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Kattel, Krishna,Park, Ja Young,Xu, Wenlong,Bony, Badrul Alam,Heo, Woo Cheol,Tegafaw, Tirusew,Kim, Cho Rong,Ahmad, M Wasi,Jin, Seonguk,Baeck, Jong Su,Chang, Yongmin,Kim, Tae Jeong,Bae, Ji Eun,Chae, Kwo American Scientific Publishers 2013 Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Vol.13 No.11
<P>The water-soluble and biocompatible D-glucuronic acid coated Eu(OH)3 nanorods (average thickness x average length = 9.0 x 118.3 nm) have been prepared in one-pot synthesis. The D-glucuronic acid coated Eu(OH)3 nanorods showed a strong fluorescence at approximately 600 nm with a narrow emission band width. A cytotoxicity test by using DU145 cells showed that D-glucuronic acid coated Eu(OH)3 nanorods are not toxic up to 100 microM, making them a promising candidate for biomedical applications such as fluorescent imaging. The minimum Eu concentration needed for a conventional confocal imaging was estimated to be approximately 0.1 mM. Therefore, D-glucuronic acid coated Eu(OH)3 nanorods can be applied to fluorescent imaging. However, a very tiny magnetization of approximately 1.2 emu/g at room temperature and at an applied field of 5 tesla was observed. As a result, very small r1 and r2 water proton relaxivities were estimated, implying that surface coated Eu(OH)3 nanorods are not sufficient for MRI contrast agents.</P>
박자영,Krishna Kattel,Wenlong Xu,김한결,이은정,이강호,Jae Jun Lee,장용민,김태정 한국물리학회 2011 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.59 No.3
Gd(OH)_3 nanorods, Gd(OH)_3 nanoparticles, and Gd_2O_3 nanoparticles were prepared and their longitudinal water proton relaxivities (r_1s) were investigated. They are important for application to a highly sensitive T_1 MRI contrast agent. The r_1s did not much depend on either composition or morphology but on particle diameter such that an optimal particle diameter (∼1.7 nm) exists for a maximal r_1 (~ 15.2 s^(-1)mM^(-1)). This is interpreted such that surface Gd(III) ions mainly contribute to the r_1.
Innovation and the State: Towards an evolutionary theory of policy capacity
( Erkki Karo ),( Rainer Kattel ) 한국정책학회 2016 한국정책학회 추계학술발표논문집 Vol.2016 No.-
In this paper we propose an evolutionary analytical approach to policy capacity with a specific focus on policy domains where uncertainty and need for policy innovations, or novelty creation, is a central concern for effective policies. From an evolutionary perspective, the core elements of policy capacity are: a) organizational routines and their varieties, b) search and selection and the endogenous and exogenous sources of novelty creation, C) selection and feedback environments, Wae operationalize these elements, illustrate the value of the evolutionary analytical perspective through discussing the evolution of science, technology and innovation (STI) Policy capacities of three aaasian Tigers.
Xu, Wenlong,Park, Ja Young,Kattel, Krishna,Bony, Badrul Alam,Heo, Woo Choul,Jin, Seonguk,Park, Jang Woo,Chang, Yongmin,Do, Ji Yeon,Chae, Kwon Seok,Kim, Tae Jeong,Park, Ji Ae,Kwak, Young Woo,Lee, Gang The Royal Society of Chemistry 2012 NEW JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY Vol.36 No.11
<P>Multiple molecular imaging is a challenging subject. Water-soluble and biocompatible lactobionic acid coated ultrasmall mixed gadolinium–europium oxide nanoparticles with an average particle diameter of 1.75 nm and an average hydrodynamic diameter of 4.16 nm were synthesized and applied for <I>T</I><SUB>1</SUB>, <I>T</I><SUB>2</SUB> MRI-FI <I>in vitro</I> and <I>in vivo.</I> They had <I>r</I><SUB>1</SUB> and <I>r</I><SUB>2</SUB> values of 11.9 and 38.7 s<SUP>−1</SUP> mM<SUP>−1</SUP>, respectively, and showed clear dose-dependent contrast changes in both <I>R</I><SUB>1</SUB> and <I>R</I><SUB>2</SUB> map images. In addition, they showed both positive and negative contrast enhancements in 3 tesla <I>T</I><SUB>1</SUB> and <I>T</I><SUB>2</SUB> MR images in a mouse, respectively, and fluorescent confocal images in both DU145 cells and <I>C</I>. <I>elegans</I> (a small nematode). This study demonstrates the <I>T</I><SUB>1</SUB>, <I>T</I><SUB>2</SUB> MRI-FI multi-functionality of lactobionic acid coated mixed gadolinium–europium oxide nanoparticles.</P> <P>Graphic Abstract</P><P>Water-soluble and biocompatible lactobionic acid coated ultrasmall mixed gadolinium–europium oxide nanoparticles (<I>d</I><SUB>avg</SUB> = 1.75 nm and <I>a</I><SUB>avg</SUB> = 4.16 nm) showed <I>T</I><SUB>1</SUB>, <I>T</I><SUB>2</SUB> MRI-FI multi-functionality. <IMG SRC='http://pubs.rsc.org/services/images/RSCpubs.ePlatform.Service.FreeContent.ImageService.svc/ImageService/image/GA?id=c2nj40149e'> </P>
Longitudinal Water Proton Relaxivities of Ultrasmall 3d and 4f Transition Metal Oxide Nanoparticles
최은숙,박자영,장용민,김주현,김태정,Krishna Kattel,Wenlong Xu,이강호,Myung Ju Baek 한국물리학회 2010 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.56 No.5
We report the longitudinal water proton relaxivities (r₁) of several 3d and 3f transition metal oxide nanoparticles. These include ultrasmall iron oxide, manganese oxide, europium oxide, gadolinium oxide, and dysprosium oxide nanoparticles. The nanoparticles ranged from 1.0 to 3.0 nm in diameter. Ultrasmall metal oxide nanoparticles with metal ions of high and pure S-state electron magnetic moments showed high r₁ relaxivities. The measured relaxivities indicate that ultrasmall gadolinium oxide nanoparticles with a high r₁ relaxivity of 12.6 mM⁻¹s⁻¹ may be suitable for use as a sensitive T₁ MRI contrast agent.
Baek, Myung Ju,Park, Ja Young,Xu, Wenlong,Kattel, Krishna,Kim, Han Gyeol,Lee, Eun Jung,Patel, Anilkumar Kantilal,Lee, Jae Jun,Chang, Yongmin,Kim, Tae Jeong,Bae, Ji Eun,Chae, Kwon Seok,Lee, Gang Ho American Chemical Society 2010 ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES Vol.2 No.10
<P>A facile one-pot synthesis of a water-soluble MnO nanocolloid (i.e., <SMALL>d</SMALL>-glucuronic acid-coated MnO nanoparticle) is presented. The MnO nanoparticle in the MnO nanocolloid was coated with a biocompatible and hydrophilic <SMALL>d</SMALL>-glucuronic acid, and its particle diameter was nearly monodisperse and ranged from 2 to 3 nm. The average hydrodynamic diameter of the MnO nanocolloid was estimated to be 5 nm. The MnO nanoparticle was nearly paramagnetic down to <I>T</I> = 3 K. The MnO nanocolloid showed a high longitudinal water proton relaxivity of <I>r</I><SUB>1</SUB> = 7.02 s<SUP>−1</SUP> mM<SUP>−1</SUP> with the <I>r</I><SUB>2</SUB>/<I>r</I><SUB>1</SUB> ratio of 6.83 due to five unpaired <I>S</I>-state electrons of Mn(II) ion (<I>S</I> = 5/2) as well as a high surface to volume ratio of the MnO nanoparticle. High contrast in vivo <I>T</I><SUB>1</SUB> MR images were obtained for various organs, showing the capability of the MnO nanocolloid as a sensitive <I>T</I><SUB>1</SUB> MRI contrast agent. The suggested three key-parameters which control the <I>r</I><SUB>1</SUB> and <I>r</I><SUB>2</SUB> relaxivities of nanocolloids (i.e., the <I>S</I> value of a metal ion, the spin structure, and the surface to volume ratio of a nanoparticle) successfully accounted for the observed <I>r</I><SUB>1</SUB> and <I>r</I><SUB>2</SUB> relaxivities of the MnO nanocolloid.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/aamick/2010/aamick.2010.2.issue-10/am100641z/production/images/medium/am-2010-00641z_0012.gif'></P>
Sook Choi, Eun,Young Park, Ja,Ju Baek, Myung,Xu, Wenlong,Kattel, Krishna,Hyun Kim, Joo,Jun Lee, Jae,Chang, Yongmin,Jeong Kim, Tae,Eun Bae, Ji,Seok Chae, Kwon,Jin Suh, Kyung,Ho Lee, Gang WILEY-VCH Verlag 2010 European journal of inorganic chemistry Vol.2010 No.28
<P>We have developed ultra-small gadolinium oxide (Gd<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB>) nanoparticles, which are surface-doped with manganese oxide (MnO) (abbreviated as Gd<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB>@MnO). The surface-doped nanoparticles ranged from 1 to 2 nm in diameter. They were further coated with hydrophilic biocompatible lactobionic acid. In-vitro tests of the sample solution indicated clear dose-dependent contrast enhancements in both T<SUB>1</SUB> and T<SUB>2</SUB> map images, showing that the nanoparticles may be used as both T<SUB>1</SUB> and T<SUB>2</SUB> MRI contrast agents. Their performance as a T<SUB>1</SUB> MRI contrast agent was proved in vivo through T<SUB>1</SUB> MR images of a mouse.</P> <B>Graphic Abstract</B> <P>Aqueous solutions of lactobionic acid coated ultra-small Gd<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB>@MnO nanoparticles (d = 1–2 nm) may be used as both T<SUB>1</SUB> and T<SUB>2</SUB> MRI contrast agents because of their high relaxivities. Its capability as a T<SUB>1</SUB> MRI contrast agent was proved in vivo. <img src='wiley_img_2010/14341948-2010-2010-28-EJIC201000374-fig000.gif' alt='wiley_img_2010/14341948-2010-2010-28-EJIC201000374-fig000'> </P>