Cultivation of a New Microalga, Micractinium reisseri, in Municipal Wastewater for Nutrient Removal, Biomass, Lipid, and Fatty Acid Production

Abou-Shanab, Reda A.I.,El-Dalatony, Marwa M.,EL-Sheekh, Mostafa M.,Ji, Min-Kyu,Salama, El-Sayed,Kabra, Akhil N.,Jeon, Byong-Hun 한국생물공학회 2014 Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering Vol.19 No.3

Coupling of advanced wastewater treatment with microalgae cultivation for low-cost lipid production was demonstrated in this study. The microalgal species Micractinium reisseri and Scenedesmus obliquus were isolated from municipal wastewater mixed with agricultural drainage. M. reisseri was selected based on the growth rate and cultivated in municipal wastewater (influent, secondary and tertiary effluents) which varied in nutrient concentration. M. reisseri showed an optimal specific growth rate (${\mu}_opt$) of 1.15, 1.04, and 1.01 1/day for the influent and the secondary and tertiary effluents, respectively. Secondary effluent supported the highest phosphorus removal (94%) and saturated fatty acid content (40%). The highest lipid content (40%), unsaturated fatty acid content, including monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids (66%), and nitrogen removal (80%) were observed for tertiary effluent. Fatty acids accumulating in the microalgal biomass (M. reisseri) were mainly composed of palmitic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, and ${\alpha}$-linolenic acid. Cultivation of M. reisseri using municipal wastewater served a dual function of nutrient removal and biofuel feedstock generation.

Enhancement of microalgae growth and fatty acid content under the influence of phytohormones

Salama, E.S.,Kabra, A.N.,Ji, M.K.,Kim, J.R.,Min, B.,Jeon, B.H. Elsevier Applied Science 2014 Bioresource technology Vol.172 No.-

The growth of Scenedesmus obliquus improved with increase in phytohormones concentrations (10<SUP>-8</SUP>-10<SUP>-5</SUP>M). Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) supported the maximum growth at 10<SUP>-5</SUP>M with 17.7x10<SUP>6</SUP>cells/mL and total fatty acid of 97.9mg/g-DCW, enhancing the growth by 1.9-fold compared to control (9.5x10<SUP>6</SUP>cells/mL). While 10<SUP>-5</SUP>M of a newly discovered phytohormone Diethyl aminoethyl hexanoate (DAH) demonstrated a 2.5-fold higher growth with 23.5x10<SUP>6</SUP>cells/mL and a total fatty acid content of 100mg/g-DCW. Poly-unsaturated fatty acid content increased up to 56% and 59% at 10<SUP>-5</SUP>M of IAA and DAH, respectively. The highest carbohydrate content (33% and 34%) achieved at 10<SUP>-8</SUP>M and 10<SUP>-5</SUP>M of IAA and DAH, respectively. While, the highest protein content (34% and 35%) obtained at 10<SUP>-8</SUP>M of IAA and DAH, respectively. The current investigation demonstrates that phytohormones accelerate microalgal growth and induce the quality and quantity of fatty acid content for biodiesel production.

Synthesis and Fungitoxicity of Some Pyrimidine Derivatives

Ouf, Salama A.,Sherif, Sherif M. The Pharmaceutical Society of Korea 1993 Archives of Pharmacal Research Vol.16 No.1

A series of 12 pyrimidine derivatives were prepared and tested in vitro against growth, sporulation and nucleic acids of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici and Helminthosporium oryzae. Intorduction of thiazole ring together with two aryl groups to 2-aminopyrimidine induced drastic toxicity for both fungi. Pyrimidine derivatives with aryl groups were less toxic. Nitro groups were found to enhance the toxicity of the pyrimidine derivatives especially when substituted in ortho-position of the aryl groups. Inhibition of nudeic acids synthesis of both fungi was attributed mainly to the presence of thiazole ring.

Green gold@chitosan nanocomposite via solid-state synthesis; a separable catalyst for reduction of Cr(IV)

Ahmed Atia,Yasser K. Abdel-Monem,A.H. Salama,Salah M. El-kousy,Wael H. Eisa 한국공업화학회 2023 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.117 No.-

A clean and high-throughput synthesis of gold@chitosan nanocomposite using nontoxic oxalic acid as areducing agent was developed. The synthetic route was carried out in completely dry conditions, i.e. solid-state reaction. The gold nanoparticles were bound with chitosan through the hydroxyl and aminogroups, as confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis. Scanning and transmissionelectron microscopy imaging confirmed the formation of semi-spherical gold particles with an averagesize of 8–15 nm. The catalytic performance of the synthesized gold nanoparticles for the reduction ofchromium(IV) in the presence of formic acid was evaluated. The film-forming ability of chitosan enabledthe design of separable/reusable heterogeneous catalyst which is convenient for real industrial applications. The proposed solid-state synthetic route could be adapted to produce a wide variety of nanostructuredmaterials that are characterized by high-yield, greenness, and low cost in very simple steps.

Recent progress in microalgal biomass production coupled with wastewater treatment for biofuel generation

Salama, El-Sayed,Kurade, Mayur B.,Abou-Shanab, Reda A.I.,El-Dalatony, Marwa M.,Yang, Il-Seung,Min, Booki,Jeon, Byong-Hun Elsevier 2017 RENEWABLE & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS Vol.79 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Microalgae are a potential source of sustainable biomass feedstock for biofuel generation, and can proliferate under versatile environmental conditions. Mass cultivation of microalgae is the most overpriced and technically challenging step in microalgal biofuel generation. Wastewater is an available source of the water plus nutrients necessary for algae cultivation. Microalgae provide a cost-effective and sustainable means of advanced (waste)water treatment with the simultaneous production of commercially valuable products. Microalgae show higher efficiency in nutrient removal than other microorganisms because the nutrients (ammonia, nitrate, phosphate, urea and trace elements) present in various wastewaters are essential for microalgal growth. Potential progress in the area of microalgal cultivation coupled with wastewater treatment in open and closed systems has led to an improvement in algal biomass production. However, significant efforts are still required for the development and optimization of a coupled system to simultaneously generate biomass and treat wastewater. In this review, the systematic description of the technologies required for the successful integration of wastewater treatment and cultivation of microalgae for biomass production toward biofuel generation was discussed. It deeply reviews the microalgae-mediated treatment of different wastewaters (including municipal, piggery/swine, industrial, and anaerobic wastewater), and highlight the wastewater characteristics suitable for microalgae cultivation. Various pretreatment methods (such as filtration, autoclaving, UV application, and dilution) needed for wastewater prior to its use for microalgae cultivation have been discussed. The selection of potential microalgae species that can grow in wastewater and generate a large amount of biomass has been considered. Discussion on microalgal cultivation systems (including raceways, photobioreactors, turf scrubbers, and hybrid systems) that use wastewater, evaluating the capital expenditures (CAPEX) and operational expenditures (OPEX) of each system was reported. In view of the limitations of recent studies, the future directions for integrated wastewater treatment and microalgae biomass production for industrial applications were suggested.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Challenges in using wastewater for microalgae cultivation and biomass production. </LI> <LI> Treatment of different wastewaters and reuse of the treated water. </LI> <LI> Recovery of valuable nutrients (N/P) and removal of organic pollutants. </LI> <LI> Application of wastewater in raceways, photobioreactors, turf scrubbers, and hybrid systems. </LI> <LI> Genetically engineered microalgae for efficient wastewater treatment. </LI> </UL> </P>

Enhancement of microalgal growth and biocomponent-based transformations for improved biofuel recovery: A review

Salama, El-Sayed,Hwang, Jae-Hoon,El-Dalatony, Marwa M.,Kurade, Mayur B.,Kabra, Akhil N.,Abou-Shanab, Reda A.I.,Kim, Ki-Hyun,Yang, Il-Seung,Govindwar, Sanjay P.,Kim, Sunjoon,Jeon, Byong-Hun Elsevier 2018 Bioresource technology Vol.258 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Microalgal biomass has received much attention as feedstock for biofuel production due to its capacity to accumulate a substantial amount of biocomponents (including lipid, carbohydrate, and protein), high growth rate, and environmental benefit. However, commercial realization of microalgal biofuel is a challenge due to its low biomass production and insufficient technology for complete utilization of biomass. Recently, advanced strategies have been explored to overcome the challenges of conventional approaches and to achieve maximum possible outcomes in terms of growth. These strategies include a combination of stress factors; co-culturing with other microorganisms; and addition of salts, flue gases, and phytohormones. This review summarizes the recent progress in the application of single and combined abiotic stress conditions to stimulate microalgal growth and its biocomponents. An innovative schematic model is presented of the biomass-energy conversion pathway that proposes the transformation of all potential biocomponents of microalgae into biofuels.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Improvement of biochemical components using combined abiotic stress. </LI> <LI> Microalgae and their properties vis-à-vis biofuel production. </LI> <LI> Transformation of all potential biochemical components into biofuels. </LI> </UL> </P>

HPLC–DAD–MS/MS profiling of standardized rosemary extract and enhancement of its anti-wrinkle activity by encapsulation in elastic nanovesicles

Shahira M. Ezzat,Maha M. Salama,Aliaa N. ElMeshad,Mahmoud H. Teaima,Laila A. Rashad 대한약학회 2016 Archives of Pharmacal Research Vol.39 No.7

The anti-wrinkle activity of defatted rosemaryextract (DER) was assessed, and its effect was optimized byencapsulation in transferosomes (TFs). DER was standardizedto a rosmarinic acid content of 4.58 ± 0.023 mg%using reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography(Rp-HPLC), and its components were identified byHPLC-diode array detection-tandem mass spectrometry. In vitro free radical scavenging assays showed DER hadhigh free radical scavenging activity against 2,2-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl, 2,20-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), and superoxide radicals. DER also inhibitedbleaching of b-carotene with high Fe(III) and Fe(II)chelating ability. In vivo anti-wrinkle activities of topicallyapplied DER (20, 50, and 100 mg) and a TF formulation(TF4, 20 mg of DER) were evaluated in UVB-irradiatedmice using a wrinkle scoring method, metalloproteinase(MMP) expression, and histopathology. Among thenanovesicles, TF4 was the most deformable, and had anacceptable size and encapsulation efficiency and enhancedpermeation of DER through rat skin compared with unencapsulatedDER. DER (50 and 100 mg) and TF4 significantlyinhibited MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression andimproved wrinkle scores. DER and TF4 moderatelydecreased epidermal thickness without pigmentation. DERis a potent natural antioxidant for combating skin aging. Moreover, encapsulation of DER in TFs will enhance itsskin permeation and anti-wrinkle activity.

Monitoring for Mutual Effects of Switching Power Capacitors in Power Systems

Samy M. Ghania,Ayman S. Elwer,Reda Morsi,M. M. A. Salama 전력전자학회 2008 JOURNAL OF POWER ELECTRONICS Vol.8 No.4

Power system perturbations are due to many reasons; one of the most common perturbation causes is switching off/on the power capacitors. This paper monitors and discusses the overvoltages which appear on local and remote capacitor connected buses in power systems. Using the Fast Fourier Transfer (FFT), the total harmonic content of voltages and currents waveforms is also estimated at all buses. The power factor during different cases of switching modes “off/on” is monitored. The monitoring technique tackles not only the longitudinal long distance mutual effects of switching power capacitors between different buses but also evaluates the overvoltage durations. A relative long term monitoring is implemented using the Matlab/Simulink environment to show severity assessments in different switching modes on the transformers’ voltages and currents’ waveforms.

Regulation of NOX/p38 MAPK/PPARα pathways and miR-155 expression by boswellic acids reduces hepatic injury in experimentally-induced alcoholic liver disease mouse model: novel mechanistic insight

Rania M. Salama,Samah S. Abbas,Samar F. Darwish,Al Aliaa Sallam,Noura F. Elmongy,Sara A. El Wakeel 대한약학회 2023 Archives of Pharmacal Research Vol.46 No.4

Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) refers to hepatic ailments induced by excessive alcohol intake. The pathogenesis of ALD comprises a complex interplay between various mechanistic pathways, among which inflammation and oxidative stress are key players. Boswellic acids (BAs), found in Boswellia serrata, have shown hepatoprotective effects owing to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, nevertheless, their therapeutic potential against ALD has not been previously investigated. Hence, this study was performed to depict the possible protective effect of BAs and detect their underlying mechanism of action in an experimentally-induced ALD mouse model. Male BALB/c mice were equally categorized into six groups: control, BAs-treated, ALD, and ALD that received BAs at three-dose levels (125, 250, and 500 mg/kg) by oral gavage for 14 days. Results showed that the high dose of BAs had the most protective impact against ALD according to histopathology examination, blood alcohol concentration (BAC), and liver function enzymes. Mechanistic investigations revealed that BAs (500 mg/kg) caused a significant decrease in cytochrome P450 2E1(CYP2E1), nicotine adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NOX) 1/2/4, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) levels, and the expression of miR-155, yet increased peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) levels. This led to an improvement in lipid profile and reduced hepatic inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis indices. In summary, our study concludes that BAs can protect against ethanol-induced hepatic injury, via modulating NOX/p38 MAPK/PPARα pathways and miR-155 expression.

Potential Role for a Panel of Immunohistochemical Markers in the Management of Endometrial Carcinoma

Amany Salama,Mohammad Arafa,Eman ElZahaf,Abdelhadi Mohamed Shebl,Azmy Abd El-Hameed Awad,Sylvia A. Ashamallah,Reda Hemida,Anas Gamal,Abd AlRahman Foda,Khaled Zalata,El-Said M. Abdel-Hady 대한병리학회 2019 Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine Vol.53 No.3

Background: In order to improve the efficacy of endometrial carcinoma (EC) treatment, identifying prognostic factors for high risk patients is a high research priority. This study aimed to assess the relationships among the expression of estrogen receptors (ER), progesterone receptors (PR), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), Ki-67, and the different histopathological prognostic parameters in EC and to assess the value of these in the management of EC. Methods: We examined 109 cases of EC. Immunohistochemistry for ER, PR, HER2, and Ki-67 were evaluated in relation to age, tumor size, International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage and grade, depth of infiltration, cervical and ovarian involvement, lymphovascular space invasion (LVSI), and lymph node (LN) metastasis. Results: The mean age of patients in this study was 59.8 ± 8.2 years. Low ER and PR expression scores and high Ki-67 expression showed highly significant associations with non-endometrioid histology (p = .007, p < .001, and p < .001, respectively) and poor differentiation (p = .007, p < .001, and p <. 001, respectively). Low PR score showed a significant association with advanced stage (p = .009). Low ER score was highly associated with LVSI (p = .006), and low PR scores were associated significantly with LN metastasis (p = .026). HER2 expression was significantly related to advanced stages (p = .04), increased depth of infiltration (p = .02), LVSI (p = .017), ovarian involvement (p = .038), and LN metastasis (p = .038). There was a close relationship between HER2 expression and uterine cervical involvement (p = .009). Higher Ki-67 values were associated with LN involvement (p = .012). Conclusions: The over-expression of HER2 and Ki-67 and low expression of ER and PR indicate a more malignant EC behavior. An immunohistochemical panel for the identification of high risk tumors can contribute significantly to prognostic assessments.