방언 통역이란 무엇인가?

김동수 ( Kim¸ Dongsoo ) 한세대학교 영산신학연구소 2021 영산신학저널 Vol.- No.58

지난 한 세기 동안 바울의 방언관에 대한 활발한 연구와는 대조적으로, 방언통역에 대한 별도의 연구는 거의 없었다. 이에 관한 유일한 논문은 티슬턴이 1979년에 쓴 것이다. 방언 통역의 본질에 관한 논의에서 그의 글은 지금도 왕좌를 차지하고 있다. 그런데 그동안 그의 주장에 대한 비평적 논평과 대안이 제시되지 않는 것이 이상하다. 그래서 본 논문은 그의 주장을 비판적으로 검토하는 것이다. 그의 주장은 두 단계로 구성되어 있다. 첫째, ‘통역하다’에 해당하는 헬라어 ἑρμηνεύω 어군은 ‘통역하다’라는 뜻도 있지만 바울 이전의 문서, 특히 필로와 요세푸스의 글에 보면 ‘말로 표현하다’라는 뜻으로 쓰인 경우가 많다. 둘째, 고린도전서 12-14장에 나오는 방언 통역은 바로 이런 뜻으로 쓰인 것이다. 바울은 의미 없는 재잘거림인 방언은 유치한 것이니 더 이상 하지 말고, 이해되는 말로 표현하라고 말한 것이다. 본 논문은 그의 주장이 언어학적으로, 또 고린도전서 12-14장의 관련 구절 주석에 있어 모두 상당히 문제가 있다는 것을 밝혀낼 것이며, 그래서 그의 주장은 더 이상 유지할 수 없는 것이라는 점을 보여줄 것이다. 방언 통역은 전통적인 이해, 즉 방언(외국어든 아니면 상징 언어든)에 대한 통역이라는 것이 논자의 주장이다. In contrast to the vigorous research on Paul’s view of speaking in tongues over the past century, there has been little interest in the interpretation of tongues. No academic work concerning the topic has been produced except for Anthony C. Thiselton’s article published in 1979. His paper still occupies the throne in the realm of the discussions on the nature of the interpretation of tongues. It is not common, however, that there have been no critical comments and alternatives to his proposition in the meantime. Therefore, this paper attempts to provide a critical review on his article, and to challenge his thesis. Thiselton’s argument consists of two stages. First, while it means ‘to interpret’, he suggested, the Greek word group ἑρμηνεύω/διερμηνεύω that corresponds to ‘to interpret’ is often used to mean ‘to put into the words’ in the texts before Paul’s lifetime, particularly those of Philo and Josephus. Second, this category of meaning, he claims, fits well to the verses related to the interpretation of tongues in 1 Corinthians 12-14. Paul was telling to cease speaking in an unknown tongue because it is babbling, and to express it into the words easy to be understood. This paper tries to show that Thiselton’s argument through his philological and exegetical analyses of 1 Corinthians 12-14 is considerably problematic, and that it is thus no longer sustainable. The thesis of this paper advocates the traditional understanding of the word ἑρμηνεύω, that is ‘to interpret’ as the interpretation of speaking in tongues (whether a foreign or symbolic language).

Antifungal and synergistic effects of an ethyl acetate extract of the edible brown seaweed Eisenia bicyclis against Candida species

Kim, Ki-Hyun,Eom, Sung-Hwan,Kim, Hyo-Jung,Lee, Dae-Sung,Nshimiyumukiza, Ossiniel,Kim, Dongsoo,Kim, Young-Mog,Lee, Myung-Suk The Korean Society of Fisheries and Aquatic Scienc 2014 Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Vol.17 No.2

With the continuing demand for new solutions in the development of effective and safe candidiasis therapies, we investigated the efficacy of an antifungal agent from the marine brown alga Eisenia bicyclis. The methanolic extract of E. bicyclis evinced potential antifungal activity against Candida species. The ethyl acetate (EtOAc)-soluble extract from E. bicyclis demonstrated the strongest antifungal activity against Candida species among five solvent-soluble extracts. Indeed, the EtOAc-soluble extract showed minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranging from 4 to 8 mg/mL. Furthermore, the EtOAc-soluble extract considerably reversed high-level fluconazole resistance of Candida species. The MIC values of fluconazole against Candida species decreased substantially (from 64 to $4{\mu}g/mL$) in combination with the MIC of the EtOAc-soluble extract (4 mg/mL). The fractional inhibitory concentration indices of fluconazole ranged from 0.531 to 0.625 in combination with 4, 2, or 1 mg/mL of the EtOAc-soluble extract against Candida isolates, indicating that these combinations exert a marked synergistic effect against Candida isolates. These findings imply that compounds derived from E. bicyclis can be a potential source of natural antifungal agents against Candida species.

함수 프롤로그 및 에필로그를 이용한 바이너리 정적 분석 기반 버퍼 오버플로우 취약점 탐지 기법

김동수(Dongsoo Kim),김태호(Taiho Kim),김상엽(Sangyub Kim),신영주(Youngjoo Shin) 한국정보과학회 2023 한국정보과학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.2023 No.12

Chitosan-alginate-pectin-coated Suspended Liquid-encapsulating (CAPSuLE) Marbles for Therapeutic Molecules Storage and Delivery

Yoojin KIM,Seokmin OH,Dongsoo LEE,Mihyun KIM,Seohee KIM,Eunmi KIM,Jae-Hyung JANG 한국생물공학회 2021 한국생물공학회 학술대회 Vol.2021 No.4

Original Article : Antifungal and synergistic effects of an ethyl acetate extract of the edible brown seaweed Eisenia bicyclis against Candida species

( Ki Hyun Kim ),( Sung Hwan Eom ),( Hyo Jung Kim ),( Dae Sung Lee ),( Ossiniel Nshimiyumukiza ),( Dongsoo Kim ),( Young Mog Kim ),( Myung Suk Lee ) 한국수산과학회(구 한국수산학회) 2014 Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Vol.17 No.2

With the continuing demand for new solutions in the development of effective and safe candidiasis therapies, we investigated the efficacy of an antifungal agent from the marine brown alga Eisenia bicyclis. The methanolic extract of E. bicyclis evinced potential antifungal activity against Candida species. The ethyl acetate (EtOAc)-soluble extract from E. bicyclis demonstrated the strongest antifungal activity against Candida species among five solvent-soluble extracts. Indeed, the EtOAc-soluble extract showed minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranging from 4 to 8 mg/mL. Furthermore, the EtOAc-soluble extract considerably reversed high-level fluconazole resistance of Candida species. The MIC values of fluconazole against Candida species decreased substantially (from 64 to 4 μg/mL) in combination with the MIC of the EtOAc-soluble extract (4 mg/mL). The fractional inhibitory concentration indices of fluconazole ranged from 0.531 to 0.625 in combination with 4, 2, or 1 mg/mL of the EtOAc-soluble extract against Candida isolates, indicating that these combinations exert a marked synergistic effect against Candida isolates. These findings imply that compounds derived from E. bicyclis can be a potential source of natural antifungal agents against Candida species.

강화도의 지질별 지하수 중 자연방사성 물질의 특성

김익현(Ikhyun Kim),김문수(MoonSu Kim),함세영(Se-Yeong Hamm),김현구(Hyunkoo Kim),김동수(Dongsoo Kim),조성진(Seongjin Jo),이헌민(Heonmin Lee),황종연(Jongyeon Hwang),조훈제(Hunje Jo),박선화(Sunhwa Park),정현미(Hyenmi Chung) 대한자원환경지질학회 2018 자원환경지질 Vol.51 No.1

인천시 강화도의 지질별(중생대 화강암, 선캠브리아 편마암, 편암) 지하수의 자연방사성 물질과 수리지화학 성분의 특성을 연구하였다. 이 연구를 위하여, 8년 동안 69개 관정에서 지하수 시료를 채수하였다. 통계 분석을 이용하여 지하수의 수리지화학 성분과 자연방사성 물질의 관계를 분석하였다. 연구 지역 지하수의 수질유형은 Ca(Na)-HCO 3 형으로 나타났다. 우라늄은 3 개 지하수 시료에서 US EPA의 MCL(최대 오염 물질 수준)인 30 ug/L을 초과하였다. 라돈은 28개 지하수 시료에서 US EPA의 제안치인 AMCL(대체 최대 오염 물질 수준)인 4,000 pCi/L을 초과하였다. 모든 지하수 시료의 전알파(Gross-alpha)는 US EPA MCL인 15 pCi/L를 초과하지 않았다. 지하수에서의 우라늄과 라돈의 평균농도는 화강암에서 가장 높고, 그 다음으로 편마암, 편암의 순이다. 편암 지역의 라돈은 HCO 3 와 –0.40, 우라늄은 SO 4 과 0.54의 상관계수를 보였고, 편마암 지역의 경우 라돈은 우라늄과 0.55, 우라늄은 SO 4 과 0.41의 상관계수를 보였다. 요인분석에 의하면, 지질별로 각각 다른 거동특성을 가진다. 전체 지하수의 통계 분석 결과, 우라늄과 라돈 그리고 지화학 성분들 간에는 대체로 특이한 상관성을 나타내지 않았다. 자연방사성 물질의 거동과 운명을 보다 명확하게 이해하기 위해서는 자연방사성 물질의 수리지질학적, 지구화학적, 지질학적 특성에 대한 보다 상세한 연구가 요구된다. Groundwaters in different rock types (Mesozoic granite, Precambrian gneiss, and schist) of Ganghwa island, Incheon City were characterized by using naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) and hydrogeochemical constituents. For the study, groundwater samples from 69 wells had been collected over eight years. Statistical methods were applied to relate hydrogeochemical components and NORM in the groundwater samples. The groundwater samples belonged to Ca(Na)-HCO 3 types. The uranium concentrations in three groundwater samples exceeded 30 ug/L of United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) maximum contaminant level (MCL). The radon concentrations in 28 groundwater samples exceeded 4,000 pCi/L (picocuries per Liter) of US EPA alternative maximum contaminant level (AMCL). Gross-alpha in all the groundwater samples did not exceed 15 pCi/L of US EPA MCL. The average concentrations of uranium and radon in groundwater were the highest in granite area, and then gneiss, schist areas in order. In schist area, the correlation coefficient (R) between radon and HCO 3 is –0.40 and R between uranium and SO 4 is 0.54. In gneiss area, the R between radon and uranium is 0.55 and the R between uranium and SO 4 is 0.41. According to factor analysis, each geological area shows different chemical characteristics. The statistical analysis of whole groundwater resulted in nearly no significant relationship among uranium, radon and chemical constituents. Subsequently, more detailed studies on hydrogeological, geochemical, and geological characteristics related to NORM are required to better understand the behavior and fate of NORM.

The Role of Civil Society on South Korean Policy toward North Korea

Wootae Lee(이우태),Dongsoo Kim(김동수) 21세기정치학회 2014 21세기 정치학회보 Vol.24 No.2

With democratization, South Korean society has opened up foreign policy issues for debate among the populace. In Kim Dae-jung and Roh Moo-hyun administrations, large proportions of the organizations in South Korean civil society are in favor of cooperation and improving inter-Korean relations. This orientation of groups within South Korean civil society toward the North affects South Korean general people’s perception on North Korea and South Korean engagement policy in Kim Dae-jung and Roh Moo-hyun administrations. However, in Lee Myung-bak administration, the role of South Korean civil society to South Korean policy toward North Korea was rapidly decreased even though the importance and number of civil society was still maintained. The purpose of this paper is to analyze how and why the role of South Korean civil society has been differed between Kim and Roh administrations and Lee administration in the policy making process toward North Korea. The supports from political leadership and trust on the political sector and civil society have an effect to the role of civil society in the inter-Korean relations between Kim Dae-jung and Roh Moo-hyun administrations and Lee Myung-bak administrations.

남한강 본류 3개 보의 저서성 대형무척추동물의 공간적 분포

권용주 ( Yongju Kown ),김진영 ( Jin-young Kim ),김필재 ( Piljae Kim ),김정우 ( Jungwoo Kim ),민정기 ( Jeong-ki Kim ),공동수 ( Dongsoo Kong ) 한국물환경학회(구 한국수질보전학회) 2020 한국물환경학회지 Vol.36 No.1

Three large scale weirs were constructed 2010 - 2011 in the Namhan river, Korea. The purpose of this study was to investigate the spatial distribution of benthic macroinvertebrates and the influence of environmental factors at the weirs 2014 - 2015. The number of species was higher in the riparian zone than in the transition or the limnetic zone. This seems to be because of the diversification of microhabitats and food sources according to the development of littoral zones. From the riparian zone to the limnetic zone, the individual abundance proportion of gathering collectors among functional feeding groups decreased, and that of filtering collectors increased. In the limnetic zone, sprawlers and climbers among habitat orientation groups decreased, and burrowers increased. This means that coarse particulate organic matter originated from land or riparian zone was transformed to fine particulate organic matter in the limnetic zone. Asian clam (Corbicula fluminea) and chironomids were dominant species based on individual abundance. Asian clam, a major taxon considering biomass, was abundant toward the limnetic zone. This is becasue of the shallow depth, suitable water current, slightly coarse substrate, and good water quality. There was no significant relationship between the water quality and the characteristics of the benthic macroinvertebrate community because the water quality was spatially not heterogenous. The more influential factors for benthic community were physical factors, especially water depth. Water depth showed a markedly significant correlation with Shannon-Weaver’s species diversity (r=-0.90), Margalef’s species richness (r=-0.82), and McNaughton’s dominance (r=0.86). Water depth showed a positive correlation (r=0.68) with the Kong and Kim BMSI (Bentic Macroinverebrates Streambed Index), and this may be related to the coarse substrate of the limnetic zone.

울산 울주지역 소규모 수도시설 지하수의 수리지화학적 특성 연구

김동수,김문수,조성진,김익현,이헌민,황종연,박선화,조훈제,김태승,김현구,Kim, Dongsoo,Kim, MoonSu,Jo, Sungjin,Kim, Ikhyun,Lee, Heonmin,Hwang, Jongyoen,Park, Sunhwa,Jo, Hunje,Kim, Taeseung,Kim, Hyunkoo 한국지하수토양환경학회 2017 지하수토양환경 Vol.22 No.5

The hydrogeochemical characteristics of groundwater in the small waterworks are examined with 81 groundwater samples in Ulju region, Ulsan. The pH ranged in 6.3-8.2 and did not exceed the drinking water standards. Electrical conductivity ranged from $50{\mu}S/cm$ to $1,719{\mu}S/cm$. It indicated that the electrical conductivities in groundwaters at the study area are relatively low, compared with other groundwaters in Ulsan area. The calcium concentrations in groundwaters ranged from 3.55 to 113.01 mg/L, and sodium concentrations ranged from 2.02 to 65.50 mg/L. Nitrate concentrations ranged from 0 to 100.56 mg/L and potassium concentrations ranged from N.D (not detected) to 2.50 mg/L. Major cations and anions were mainly derived from the water-rock interaction involving feldspar, gypsum and calcite. The groundwaters were mainly the $Ca-(Na)-HCO_3$ type, classified as the early stage of groundwater evolutions. The correlation between electrical conductivities and Ca concentrations in groundwaters was relatively high ($R^2=0.74$). In the correlations between ions, the correlation coefficient between $SO_4$ and Ca was 0.65 and between Mg and $HCO_3$ was 0.65.

가평천의 물리적 환경요인과 어류 군집구조 분석

공동수,손세환,김진영,김아름,권용주,김정우,김예지,민정기,김필재,Kong, Dongsoo,Son, Se-Hwan,Kim, Jin-Young,Kim, Ah Reum,Kwon, Yongju,Kim, Jungwoo,Kim, Ye Ji,Min, Jeong Ki,Kim, Piljae 한국물환경학회 2017 한국물환경학회지 Vol.33 No.5

Physical environmental factors (water depth, current velocity and substrate) and fish community were surveyed in the Gapyeong stream, Korea. The fish group of Gapyeong Stream was divided into three types. Lithophilic fish, Koreocobitis rotundicaudata and Pseudopungtungia tenuicorpa preferred shallow depth, low-velocity current, and coarse bed condition, whereas Coreoleuciscus splendidus and Microphysogobio longidorsalis were adapted to high-velocity current and bed materials. Nektonic fish, Zacco koreanus and Zacco platypus appeared in a wide range of physical conditions. Intermediate fish, Hemibarbus longirostris, Pungtungia herzi and Coreoperca herzi adapted to moderate water depths and current velocities. Among them, H. longirostris and C. herzi were adapt to various bed materials. C. splendidus, M. longidorsalis and P. herzi showed high niche overlap for current velocity, water depth and substrate with Z. koreanus and Z. platypus. The occurrence of M. longidorsalis in a relatively low-velocity current compared to Z. koreanus and Z. platypus suggests that the current velocity act as a isolation factor for these species. The competition, isolation and character displacement among these species investigated detail in the future. Based on canonical correspondence analysis, the relative importance of each environmental factor was determined as substrate > water depth > current velocity.