Conversion of organic solid waste to hydrogen and methane by two-stage fermentation system with reuse of methane fermenter effluent as diluting water in hydrogen fermentation

Jung, K.W.,Moon, C.,Cho, S.K.,Kim, S.H.,Shin, H.S.,Kim, D.H. Elsevier Applied Science 2013 Bioresource technology Vol.139 No.-

In this study, a two-stage system converting organic solid waste (food waste+sewage sludge) to H<SUB>2</SUB> and CH<SUB>4</SUB> was operated. In the first stage of dark fermentative hydrogen production (DFHP), a recently proposed method that does not require external inoculum, was applied. In the second stage, anaerobic sequencing batch reactor (ASBR) and an up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor (UASBr) were followed to treat H<SUB>2</SUB> fermenter effluent. (H<SUB>2</SUB>+CH<SUB>4</SUB>-ASBR) system showed better performance in terms of total biogas conversion (78.6%), while higher biogas production rate (2.03L H<SUB>2</SUB>/L<SUB>system</SUB>/d, 1.96L CH<SUB>4</SUB>/L<SUB>system</SUB>/d) was achieved in (H<SUB>2</SUB>+CH<SUB>4</SUB>-UASBr) system. To reduce the alkali addition requirement in DFHP process, CH<SUB>4</SUB> fermenter effluent was tested as a diluting water. Both the ASBR and UASBr effluent was effective to keep the pH above 6 without CH<SUB>4</SUB> production. In case of using ASBR effluent, H<SUB>2</SUB> production dropped by 15%, but alkali addition requirement was reduced by 50%.

Formability of complex composite structures with ribs made of long carbon-fiber-reinforced prepregs

Bae, Ji-Hun,Han, Min-Gu,Chang, Seung-Hwan ELSEVIER (APPLIED SCIENCE) 2017 COMPOSITE STRUCTURES -BARKING THEN OXFORD- Vol.168 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>A long fiber prepreg sheet (LFPS) composed of long carbon fibers with lengths of 50mm and a fast-curing epoxy resin was used to fabricate complex-shaped structures with ribs using thermal compression molding. The formability of the composite structures was evaluated for various compression pressures (10, 30, and 60MPa) and times (5 and 10min) at a fixed curing temperature (155°C). Using a single layer of LFPS, the highest geometric accuracy of the composite structure with ribs was 99.64%, and the highest average fiber volume fraction of the rib part was 29.82% under 30MPa for 10min. Furthermore, the highest flexural strength and modulus of the ribs were 253MPa and 18GPa, respectively, under the condition of 30MPa and 10min. These values increased to 366MPa and 26GPa, respectively, when two layers (a fiber volume fraction of 38.15%) were applied. Among the various thermoforming conditions, an applied pressure of 30MPa and a pressing time of 10min at 155°C were the most appropriate to achieve relatively excellent net-shape molding with improved mechanical properties.</P>

Magnetic force assisted electrochemical sensor for the detection of thrombin with aptamer-antibody sandwich formation

Chung, Saeromi,Moon, Jong-Min,Choi, Jaekyu,Hwang, Hyundoo,Shim, Yoon-Bo Elsevier Applied Science 2018 Biosensors & Bioelectronics Vol. No.

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>A magnetic force assisted electrochemical aptamer-antibody sandwich assay (MESA) was developed for the detection of thrombin as a model protein in serum samples. The MESA using the formation of sandwich complexes on the electrochemical sensor probe for reaction and the removal of unbound bioconjugates from the sensor surface without washing are controlled by a magnetic field. Thrombin was determined by the cathodic currents of a toluidine blue O (TBO) attached with thrombin antibody modified magnetic nanoparticle (MNP) at the sensor surface. To detect thrombin in a serum sample, we applied a thrombin-specific aptamer as the capture molecule bound to the functionalized conducting polymer layer (poly-(2,2´:5´,5″-terthiophene-3´-p-benzoic acid) (pTBA)), and streptavidin and starch coated-MNP was conjugated with biotinylated thrombin antibodies (Ab) and TBO as the bioconjugate (MNP@Ab-TBO). The characterization of MNP@Ab-TBO and sensor probe was performed using voltammetry, impedance spectroscopy, XPS, and UV–VIS spectroscopy. The experimental conditions were optimized in terms of pH, binding time, removal time of unbound bioconjugates, and applied potential. The dynamic ranges of thrombin were from 1.0 to 500 nM with detection limit of 0.49 ( ± 0.06) nM. The recovery test demonstrates the reliability of the proposed sensing system for a handheld device.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> A magnetic force assisted electrochemical sandwich assay was developed. </LI> <LI> Aptamer-conducting polymer, magnetic NP with antibodies and TBO were used. </LI> <LI> The device reduced sensing time without washing controlled by magnetic field. </LI> <LI> The sensor was applied for the detection of thrombin in human serum samples. </LI> </UL> </P>

Influence of applied voltage on the performance of bioelectrochemical anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge and planktonic microbial communities at ambient temperature

Feng, Q.,Song, Y.C.,Bae, B.U. Elsevier Applied Science 2016 Bioresource technology Vol.220 No.-

The influence of applied voltage on the bioelectrochemical anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge was studied at ambient temperature (25+/-2<SUP>o</SUP>C). The stability of the bioelectrochemical anaerobic digestion was considerably good in terms of pH, alkalinity and VFAs at 0.3V and 0.5V, but VFA accumulation occurred at 0.7V. The specific methane production rate (370mLCH<SUB>4</SUB>/L.d) was the highest at 0.3V, but the methane content (80.6%) in biogas and the methane yield (350mLCH<SUB>4</SUB>/gCOD<SUB>r)</SUB> were higher at 0.5V, significantly better than those of 0.7V. The VS removal efficiency was 64-66% at 0.3V and 0.5V, but only 31% at 0.7V. The dominant species of planktonic microbial communities was Cloacamonas at 0.3V and 0.5V, but the percentage of hydrolytic bacteria species such as Saprospiraceae, Fimbriimonas, and Ottowia pentelensis was much higher at 0.7V. The optimal applied voltage for bioelectrochemical anaerobic digestion was 0.3-0.5V according to digestion performance and planktonic microbial communities.

Generation of plastic influence functions for J-integral and crack opening displacement of thin-walled pipes with a short circumferential through-wall crack

Park, J.S.,Choi, Y.H.,Im, S. Applied Science Publishers ; Elsevier Science Ltd 2014 The International journal of pressure vessels and Vol.117 No.-

Fracture mechanics parameters such as the J-integral and crack opening displacement (COD), are necessary for Leak-Before-Break (LBB) evaluation. The famous two estimation methods, the GE/EPRI and the Reference Stress Method (RSM), have their applicability limit with regard to the ratio of a pipe mean radius to thickness (R<SUB>m</SUB>/t). In order to extend their applicability limit to a thin walled pipe, several finite element analyses are performed for the J-integral and COD, and then new plastic influence functions are developed for thin-walled pipes with a short circumferential through-wall crack. With the newly generated plastic influence functions, the GE/EPRI and the RSM give closer results with those obtained from detailed finite element analyses. In addition, C*-integral and COD rate are estimated by using the new plastic influence functions and they are well matched with elastic-creep finite element analysis results under the power-law creep condition. Since the LBB concept can be applied to a piping system in a Korean Sodium-cooled Fast Reactor (SFR) which is designed to have thin-walled pipes and to operate in high temperature enough to cause creep, this paper can be applied for the LBB assessment of thin-walled pipes with a short through-wall crack in the SFR.

Effect of tempering methods on quality changes of pork loin frozen by cryogenic immersion

Choi, E.J.,Park, H.W.,Chung, Y.B.,Park, S.H.,Kim, J.S.,Chun, H.H. Applied Science Publishers ; Elsevier Science Ltd 2017 Meat science Vol.124 No.-

<P>The quality characteristics of pork loin frozen by cryogenic immersion were examined, such as the drip loss, cooking loss, water holding capacity, moisture content, protein solubility, lipid and protein oxidation, color, and microstructure, and compared after different tempering methods: radio frequency (27.12 MHz), water immersion, forced-air convection, and microwave tempering. Forced-air tempering was the most time-consuming process, whereas electromagnetic energy methods (radio frequency and microwave) were the shortest. The tempering rate of radio frequency at 400 W was 5 and 94 times greater than that obtained with water immersion and forced-air tempering, respectively. The drip loss, water holding capacity, moisture content, color, and microstructure of pork samples all declined as a result of microwave tempering. By contrast, the least degree of changes in the drip loss, microstructure, and color of the pork loin samples was obtained with radio frequency tempering, suggesting its potential application in providing rapid defrosting without quality deterioration in the frozen meat industry. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</P>

Identification and quantification of myosin heavy chain isoforms in bovine and porcine longissimus muscles by LC-MS/MS analysis

Kim, G.D.,Jeong, T.C.,Cho, K.M.,Jeong, J.Y. Applied Science Publishers ; Elsevier Science Ltd 2017 Meat science Vol.125 No.-

<P>To identify and quantify the myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms in porcine and bovine longissimus thoracis (LT) muscles, LC-MS/MS and label-free quantification were conducted. 2a, 2x, 2b and slow isoforms were identified in porcine LT muscle, whereas bovine LT muscle contained 2a, 2x and slow isoforms. The highest peak intensity (4432%) of MHC 2b was observed in porcine LT muscle, whereas the peak intensity of MHC 2a was the highest (71.15%) in bovine LT muscle (p < 0.05). MHC-based fiber compositions for porcine and bovine LT were also the highest in types BB (61.13%) and IIA (61.90%), respectively (p < 0.05). Spectral count and peak intensity had positive correlations with MHC-based fiber composition (p < 0.01), however the spectral count and peak intensity of total peptides were not acceptable for MHC quantification because of the limited reliability of the protein and common peptide, respectively. Therefore, the peak intensity of unique peptides would be the most acceptable trait for WHC quantification. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</P>

The treatment of secondary strains within a strain-based failure assessment diagram

Ainsworth, R.A.,Budden, P.J.,Oh, C.Y.,Kim, Y.J. Applied Science Publishers ; Elsevier Science Ltd 2013 The International journal of pressure vessels and Vol.104 No.-

In a companion paper, proposals for the shape of a strain-based failure assessment diagram (FAD) have been made. The developments in that paper and in related works on strain-based fracture assessment have largely been for remotely applied strains, such as those produced by welding. This paper re-writes existing methods for treating secondary stresses within stress-based FADs in the framework of the proposed strain-based FAD. It is shown that residual strains must be included fully in the elastic regime but at large applied strains their contribution to fracture can be relaxed considerably. Practical methods for inclusion of secondary strains within the strain-based FAD are then developed and shown to be conservative relative to some detailed finite element calculations.

A critical review on remediation, reuse, and resource recovery from acid mine drainage

Naidu, Gayathri,Ryu, Seongchul,Thiruvenkatachari, Ramesh,Choi, Youngkwon,Jeong, Sanghyun,Vigneswaran, Saravanamuthu Elsevier Applied Science Publishers 2019 Environmental pollution Vol.247 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Acid mine drainage (AMD) is a global environmental issue. Conventionally, a number of active and passive remediation approaches are applied to treat and manage AMD. Case studies on remediation approaches applied in actual mining sites such as lime neutralization, bioremediation, wetlands and permeable reactive barriers provide an outlook on actual long-term implications of AMD remediation. Hence, in spite of available remediation approaches, AMD treatment remains a challenge. The need for sustainable AMD treatment approaches has led to much focus on water reuse and resource recovery. This review underscores (i) characteristics and implication of AMD, (ii) remediation approaches in mining sites, (iii) alternative treatment technologies for water reuse, and (iv) resource recovery. Specifically, the role of membrane processes and alternative treatment technologies to produce water for reuse from AMD is highlighted. Although membrane processes are favorable for water reuse, they cannot achieve resource recovery, specifically selective valuable metal recovery. The approach of integrated membrane and conventional treatment processes are especially promising for attaining both water reuse and recovery of resources such as sulfuric acid, metals and rare earth elements. Overall, this review provides insights in establishing reuse and resource recovery as the holistic approach towards sustainable AMD treatment. Finally, integrated technologies that deserve in depth future exploration is highlighted.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Acid mine drainage (AMD) is a global environmental and economic challenge. </LI> <LI> Current AMD remediation applied at real sites and its limitations are highlighted. </LI> <LI> AMD challenges must be addressed through sustainable treatment approaches. </LI> <LI> Water reuse and valuable resource recovery potentially offset AMD treatment cost. </LI> <LI> Integrated processes using membranes are prospective approaches for AMD treatment. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

Teriyaki sauce with carvacrol or thymol effectively controls Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella Typhimurium, and indigenous flora in marinated beef and marinade

Moon, H.,Kim, N.H.,Kim, S.H.,Kim, Y.,Ryu, J.H.,Rhee, M.S. Applied Science Publishers ; Elsevier Science Ltd 2017 Meat science Vol.129 No.-

<P>An effective bactericidal cold-marinating method for beef products is described, exploiting the synergism between soy sauce and natural compounds (carvacrol, CV or thymol, TM) to reduce microbiological risks. Beef slices inoculated with Escherichia coli 0157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella Typhimurium (3.1-3.5 log CFU/g) were marinated in a teriyaki sauce with or without CV and TM (0.3 and 0.5%). After 1, 3, and 7 days at 4 degrees C, indigenous microflora population, color, lipid oxidation, marinade uptake, and pH of marinated beef and leftover marinade samples were examined. Teriyaki sauce alone did not reduce or inhibit any of the target pathogens or indigenous bacteria, while 0.5% CV- or TM-containing teriyaki sauce inactivated all inocula without recovery within 7 days (p < 0.05). The pathogens relocated from the beef into the leftover marinade (3.0-3.4 log CFU/mL) were also completely inactivated. The treatment inhibited growth of indigenous aerobic bacteria (p < 0.05) and inactivated coliform bacteria. Physicochemical parameters were not significantly affected (p > 0.05). (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</P>