987 論文集 Vol.29 No.-