石坡 李昰應 墨蘭畵風의 형성

金貞淑(Kim Ch?ng-suk) 한국미술사학회 2002 美術史學硏究 Vol.- No.233·234

Yi Ha-?ng, sobriquet S?kp' a, was the father of King Kojong(r. 1867-1907), the 26th ruler of the Chosen dynasty, and was titled the H?ngs?n Taew?n' gun 興宣大院君 generally called Taew?n' gun. Yi was a radical politician who attempted to reform the national system with the “Chosen style" manner when he reigned during the turmoil: in law's of the royal family of the Andong Kim clan of the late Chos?n period held sway and the Western empires aimed at conquering Korea. Nevertheless, he sought his own direction for the government developments. On the other side, he was an artist developing his individual orchid paintings based on Kim Ch?ng-h?i' s 金正喜 painting style. He went back and forth between the dominance of the authority and relinquishment of power. Because of his political aspiration, however, he greatly concentrated on creating substantial and lofty orchid paintings as means to express his complicated emotion whenever he was in hard times. As a result, he achieved the dignified literati painting accompanying with poems and calligraphy (shis?hwa ilch'i, 詩書畵一致) as well as his individual manner in depicting ink orchids. The most distinguished feature in Yi Ha-?ng' s artistic ambience is that he persisted to paint monochrome orchids throughout his whole life. It is assumed that this came from his admiration toward orchids for their refined beauty and elegant fragrance. Moreover, he is supposed to have strenuously disciplined his mentality by portraying orchids because it has served as the embodiment of gentlemens' virtue in literati tradition. As much as being called "S?kparan 石坡蘭." his well-known orchid paintings established one of the modes of 'Korean indigenous ink orchid paintings" , distinguished from Chinese ones by accomplishing his representative painting style in its composition and brushwork, One of the characteristics in formative stages of ink orchid paintings by Yi is that he pursued individual painting styles by studying an eminent literati calligrapher and painter, Kim Chong-hui' s idioms and by adopting fashionable elements from Chinese ink orchid paintings. Since his early thirties. he studied calligraphy and orchid paintings under Kim. and was praised by his teacher. Kim emphasized on samj?n-p?b 三轉法, a technique to twist the tip of the brush three times in portraying leaves of orchids, that Yi practiced over again, After the death of Kim. he succeeded his teacher and accepted new composition and depiction in manuals of ink orchid paintings of Ming and Ch'ing China. In particular, when he was expelled from the throne and was dwelling at Chikgok sanbang (直谷山房, Studio of Chikgok). he created three types of ink orchid paintings: the grouping of uprooted orchids with long leaves 群蘭畵. the coupling of orchids and rocks 石蘭畵 with the setting, and the densely grouping of orchids 叢蘭畵. generally mounted as a hanging scroll. nus asserts that such individual modes of his were formed on the basis of Kim Ch?ng-h?i' s ink brush method, and later became the typical type of 50kp 'aran, Among his above mentioned individual modes, the painting of coupling orchid and rocks had developed to the main and constant theme until his late years. Even after Yi Ha-?ng, a number of orchid painters copied his S?kparan style and his great influence has survived untill today.

자궁경부암의 생체내 수소핵 자기공명분광상에 관한 연구

김종혁,목정은,김용만,김영탁,남주현,조경식,나준희,이정희 대한산부인과학회 1998 Obstetrics & Gynecology Science Vol.41 No.4

저자 등은 1995년 3월부터 1995년 8월까지 울산대학교 의과대학 서울중앙병원 산부인과학교실에서 조직학적으로 확인된 침윤성 자궁경부암 환자 11명과 정상인 3명을 대상으로 하여 생체 국소 수소핵 자기공명분광법(localized in vivo 1H MRS)을 시행하여 이들의 자기공명분광상(MR spectrum)의 특성을 분석하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 자궁경부암 환자에서는 특징적인 분광정점이 0.9, 1.3, 3.0, 그리고 3.2 ppm 부근에서 나타났으며, 이들은 각각 중성 지방(triglyceride)의 CH3- 그룹, C H2- 그룹, creatine, 그리고 choline containing residue 를 나타낸다. 2. 특히 0.9∼1.3 ppm에서의 확연한 정점은 중성 지방 내의 acyl chain의 CH3-와 CH2- 그룹 나타나 는 것으로, 자궁경부암 환자 모두에서 나타났다. 3. 정상인에게서 얻어진 수소핵 자기공명분광상에 서는 16배까지 확대하여도 0.9∼1.3 ppm의 범위에서 여하한 공명정점(resonance peak)을 발견할 수 없었다. 즉, 이들 자궁경부암 환자들에게서 얻어진 국소 생체 수소핵 자기공명분광상은 이전의 체외절편경검 법(ex vivo biopsies)에 의한 MRS 연구들과 잘 일치함 을 알 수 있었다. 결론적으로 본 연구자들은 최초로 1.5T 전신 장비 내에서 질 표면 코일을 이용한 국소 수소핵 자기공 명분광기법으로 생체내(in vivo) 상태에서 세포 내의 화학적 분석에 기초하여 자궁경부암의 진단에 유용 함을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구는 자기공명분광기법이 내포하는 무한한 가능성의 일부를 제시하였으며 앞 으로의 계속적인 연구는 부인종양학 전반에 걸쳐 무 수한 발전을 가져다 주리라 믿어 의심치 않는다. MRS (magnetic resonance spectroscopy) is a recently introduced technique to the gynecologic field which can assess the chemical composition and the metabolic status of tissues of interests. It can identify and quantify the metabolites in the cells and tissues in vivo and in vitro. Its non-invasive nature in the technology attracts clinicians from many fields of medicine; owing to its non-invasiveness, it can be used repeatedly on the same site, which can particularly be useful for monitoring therapeutic response. Additionally, the analysis of MR spectrum is relatively straitforward with high accuracy. The aim of this study is to develop a set of protocol for MR spectroscopy to characterize cervical cancer. Localized 1H in vivo NMR spectra of the human uterine cervix were acquired from 11 patients with invasive cervical squamous cell carcinoma and 3 normal subjects. Image guided PRESS-spectra were obtained on a GE 1.5T SIGNA system equipped with shielded gradients (General Electric Medical System, Milwaukee, USA). Body coil was used for transmitting the signal and an endovaginal surface coil (homebuilt) was placed in the posterior fornix of the vagina. Extent of the cancer invasion was examined prior to the MRS measurement by T1 and T2-weighted surface coil spin-echo MR images. Localized 1H in vivo MR spectra of normal cervix and cervical carcinoma were shown. The spectra were in good agreement with the previous reports of 1H ex vivo NMR studies of cervical biopsies. In the spectra of the cervical carcinoma, the resonance peaks at 0.9, 1.3, 3.0 and 3.2 ppm are from CH3- and CH2-groups of mobile lipid (e.g., triglycerides), creatine and choline containing residues, respectively. The resonance peak at 1.3 ppm which is from CH2 groups of acyl chains in triglyceride is characteristically intense and seen in all the cancer spectra at TE=20 and 135 msec. In contrast, the spectra of the normal cervix did not show any resonance peaks. In conclusion, localized 1H in vivo MRS can be useful to discriminate the cervical carcinoma from normal cervix. The resonance peak at 1.3 ppm which is known to be from CH2 groups of triglycerides can be a marker for the cervical carcinoma.

자궁경부암의 조직학적 형태에 따른 생체내 수소핵 자기공명분광상의 분석

김종혁,목정은,김용만,김영탁,남주현,조경식,나준희,이정희 대한산부인과학회 1998 Obstetrics & Gynecology Science Vol.41 No.6

저자 등은 1995년 2월부터 1996년 2월까지 울산대학교 의과대학 서울중앙병원 산부인과에서 조직학적으로 확인된 침윤성 자궁경부암 환자 36명을 대상으로 하여 생체 국소 수소핵 자기공명분광법(localized in vivo 1H MRS)을 시행하여 이들의 자기공명 분광상(MR spectrum)의 특성을 분석하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 자궁경부암 환자에서 얻어진 수소핵 자기공명 분 광상에서는 분광 정점(resonance peak)이 0.9, 1.3, 3.0 및 3.2 ppm에서 특징적으로 보였으며, 이들 분광 정점은 각 각 중성지방(triglyceride)의 CH3-와 CH2-그룹들, creatine 그리고 choline containing residue에서 기인한다. 2. 1.3 ppm에서 확연히 나타나는 분광 정점은 중성지 방 내의 acyl chain에서 기인하는 것으로, 29예의 편평세 포암 환자 중 25예에서 나타났으며, 나머지 4예에서는 중성지방의 분광 정점 없이 creatine 그리고 choline containing residue에 의한 분광 정점만을 나타내었다. 따라서 자궁경부암 환자에서 1.3 ppm에서 중성지방의 분광 정점이 인지될 때를 편평세포암이라고 진단할 시의 민감도 및 특이도는 각각 86.2%, 66.7%이며, 정확도는 82.9%로 나타났다. 3. 총 6예의 선암 중 4예에서는 2.0 ppm에서 새로운 분광 정점을 확인할 수 있었으나 1.3 ppm에서 중성지방의 분광 정점을 전혀 나타내지 않았다. 1예에서는 1.3과 2.0 ppm 모두에서 분광 정점을 나타내었으며, 또다른 1예에 서는 1.3 ppm에서만 분광 정점을 관찰할 수 있었다. 따라서 자궁경부암 환자에서 2.0 ppm에서의 분광 정점이 인지될 때를 선암이라고 진단할 시의 민감도 및 특이도는 각각 83.3%, 96.6%이며, 정확도는 94.2%로 나타났다. 결론적으로 본 연구에서는 국소 생체내 수소핵 자기 공명분광법이 자궁경부암의 진단 및 조직학적 유형의 감별에 이용될 수 있는 가능성을 제시하였다. 아직까지는 이러한 기법들이 고가의 의료비용 등의 문제로 인하여 활발히 임상에 적용될 수 없으나 임상과 연계되는 앞으로의 연구는 자궁경부암의 진단 및 치료에 걸쳐 유용한 정보를 제공할 수 있으리라 기대된다. Most of cervical cancers are squamous cell type and the majority of the remaining 10% to 15% are adenocarcinoma. The clinical features of these two histological types of cancers are known to be often quite different. The diagnosis depends on the histological examination via biopsy procedures, however it could be possible in some part by in vivo 1H MRS which presents the chemical composition and molecular dynamics by means of identification and quantification of metabolites and the metabolic status in cells and tissues. Unlike the histological examination and ex vivo MR spectroscopy whose results depend on where the biopsy specimens are excised, and therefore, which require the specimens from multisites, an in vivo MR spectroscopy can be performed covering a global lesion or a number of discrete lesions in the cervix noninvasively. Repetitive examinations at the same location over a period of treatment time, which are particularly useful for monitoring the progression of the disease after treatment such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy, can be performed by localized in vivo spectroscopy. The aim of this study was to investigate and characterize the patterns of 1H MR spectra of cervical cancers according to the histologic types. Localized in vivo 1H MR spectra of 36 patients diagnosed as invasive cervical cancer were acquired on a GE 1.5T SIGNA system equipped with shielded gradients(Milwaukee, WI, USA, version 5.4). Homebuilt endovaginal coils were used for a localized images for spectroscopy. The FIGO stages of these patients were IA to IIIB. Among 36 patients, 29 cases were squamous cell carcinoma and 6 were adenocarcinoma, 1 was adenosquaadenosquamous cell carcinoma. In MR spectra of cervical cancers, the resonance peaks at 0.9, 1.3, 2.0 and 3.0, 3.2 ppm were detected, which represents CH3 groups of triglycerides, CH2 groups of triglycerides, N-acetyl neuraminic acid and creatine and choline containing residues, respectively. The triglyceride peak at 1.3 ppm is characteristically intense and observed in 25 cases of the total 29 squamous cell carcinoma(sensitivity 86.2%; specificity 66.7%; overall accuracy 82.9%). Prominent peak at 2.0 ppm which was tentatively assigned N-acetyl neuraminic acid for human prostatic cancers was noted in 5 cases of adenocarcinoma, but no case of squamous cell carcinoma(sensitivity 83.3%; specificity 96.6%; overall accuracy 94.2%). In conclusion, this study demonstrated the feasibility of localized in vivo 1H MR spectroscopy to categorize the spectra according to the histological types.

『大院君天津往還日記』와 保定府 時節 李昰應의 墨蘭畵

金貞淑(Kim Ch?ng-suk) 한국학중앙연구원 2002 장서각 Vol.- No.7

Yi Ha-?ng, sobriquet S?kp'a, was the father of King Kojong(r. 1863-1907), the 26th ruler of the Chos?n dynasty, and was titled the H?ngs?n Taew?n'gun(興宣大院君) generally called Taew?n'gun. Yi was a radical politician who attempted to reform the national system with the "Chos?n style" manner in the late Chos?n period. On the other side, he was an artist developing his individual orchid paintings based on Kim Ch?ng-h?i's(金正喜, 1786-1856) painting style. Because of his political aspiration, he went back and forth between dominance and relinquishment of power. However, he greatly concentrated on creating substantial and lofty orchid paintings as a means to express his complicated emotion whenever he was in hard times. As a result, he achieved the dignified literati painting accompanying with poems and calligraphy(shis?hwa ilch'i, 詩書畵一致) as well as his individual manner in depicting ink orchids. When he was expelled from the throne and was dwelling at Chikgok sanbang(直谷山房, Studio of Chikgok), he created three types of ink orchid paintings: the grouping of uprooted orchids with long leaves(群蘭圖), the coupling of orchid and rock(石蘭圖) with a setting, and the densely grouping of orchids(叢蘭圖) generally mounted as a hanging scroll. This asserts that his such individual modes were formed on the basis of Kim Ch?ng- h?i's ink brush method that later became the typical style of "S?kp'aran(石坡蘭)". Among his individual modes he had developed, the painting of coupling orchids and rocks to the main and constant theme until his late years. The most tough hours in his life were the three years when Army's Uprising was broken out in 1882 named Yimo gunran(壬午軍亂). He was arrested by the Ch'ing army because of his relationship with the rebel forces and moved to Poj?ng-pu(保定府) in Tian Jin(天津), China. Despite his mental instability and illness he continued painting orchids. Moreover, in his early sojourn in Poj?ng-pu, he covered various brushworks in several panels of a screen that he had tried at Studio of Chikgok. But hereafter, he painted only orchid and rock paintings. Yi portrayed such orchids and rocks even after he came back from China, and finally they became the outstanding subject matters when he was old. They are characterized by long and stretching leaves, and vivid description of orchid flowers. All appeals idealized orchid paintings in expression of spirituality and beauty.

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金在河,鄭忠男,金種根,金永寅 全南大醫大 1984 전남의대학술지 Vol.21 No.4

난관복원술의 성공율을 높이는 제반여건의 고찰

김종덕,두재균,류철희,차경연,양재이 대한산부인과학회 1991 Obstetrics & Gynecology Science Vol.34 No.6

난관복원술의 성공율을 높이는 제반 여건을 알아보기 위하여 1982년 3월부터 1990년 2월까지 만 8년 동안 전북대학교병원 산부인과 불임크리닉에 내원하여서 미세수술을 이용한 난과복원술을 시행받은 총 116명중 6개월이상이 추적조사가 가능하였던 106명의 예를 분석하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 난관복원술후 임신성공율은 추적조사가 가능하였던 106명중 90명(84.9%)이었다. 2. 난관복원술의 동기는 자녀사망이 전체 평균 65.1로 가장 많았으나 1987년이후부터는 재혼(24.6%)과 심경의 변화(20.0%) 등이 증가하여 서구화되는 경향을 보여주고 있었다. 3. 난관복원술후 임신군의 평균연령은 28.5세, 비임신군은 30.3세이었다(p$lt;0.05). 4. 불임수술후 난관복원술까지의 평균기간은 임신군에서 35.5개월, 비임신군에서 42.4개월로 임신군에서 그 기간이 짧았다(p$lt;0.05). 5. 임신성공율에 따른 복원술후 난관 길이는 임신군 8.3 cm, 비임신군 6.8 cm이었다(p$lt;0.05). 6. 불임수술 방법에 따른 결과는 Falope ring군이 난관의 길이도 가장 길고 임신성공율도 91.7%로 가장 높았다(p$lt;0.05). 7. 난관복원술 부위에 따른 임신성공율은 팽대부-팽대부, 자궁각부-팽대부, 협부-협부, 협부-팽대부순이었다(p$lt;0.05). 8. 난관복원술후의 임신하기까지의 기간은 임신군에서 1년이내가 95.5%로 가장 높았으며 2년이후에는 1예도 없었다. 9. 난관복원술후 난관임신 발생율은 1명(0.9%)이었다. 10. 본 교실에서 고안하여 사용하고 있는 Kim`s clamp와 Doo`s microirrigator 등은 난관성형술에 있어서 아주 유용한 기구로 사료되었다. For evaluation of factors that influence the success rate of tubal reversal, 116 cases of microsurgical reversal were investigated, which were performed at the infertility clinic in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chonbuk National University Hospital from March 1982 to February 1990. 106 cases were able to follow up more than 6 months among these 116 cases of tubal reversal patients. The results were as follows; 1. The pregnancy rate was 84.9%(90 patients) in 106 cases of tubal reversal. 2. The most common incentive was the loss of their children(75.5%), but since 1987 remarriage(24.6%) and change of marital attitude(20.0%) were increasing steadily. 3. After tubal reversal, the mean age of pregnant patients was 28.5 years and that of non-pregnant patients was 30.3 years(p$lt;0.05). 4. The time interval between the sterilization and the tubal reversal was 35.5 months in pregnancy groups, 42.4 months in non-pregnancy groups(p$lt;0.05). 5. The mean length of reconstructed tube was 8.3 cm in pregnancy patients, 6.8 cm in non-pregnant patients(p$lt;0.05). 6. Referring to the sterilization types, the pregnancy rate was higher and the length of reconstructed tube was longer in those who underwent tubal ligation with Falope ring. 7. Referring to the site of anastomosis, the pregnancy rate was higher in ampulloampullar, cornu-ampullary, isthmo-isthmic anastomosis than other group(p$lt;0.05). 8. The pregnancy rate within the first year after tubal reversal was 95.5%, but no case after 2 years was noted. 9. Postoperative tubal pregnancy developed in one case(0.9%) after tubal reversal. 10. Kim`s clamp and Doo`s microirrigator were considered to be valuable instruments in tubal surgery.

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