Mossbauer 分光法과 選擇的 抽出方法에 의한 濟州島 土壤에서의 酸化鐵의 特性 究明

宋寬哲,姜東佑,金斗哲,高正大,洪性樂 濟州大學校 基礎科學硏究所 1997 基礎科學硏究 Vol.10 No.1

濟州島의 8개 代表土壤을 對象으로 하여 X-線 螢光分析, X-線 回折 分析, oxalate와 dithionite-citrate를 사용한 選擇的 抽出方法 및 Mossbauer 分光法으로 一次鑛物, ferrihydrite, 結晶質 酸化鐵의 種類, 含量 및 非磁性 Al이온의 置煥程度에 대하여 考察하였다. 1. X-線 螢光 分析에 의한 濟州島 8개 土壤統의 酸化鐵(Fe₂O₃) 含量은 噴石口 토양인 松岳統에서 18.21%로 가장 높았고 논토양인 大靜統에서 8.03%로 가장 낮았다. 2. X-線 回折 分析 結果 8개 土壤統 모두에서 ferrihydrite와 結晶質 goethite의 回折 피크는 나타나지 않았지만, 結晶質 hematite는 松岳統, 舊巖統 및 黑岳統에서 檢出할 수 있었다. 3. 선택적 침출방법으로 측정한 ferrihydrite 含量은 흑색토인 松堂과 吐坪統, 농암갈색의 분석구 토양인 柑山統 및 갈색삼림토인 黑岳統에서 20.9-35.2g/㎏으로 높았고, 논토양인 大靜統에서 0.85g/㎏으로 가장 낮았다. 結晶質 酸化鐵 含量인 Fed-Feo 含量 松岳統에서 28.7g/㎏으로 가장 높았고 黑岳統에서 7.6g/㎏으로 가장 낮았다. 4. 濟州島 8개 土壤統에 함유되어 있는 常磁性 Fe³+ 鑛物들은 化學造成이 거의 같은 ferrihydrite, 超常磁性 goethite, 층형 硅酸鑒粘土鑛物로서 柑山統에서 그 含量이 가장 높았고 松岳統에서 가장 낮은 것으로 분석되었다. 常磁性 Fe²+ 一次鑛物은 柑山統과 黑岳統에서 olivine, illite의 含量이 優勢하였으나 그 외 土壤에서는 小量의 chlorite, augite, biotite, hornblende 등이 含有되어 있는 것으로 분석되었다. 5. 18K에서 측정된 超微細磁氣場값으로 부터 大靜統에서는 미세한 goethite 만이 含有되어 있는 것으로 確認되었고, 그외 7개 土壤에서는 입자 크기가 작은(∼180Å) 結晶質 hematite와 goethite이 것으로 分析되었다. 6. 濟州島 8개 土壤統에 함유되어 있는 酸化鐵의 구조에서 Fe³+와 非磁性 Al³+이 相堂量 部分 置煥되었음을 確認할 수 있었다. Iron oxide compounds in 8 selected Cheju Island soil samples have been analized by X-ray fluorescence spectrometer(XRF), X-ray diffractometry(XRD), selected chemical techniques, and Mossbauer spectroscopy. The result of this analysis by XRF shows that the rate of quantity of Fe₂O₃ in 8 soil samples was from 8.03wt.%(Daejeong paddy soil ) to 18.21wt.%(Songag soils). Songag, Heugag and Gueom soils were detected to have lower peaks of intensity of hematite by XRD. In addition, these soils were not detected to have hematite and goethite peaks. Ferrihydrite, which is a short-range-order mineral commonly present in volcanic ash soil, was not detected by XRD due to low concentration and/or poor cristallinity. Ferrihydrite contents estimated from Feo values were 8.8∼35.2g/㎏ for volcanic ash soils and 0.85g/㎏ for the Daejeong soil. Most of the soil samples represented by the paramagnetic Fe³+ doublet obtained from Mossbauer spectra at room temperature and 18K were considered to arise from the presence of ferrihydrite, superparamagnetic goethite, and silicate minerals. Also the paramagnetic Fe²+ doublets are attributable to primary minerals such as olivine, illite, chlorite, augite, biotite, and hornblende. Goethite and hematite were identified as the dominant crystalline iron oxides in these soils from Mossbauer spectra obtained at room temperature and 18K. All the soil samples exhibited strong superparamagnetic relaxation. Collapse of the Mossbauer magnetic hyperfine splitting at room temperature was due to the small size(∼180Å) of the oxide particles and/or Al-subsituted goethite.

관동맥연축의 진단을 위한 Ergonovine Echocardiography의 안전성 및 임상적 유용성

송재관,박성욱,강덕현,조구영,나득영,이내희,이철환,홍명기,김재중,박승정 대한순환기학회 2000 Korean Circulation Journal Vol.30 No.8

立地土壤의 特性

柳順昊,宋寬哲 濟州大學校 亞熱帶農業硏究所 1984 亞熱帶農業硏究 Vol.1 No.-

1975년에 完了된 濟州道 精密土壤調査 結果에 依하면 濟州道 土壤은 5 個 目, 10 個 亞目, 12개 大群, 30 個 亞群, 47 個 屬및 64 個 統으로 分類되며, 이는 便宜上 暗褐色土(17.01%), 濃暗褐色土(41.4%), 黑色土(21.6%), 및 褐色森林土(13.9%)의 4個 土壤群으로 大別된다. 濃暗褐色土, 黑色土 및 褐色森土는 代表的인 火山灰土이나 暗褐色土는 火山灰土的 特性을 弱하게 지니고 있다. 濟州道 火山灰土는 非晶質 珪酸鹽 粘土鑛物인 Allophane을 主粘土鑛物로 하고 있는데, 土壤 pH의 變化에 따라 Allophane에서 Al이 遊離되어 活性化되는 性質이 매우 强하며, 이러한 Allophane의 强한 礬土性에 基因되어 濟州道 土壤의 自然肥沃度가 낮다. 즉 難分解性의 有機物이 多量으로 集積되고, 그에 따라 假密度가 極히 낮으며 强風에 依해 土壤浸蝕이 쉽게 일어난다. 陽이온置換容量은 높으나 土壤의 鹽基吸着力이 弱하고 透水性이 過多하여 鹽基가 遊離, 溶脫되기 쉽다. 또한 燐酸을 吸着, 固定시키는 能力이 대단히 커서 有效燐酸이 缺乏되기 쉬운 問題 等이 있는데, 이러한 濟州道 火山灰土의 改良은 매우 어려운 것으로 알려져 있다. 特히 濟州道 土壤은 燐酸 固定 能力이 대단히 커서 有效燐酸이 缺乏되기 쉽기 때문에 作物 栽培에 있어서 燐酸肥料의 效果가 좋다는 것이 農民들에게 널리 알려져 Ca과 Mg 含量이 높은 熔成燐肥가 每年 多量으로 施用되어져 왔다. 따라서 濟州道에서의 肥料 施用 樣相을 調査한 結果 單位面積當 施肥量이 全國 平均에 比하여 濟州道에서 더 많을 뿐만 아니라 窒素肥料에 對한 燐酸과 加里肥料의 施用 比率도 濟州道에서 더 높은데, 이러한 傾向은 柑橘園이 많은 南濟州郡에서 더욱 현저하다. 1960年代 初부터 濟州道의 農耕地가 中山間地方으로 急激하게 增大되어가고 있으나 大部分의 農耕地는 海岸地方에 分布되어 있다. 따라서 山間地方 및 中山間地方의 土壤은 火山灰土의 一般的인 問題點을 갖고 있으나 耕作年代가 오래된 海岸地方 土壤일수록 pH, 鹽基飽和度, 有效燐酸, 置換性 Ca, Mg 및 K 含量이 높으며, 有機物 含量 및 陽이온置換容量은 낮아지는 傾向이다. 이러한 傾向은 集約的인 營農方法에 依해 經營되고 있는 柑橘園 土壤에서 더욱 현저하다. 柑橘園의 耕作年代가 오래될수록 土壤의 有效燐酸 含量 뿐만 아니라 置換性 Ca, Mg 및 K 含量이 增加하고 있으며, 陽이온置換容量은 柑橘園의 耕作年代에 따른 變化가 거의 없는데 反하여 置換性 鹽基 含量이 增加하므로 鹽基飽和度가 높아지고 따라서 pH가 높아지고 있다. 石灰나 燐酸 施用에 依해 含量 減少가 거의 없는 것으로 알려진 置換性 Al 및 活性 Al 含量은 柑橘園의 耕作年代가 오래될수록 현저하게 減少되고 있다. 置換性 Al 含量 減少는 主로 pH 增加에 基因되나 活性 Al 含量 減少는 主로 燐酸肥料의 多量 施用에 基因된다. 따라서 有效燐酸 含量이 極히 낮은 深土에서는 活性 Al이 有機物 含量 및 pH(NaF)와 高度로 有意한 상관관계가 있으나 表土에서는 상관이 낮다. Cheju Do is a volcanic Island. The valcanic eruptions began in the tertiary and the last eruptions were in 1002 and 1007 A.D. Volcanic ash is wide spread as soil parent material throughout the Island. Soils in the Island thus reveal typical characteristics of volcanic ash soil. The soils in Cheju Island are classified into 5 orders, 10 suborders, 12 great groups, 30 subgroups, 47 families and 64 series. For convenience, however, these soils are categorized mainly into 4 groups : dark brown soils(17.0%), very dark brown soils(41.4%), black soils(21.6%) and brown forest soils(13.9%), The last two groups have typical characteristics of volcanic ash soils, while the first is atypical. It is well known to farmers that soils in the Island have very high phosphate fixing capacity. Heavy application of phosphate and potassium fertilizer is a common practice. Therfore the amount of chemical fertilizers consumed per unit area of cultivated land and the ratios of ?? and K₂O to N in Chemical fertilizers applied are much higher in the Cheju Island than those of the Korean mainland. These trends are particularly prominant in Southern Cheju where 70% of the Cheju citrus orchards are located. The coastal area has long been used for intensive farming and some of the midmountain region were recently reclaimed for agricultural crop production. The cation exchange capacity and the organic matter in the soils increase in the order of coastal area mid-mountain belt upper mountain area, while pH, base saturation, available phosphorus and exchangeable bases decrease with the elevation. These trends are especially prominant in citrus orchard soils. As the result of heavy application of phosphate fertilizers, the available phosphorus of citrus orchard soils increase with increasing number of years of cultivation. Base saturation and pH increase with the increase in number of years of cultivation, inasmuch as exchangeable bases such as Ca, Mg and K increase prominantly, but the cation exchange capacity do not vary in the citrus orchard soils. The exchangeable Al of the citrus orchard soils decrease with increasing number of years of cultivation. This has resulted from an increase in pH. The content of the extractable Al of the citrus orchard soils also decrease with the increase in number of years of cultivation. This is related to the fact that application of phosphate fertilizers led to a reduction in Al activity. The extractable Al content strongly correlated with the organic matter and pH(NaF) in the sub-soil where the available phosphorus is extremely low, but the correlation is less significant in the top soil. This suggests the large amounts of the extractable Al are released from the hydrous oxides of Al and that the organically complexed form in the sub-soil, and non-extractable due to the reactions with phosphates applied to the top soil.

성공적인 경피적 승모판 교련절개술 후 임상 경과와 재협착율

김영학,강덕현,송재관,최기준,이철환,홍명기,김재중,박성욱,박승정 대한순환기학회 1998 Korean Circulation Journal Vol.28 No.2

관상동맥 시술 도중 발생한 좌주간부 관상동맥 박리에 대한 스텐트 삽입 치료의 단장기 임상 결과 : acute and long-term results

이세환,이승환,홍명기,김영학,이철환,한기훈,송종민,강덕현,송재관,김재중,박성욱,박승정 대한내과학회 2004 대한내과학회지 Vol.66 No.6

목적 : 심도자 사용 시술과 관련된 좌주간부 관상동맥박리에 대한 적절한 치료는 아직 확실히 정립되지 않은 상태이다. 이에 본 연구는 좌주간부 관상동맥 박리에 대한 스텐트 삽입술의 단장기 임상결과를 후향적으로 분석하였다. 방법 : 좌주간부 관상동맥 박리에 대한 치료로 즉각적인 스텐트 삽입술을 시행하는 것이 안전하고 효과적인 방법임을 가설하였고, 이러한 즉각적인 스텐트 삽입을 시행한 10명의 환자를 대상으로 단장기적 임상경과를 의무기록 고찰과 전화 면담을 통해서 평가하였다. 결과 : 전체 환자 모두 처음부터 좌주간부 관상동맥에 유의한 협착을 가진 환자는 없었으며, 8명의 환자는 심도자의 조작으로 인한 박리가 발생한 경우였고(진단적 혈관 조영술 중에 3명, 유도 도자 조작 중에 5명), 나머지 2명은 다른 병변에 스텐트 삽입시술을 하는 중에 박리가 발생하였다. 이 10명의 환자에서 모두 즉각적인 스텐트 삽입술이 시행되었고, 4명의 환자에서 시술 도중 혈압 저하로 Intra-aortic Ballon Pump (IABP)를 장착하였다. 모든 환자에서 성공적으로 스텐트가 삽입되었고, 병원내 사망은 1명도 없었다. 6개월 추적 관상동맥 조영술은 8명의 환자에서 시행되었다. 혈관 조영상의 재협착(직경 협착 50% 이상)은 8명 모두에게서 관찰되지 않았으며, 퇴원 후 평균 31±25개월의 추적관찰 결과 주요 심장사건은 1건도 발생하지 않았다. 결론 : 비록 대상 환자가 적은 연구였지만 좌주간부 관상동맥 박리에 대한 스텐트 삽입술은 기술적으로 안전하고 빠르게 시행 할 수 있으며, 훌륭한 단장기적인 치료 효과를 보여준다. Background : The optimal treatment of patients with left main coronary artery (LMCA) dissection during catheter-based procedure remains uncertain. We retrospectively analyzed the acute and long-term results of bail-out stenting for LMCA dissection. Methods : In cases with significant LMCA dissection occurring during catheter-based procedure, prompt stent implantation may be safe and associated with favorable clinical outcome. We evaluated the acute and long-term results of bail-out stenting for LMCA dissection occurring during catheter-bases procedure in 1- patients. Results : Initially, there was significant stenosis of LMCA segment in these patients. Catheter-induced dissection occurred in 8 patients (during diagnostic angiography in 3 patients and guiding catheter manipulation in 5 patients). Two patients suffered dissection in the setting of stent deployment in other vessels. Therefore, bail-out stenting LMCA dissection was performed in a total of 10 patients. In 4 patients, hypotension developed and intra-aortic balloon pump was placed during procedure. Stents were successfully deployed in all patients. There was no in-hospital mortality. Six-month angiographic follow-up was performed in 8 patients. Angiographic restenosis(diameter stenosis 50%) was not observed in all patients at follow-up study. During a mean follow-up of 31±25 months after hospital discharge, there was no major adverse cardiac event (death, myocardial infarction, and target lesion revascularization). Conclusion : Bail-out LMCA stenting is technically feasible, and showed good acute and long-term results in a small series of patients.

Reclassification of Korean Soils According to Revised Soil Taxonomy

Kwan-Cheol Song,Byung-Keun Hyun,Ho-Jun Kang 한국토양비료학회 2019 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.52 No.2

Korean soils are classified officially by Soil Taxonomy. Soils in Korea were classified into 7 orders, 14 suborders, 27 great groups, and 390 soil series. The dominant soils in Korea were Inceptisols and Entisols, and Alfisols, Ultisols, Andisols, Mollisols, and Histosols were distributed to a small extent. This study was conducted to reclassify Korean soils based on the second edition of Soil Taxonomy: A Basic System of Soil Classification for Making and Interpreting Soil Surveys. Morphological properties of typifying pedons of 405 soils were investigated and physio-chemical properties were analyzed according to Soil Survey Laboratory Methods Manual of USDA. Alfisols of 44 soils were reclassified; 16 soils were reclassified as Ultisols and 3 soils as Mollisols. Forty Andisols were reclassified; 3 soils were reclassified as other orders. Sixty-four Entisols soils were reclassified; 11 soils were reclassified as Inceptisols, 4 soils as Mollisols, and 3 soils as Andisols. Two hundreds and ten Inceptisols soils were reclassified; 39 soils were reclassified as Alfisols, 21 soils as Ultisols, 13 soils as Mollisols, and 2 soils as Andisols. Twenty-one Inceptisols soils, 16 Alfisols soils, and one Andisols soil were reclassified as Ultisols. As a result of reclassification of Korean soils, Korean soils are now classified into 7 orders, 17 suborders, 39 great groups, 85 subgroups, and 405 soil series. Alfisols and Ultisols are increased remarkably. Sixty Inceptisols soils are reclassified as Alfisols or Ultisols; 44 soils including 30 paddy soils are distributed on fluvio-marine plains, alluvial plaines, local valleys, alluvial fans, and mountain foot slopes. Soils distributed on rolling to hilly areas are mainly developed as Ultisols and some are as Alfisols. Also soils distributed on diluvial terrace are mainly developed as Ultisols and some are as Alfisols. Only two Mollisols soils were developed to a small extent. But 15 soils in Jeju Island and Ulreung Island, 3 soils in limestone areas, and 5 soils in coastal areas are classified as Mollisols. Inceptisols occupied 76.6% and Entisols occupied 12.9% of the whole country. Ultisols and Alfisols occupied only 5.0% and 3.8% respectively. Many soils deveped on rolling to hilly, diluvial terraces, local valleys, mountain foot slopes, etc. are reclassified as Ultisols and Alfisols. As a result Ultisols occupy 12.9% and Alfisols occupy 8.8% of the whole country.

Taxonomical Classification and Genesis of Hoesu Series, New Series in Jeju Island

Kwan-Cheol Song,Ho-Jun Kang 한국토양비료학회 2019 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.52 No.1

Typifying pedon of Ora series distributed in the northern mid-mountainous areas and that of A Ora (Hoesu) series distributed in the southern mid-mountainous areas in Jeju Island were established. This study was conducted to classify Ora and A Ora series based on the second edition of Soil Taxonomy and to discribe the formation of Ora and A Ora series in Jeju Island. Morphological properties of typifying pedons of Ora and A Ora series were investigated and physico-chemical properties were analyzed according to Soil Survey Laboratory Methods Manual. The typifying pedon of Ora series established in the nothern mid-mountainous areas in Jeju Island has an umbric epipedon from a depth of 0 to 35 cm and a cambic horizon from a depth of 35 to 92 cm. That can be classified as Incepisol. It has an udic soil moisture regime and keys out as Udept. It has an umbric epipedon and keys out as Humudept. It has, throughout one or more horizons with a total thickness of 18 cm or more within 75 cm of the mineral soil surface, a fine-earth fraction with both a bulk density of 1.0 Mg m<SUP>-3</SUP> and Al plus 1/2 Fe percentages (by ammonium oxalate) totaling more than 1.0. It can be classified by Andic Humudept. The typifying pedon has medial particle-size class, mixed mineralogy class, and thermic soil temperature regime. Therefore, it can be classified as medial, mixed, thermic family of Andic Humudept, not as fine silty, thermic family of Andic Eutrudept. The typifying pedon of A Ora series set up in the southern mid-mountainous areas in Jeju Ialand has an umbric epipedon from a depth of 0 to 42 cm and a cambic horizon from a depth of 42 to 101 cm. That contains oxalate extractable (Al + 1/2Fe) content equal to 2.0 or more, phosphate retention of 85% or more, and bulk density of 0.90 Mg m<SUP>-3</SUP> or less from a depth of 0 to 160 cm. Therefore, it has an andic soil properties at that depth. It can be classified as Andisol. It has an udic soil moisture regime, and can be classified as Udand. Also it meets the requirements of Typic Hapludand. It has medial particle-size class, ferrihydritic mineralogy class, and thermic soil temperature class. Therefore it can be classified as medial, ferrihydritic, thermic family of Typic Hapludand. Ora series distributed in the northern and western mid-mountainous areas are classifyed as Inceptisols. But A Ora series distributed in the southern mid-mountainous areas are classifyed as Andisols. A Ora series distributed in the southern mid-mountainous areas in Jeju Island are established as Hoesu series, new series. In the western and northern coastal areas which have a relatively dry climate in Jeju Island, non-Andisols are widely distributed. Mean annual precipitation is increased and mean annual temperature is decreased remarkably with increasing elevation. In the western and northern mid-mountainous areas Andisols and non-Andisols are distributed simultaneously. Ora series distributed in the western and northern mid-mountainous areas are developed as Andic Humudepts. Hoesu series distributed in the southern mid-mountainous areas which have a humid climate are developed as Andisols.

Classification of Jungmun Soils, Very Dark Brown Volcanic Ash Soils, in Jeju Island

Kwan-Cheol Song,Sug-Jae Jung,Byung-Keun Hyun,Yeon-Kyu Sonn,Geun-Soo Hyun 한국토양비료학회 2005 한국토양비료학회 학술발표회 초록집 Vol.2005 No.9

제주도 분석구 토양의 분류

송관철(Kwan-Cheol Song),현근수(Geun-Soo Hyeon),손연규(Yeon-Kyu Sonn),신대욱(Dae-Wook Shin) 한국토양비료학회 2003 한국토양비료학회 학술발표회 초록집 Vol.2003 No.5

기업의 사회적 책임 발전방향에 관한 연구

송관철(Kwan-Cheol Song),이의연(Yi-Ran Li) 한국콘텐츠학회 2018 한국콘텐츠학회논문지 Vol.18 No.8

이 연구는 기업의 사회적 책임을 재조명하고 국제적인 CSR 핵심가치에 맞춰 국내 기업들의 CSR이 어떻게 발전해야 할 것인가에 대한 방향을 제시하는 개념적 연구를 수행하는데 주된 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 연구방법론적으로 한국의 CSR체계나 기준에 대하여 총체적으로 접근하고, 이를 글로벌 기준과 비교하여 발전방향을 도출하였다. 한국기업의 사회적 책임활동은 아직도 사회공헌에 초점을 두고 있는 반면에, 글로벌 기업들의 CSR활동은 다양한 비즈니스 영역에서의 활동뿐만 아니라 노동, 환경 등 기업 내·외부를 둘러싸고 있는 환경 전반에 걸쳐 사회적 책임을 다하고 있다. 특히 그들은 기업의 가치사슬 내에서 안정적인 CSR활동을 수행하고 있다. 게다가 기업 간의 거래관계에서도 사회적 책임이 검증된 기업과의 거래를 기본으로 수행하고 있어, 원청과 1차 하청기업, 다시 1차하청기업과 2차 하정기업간의 관계 모두에서 CSR활동이 요구되기 때문에 사회 전반에 걸쳐 CSR이 보편화되어 있다. 이는 CSR을 바탕으로 보다 나은 근로조건, 보다 나은 생활환경을 유인하기 때문에 기업의 CSR활동이 사회 전반의 발전에 기여하는 동력이 된다는 점을 확인할 수 있다. 따라서 이번 연구를 통해 제시되는 CSR 방향은 국내 기업의 글로벌 진출뿐만 아니라 우리 사회를 더 나은 사회로 변화시키는데 기여할 수 있다는 점에서 의미와 가치가 있다고 할 수 있다. This study is primarily aimed at conducting conceptual research that reinforces corporate social responsibility and gives direction to how local firms CSRs should evolve in line with global CSR core values. To this end, a comprehensive approach was made to the Korean CSR system or standards in terms of research methods, and the direction of development was derived by comparing them with global standards. While the social responsibility activities of Korean companies are still focused on social contribution, CSR activities of global companies take social responsibility not only in various business areas but also in the circumstance surrounding companies, labor, environment and others. In particular, they are conducting stable CSR activities within the value chain of companies. Moreover, the CSR function is required in both the original and the primary sub-contractors and the secondary sub-contractors. This can confirm that the CSR activities of companies contribute to the development of society as they attract better working conditions and a better living environment based on the CSR. Therefore, the CSR direction presented by the study is meaningful and worthwhile in that it can contribute not only to Korean companies global advancement but also to transform our society into a better society.