Effect of Ginsenoside Rg2 and Rh1 on Macrophage Inflammation-Mediated Liver Damage

Diem Thi Ngoc Huynh, Thuy Le Lam Nguyen, Kyung-Sun Heo 충남대학교 약학대학 의약품개발연구소 2021 藥學論文集 Vol.36 No.-

Ginsenosides have been reported to display diverse pharmacological effects, such as immune regulation and anticancer activity. In this study, we investigated the protective effect of a combination of ginsenoside Rg2 and Rh1 (G-Rg2 and -Rh1) on macrophages and liver function during septic shock induced by lip-opolysaccharide (LPS). In vitro experiments were performed using RAW264.7 cell line, and an in vivo model of inflammation was established using LPS-treated ICR mice. We assessed 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl)-2, 5-diphe- nyltetrazolium bromide assay, Western blot analysis, quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and hematoxylin and eosin staining to evaluate the effect of G-Rg2 and -Rh1. We found that G-Rg2 and -Rh1 significantly inhibited LPS-caused nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) p65 activation in macrophages. Moreover, the combination treatment strongly abolished the mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1 beta induced by LPS in both RAW264.7 cells and peritoneal macrophages. Furthermore, signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) phosphorylation increased by LPS was dose-dependently decreased by G-Rg2 and -Rh1 treatment. Notably, the 20 mg/kg ginsenoside treatment significantly reduced LPS-induced acute liver inflammation levels in vivo, as indicated by the histological changes in liver tissue sections and the levels of aspartate transaminase, a biochemical marker for liver function from mouse serum. Taken together, our data demonstrated that G-Rg2 and -Rh1 exerted a key role in prevention of LPS-induced acute inflammation and liver damage by suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokine-mediated STAT1 activation through the inhibition of NF-κB acti- vation in macrophages.

Determinants of Retail Banking Efficiency: A Case of Vietcombank Branches in the Mekong-Delta Region

LE, Thi Thu Diem Korea Distribution Science Association 2020 The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Busine Vol.7 No.7

This study focused on researching the factors affecting retail banking efficiency of Vietcombank branches in the Mekong-Delta region. By collecting data from financial statements from 15 branches of VCB in the Mekong-Delta Region between 2015 and 2018, the paper applies DEA estimation to measure the effectiveness of retail banking activities and uses the Tobit regression model to identify factors affecting retail banking efficiency. The results demonstrate that the retail banking efficiency of branches averaged 52.5% during the period. The rating result shows the branches in An Giang, Can Tho, Dong Thap, Kien Giang, Long An, Phu Quoc and Tra Noc rank at the top technical efficiency. In group of medium efficiency, there are branches in Soc Trang, Tien Giang and Vinh Long. In the category of the poor efficiency are the branches in Bac Lieu, Ben Tre, Ca Mau, Chau Doc and Tra Vinh. The results also show that bank scale-related factors, capital adequacy, credit quality, time specific and region impact significantly the retail banking efficiency. The research not, only contributes to enriching the empirical research method but also is significant for the management activities in business developing strategies, improving the operational efficiency of Vietcombank in the region.

The Effect of Lending Structure Concentration on Credit Risk: The Evidence of Vietnamese Commercial Banks

LE, Thi Thu Diem,DIEP, Thanh Tung Korea Distribution Science Association 2020 The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Busine Vol.7 No.7

This paper examines whether lending structure can lower credit risk by employing econometric techniques of panel data for the Vietnamese banking system at the bank level used by economic sectors from 2011 to 2016. New light is being shed on assessing the impact of each industry's debt outstanding on credit risk. Adopting findings from previous studies, we assess credit risk from two different sources, including loan loss provision and non-performing loan. Moreover, we also focus on observing lending structure in many different aspects, from concentrative levels to the short-term and long-term stability levels of lending structure. The Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) estimator was applied to analyze the relationship between concentration and banking risks. In general, the results show that lending concentration may decrease credit risk. It is interesting to observe that the Vietnamese commercial bank lending portfolios have, on average, higher levels of diversity across different sectors. In particular, the increase in hotel and restaurant lending contributes to decrease credit risk while the lending portfolios of banks in agriculture, electricity, gas and water increase credit risk. This study suggests the need for further analysis and research about portfolio risks in lending activities for maintaining efficiency and stability in the commercial banking system.

Behavior Culture with the COVID-19 Pandemic in Vietnam and the Republic of Korea

( Le Thi Ngoc Diep ),( Nguyen Le Uyen Diem ) 부경대학교 글로벌지역학연구소 2021 Journal of Global and Area Studies(JGA) Vol.5 No.2

2020 was a year of a global pandemic. It started in the densely populated city of Wuhan in China in December 2019. In just a few months, the COVID-19 pandemic spread rapidly to the whole world. Experts say that this is the most complicated and long-lasting pandemic in the world. The current situation shows that the COVID-19 pandemic breaks in stages according to its severity, with varying degrees of change, but has been basically controlled in some countries and regions, such as China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Republic of Korea (RoK), Vietnam and other countries. When examining prevention and control of the pandemic, cultural factors such as awareness, task organization and the behavior of Vietnamese and the Republic of Korean people must be discussed. These are the unrecognized factors that allowed for the initial success of pandemic prevention and control in the two countries. This study examines the interdisciplinary research results on the COVID-19 pandemic in the world so far, especially in Vietnam and the RoK. The study focuses on the necessity of cultural factors, which are the “soft power” in this situation, that makes important contributions to the story of pandemic prevention and control, as well as the experience and lessons of responding to the pandemic diseases in Vietnam and the RoK.

SCN1A Gene Mutation and Adaptive Functioning in 18 Vietnamese Children with Dravet Syndrome

Thi Thu Hang Do,Diem My Vu,Thi Thuy Kieu Huynh,Thi Khanh Van Le,손은화,Thieu Mai Thao Le,Huu Hao Ha,Chi Bao Bui 대한신경과학회 2017 Journal of Clinical Neurology Vol.13 No.1

Background and Purpose Dravet syndrome is a rare and severe type of epilepsy in infants. The heterogeneity in the overall intellectual disability that these patients suffer from has been attributed to differences in genetic background and epilepsy severity. Methods Eighteen Vietnamese children diagnosed with Dravet syndrome were included in this study. SCN1A variants were screened by direct sequencing and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification. Adaptive functioning was assessed in all patients using the Vietnamese version of the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales, and the results were analyzed relative to the SCN1A variants and epilepsy severity. Results We identified 13 pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants, including 6 that have not been reported previously. We found no correlations between the presence or type of SCN1A variants and the level of adaptive functioning impairment or severity of epilepsy. Only two of nine patients aged at least 5 years had an adaptive functioning score higher than 50. Both of these patients had a low frequency of convulsive seizures and no history of status epilepticus or prolonged seizures. The remaining seven had very low adaptive functioning scores (39 or less) despite the variability in the severity of their epilepsy confirming the involvement of factors other than the severity of epilepsy in determining the developmental outcome. Conclusions Our study expands the spectrum of known SCN1A variants and confirms the current understanding of the role of the genetic background and epilepsy severity in determining the developmental outcome of Dravet syndrome patients.

DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNIQUES FOR PROCESSING OF SALTY FERMENTED FISH PRODUCT FROM COMMERCIAL SNAKEHEAD FISH

Truong Thi Mong Thu,Le Thi Diem,Nguyen Thi Nhu Ha,Tran Le Cam Tu,Tran Thi Thanh Hien 한국수산과학회 양식분과 2015 한국수산과학회 양식분과 학술대회 Vol.2015 No.5

Impacts of Corporate Social Responsibility and Authenticity on Brand Loyalty: Evidence from the Chain Coffee Shop Industry in Vietnam

MAI, Thi Cam Tu,NGUYEN, Hong Son,PHAN, Nguyen Ngoc Diem,LE, Minh Hang,LUU, Phuong Khanh,NGUYEN, Thi Thu Thao,NGUYEN, Thi Thu Trang Korea Distribution Science Association 2022 The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Busine Vol.9 No.6

This study examines the impact of CSR and its authenticity on customer loyalty through the brand image in the chain coffee shop industry. Using qualitative and quantitative methods, 601 survey questionnaires were distributed, of which 491 were analyzed. The results show that CSR has a positive impact on brand image and customer loyalty. In addition, authenticity does not moderate the impact of CSR on brand image and loyalty, as it is difficult for customers to verify the authenticity of CSR action programs. This study emphasizes the importance of CSR action programs and authenticity for businesses to sustainably enhance their distinctive brand image and customer loyalty. Therefore, for sustainable development in the future, managers of coffee shop chains need to focus on the following issues. First, the most important thing is the right awareness of businesses regarding CSR and CSR authenticity. Third, businesses should strengthen the transparency of CSR action programs in various media so that consumers can easily verify authenticity, to increase brand image and improve customer loyalty.

Relationship Between the Audit Committee and Earning Management in Listed Companies in Vietnam

NGO, Diem Nhat Phuong,LE, Anh Thi Hong Korea Distribution Science Association 2021 The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Busine Vol.8 No.2

This study aims to examine the impact of audit committee characteristics on income management of companies listed on the Stock Exchange of Vietnam. Research data was collected from all 745 listed companies on Vietnam's stock market over four years, from 2015 to 2018. After excluding companies that did not qualify, there were 216 companies with 864 observations. With the help of dedicated software Stata 15, the impact of audit committee characteristics (through independent variables and control variables such as Audit Committee Independence, Auditing Committee size, Auditing Committee Expertise, Auditing Committee Meeting Frequency, Company Size, Financial Leverage, and Operating Cash Flow) to earning management through a multivariate regression model was determined. Research results from Vietnamese listed companies during this period show that the size and expertise of the audit committee are inversely related to the discretionary accruals representing earning management. At the same time, the research results also identify a positive relationship between firm size and earning management, and the inverse relationship between financial leverage, net cash flow from operating operations and earning management. However, the multivariate regression results do not find clear evidence of a relationship between audit committee independence and the audit committee meeting frequency to earning management.

Protective effects of ginsenoside-Rg2 and -Rh1 on liver function through inhibiting TAK1 and STAT3-mediated inflammatory activity and Nrf2/ARE-mediated antioxidant signaling pathway

Thuy Le Lam Nguyen,Diem Thi Ngoc Huynh,Yujin Jin,Hyesu Jeon,Kyung-Sun Heo 대한약학회 2021 Archives of Pharmacal Research Vol.44 No.2

Systemic or hepatic infl ammation is caused byintraperitoneal application of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Inthis study, we investigated anti-infl ammatory and antioxidantproperties of combination of ginsenoside-Rg2 (G-Rg2) and-Rh1 (G-Rh1) on liver function under LPS challenging. Wefi rst confi rmed that G-Rg2 and -Rh1 at 100 μg/ml did notshow cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells. G-Rg2 and -Rh1 treatmentsignifi cantly inhibited activation of STAT3 and TAK1,and infl ammatory factors including iNOS, TNF-α, and IL-1βin peritoneal macrophages. In HepG2 cells, G-Rg2 and -Rh1treatment inhibited activation of STAT3 and TAK1/c-JunN-terminal kinase, and down-regulated nuclear translocationof NF-κB transcription factor. In addition, LPS-inducedmitochondrial dysfunction was restored by treatment withG-Rg2 and -Rh1. Interestingly, pretreatment with G-Rg2 and-Rh1 eff ectively inhibited mitochondrial damage-mediatedROS production induced by LPS stimulation, and alterationsof Nrf2 nuclear translocation and ARE promotor activitywere involved in G-Rg2 and -Rh1 eff ects on balancingROS levels. In liver tissues of LPS-treated mice, G-Rg2and -Rh1 treatment protected liver damages and increasedNrf2 expression while reducing CD45 expression. Takentogether, G-Rg2 and -Rh1 exerts a protective effect onliver function by increasing antioxidant through Nrf2 and anti-inflammatory activities through STAT3/TAK1 andNF-κB signaling pathways in liver cells and macrophages.

English for Specific Purpose Courses at Private Universities in Vietnam: Perspectives of Business Students

Tien Tung Le,Diem Thi Ngoc Hoang 아시아테플 2023 The Journal of Asia TEFL Vol.20 No.3

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