한문고전문헌의 기계번역 평가방안 탐색

정성훈 ( Jung¸ Sunghoon ),하지영 ( Ha¸ Jiyoung ),김우정 ( Kim¸ Woojeong ) 근역한문학회 2021 한문학논집(漢文學論集) Vol.60 No.-

이 글은 기계번역을 이용한 한문고전 번역물의 품질평가 방법을 살펴보고, 품질평가의 객관성을 제고하는 동시에 번역품질 향상에 기여할 수 있는 방안을 제안한 것이다. 고립어인 한문 고전문언문은 문체가 다양하고 문법상의 변화도 복잡하다. 또한 기계번역은 평가기준·평가목적·평가비용·텍스트의 종류 등도 함께 고려하여야 하므로 신뢰성이 높고 간편한 번역 품질 평가모델을 개발하기가 쉽지 않다. 자동평가는 기계번역의 어떤 요소가 번역 품질에 영향을 미치는지는 알 수 없으며, 점수가 가장 높은 기계번역 모델을 보여줄 수는 있지만 기계번역 품질에 대한 타당성을 보장하지는 못한다. 그리고 평가기준도 평가모델에 따라 달라질 수 있고 대량의 데이터를 필요로 하는 경우도 있다. 이런 문제점을 보완하기 위해서는 수동평가가 필요한데, 평가자 각각의 경험이나 수준이 존재하고, 평가기준에 대한 이해가 다를 수 있으며, 평가 환경이나 차수에 따른 차이 등 주관에 치우칠 우려도 불식하기 어렵다. 따라서 자동평가와 수동평가의 장단점을 고려하여 기계번역기의 성격과 목적에 맞는 평가방법을 찾아 적용하되, 기계번역 모델의 성능을 객관적으로 평가할 수 있는 척도를 개발하여야 하며, 궁극적으로 이러한 평가방법이 기계번역 모델의 문제점을 찾아 개선해나가는 데 도움이 될 수 있도록 해야 한다. The purpose of this paper is to examine several methods of translation quality evaluation on the classical chinese using machine translation, and suggest some ways to increase the objectivity of quality evaluation and improve the quality of translation. The classical chinese, an isolated language, have diverse styles and complicated grammatical changes. In addition, it is not easy to develop a reliable and easy translation quality evaluation model because machine translation should also consider evaluation standards, evaluation purposes, evaluation costs, and types of text. Automatic evaluation does not know which elements of machine translation affect translation quality, and although it can show the highest scoring machine translation model, it does not guarantee validity for machine translation quality. In addition, evaluation criteria may vary depending on the evaluation model and may require a large amount of data. To compensate for this problem, manual evaluation is required, which may have different results depending on the experience or level of the appraiser, understanding of the criteria, and the environment or number of evaluations. Therefore, considering the advantages and disadvantages of automatic and manual evaluation, an evaluation method suitable for the purpose of the machine translator shall be found and applied, but a measure shall be developed to objectively evaluate the performance of the machine translation model. And ultimately, these evaluation methods should help identify and improve the problems of the machine translation model.

Spatial analysis of Ricania shantungensis in a chestnut producing area

Sunghoon Baek,Min-Jung Kim,Kyusoon Kim,Jong-Kook Jung,Sang-Hyun Koh,Joon-Ho Lee 한국응용곤충학회 2018 한국응용곤충학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2018 No.10

밤 재배단지에서 갈색날개매미충은 밤바구미, 복숭아명나방, 붉은매미나방과 주요 해충으로 경제적으로 피해를 야기하고 있다. 이에 밤 재배단지에서 2년 동안 갈색날개매미충의 공간적 이동 양상을 분석하기 위해 실험을 수행하였다. 실험은 부여에 위치한 한 밤 재배단지에서 대략 30m 간격으로 임의로 밤나무를 선정, 표지한 후 GPS를 이용 좌표를 구하고 나무당 50cm 가지 2개에 존재하는 갈색날개매미충 알, 약충, 성충의 밀도를 육안 조사하였다. 조사된 결과를 SADIE를 이용해 공간적 상호관계를 분석해 본 결과 알, 약충, 성충 2년 동안 지속적으로 양의 공간적 상호관계를 보였고, 약충 시기를 제외하고는 통계적으로 유의하였다(p < 0.025). 이는 넓은 밤 재배단지에서 갈색날개매미충이 발육단계에 상관없이 특정 지역에서만 집중적으로 발생하고 있다는 것을 의미하며 특정 지역에 집중적인 방제가 필요하다는 것이다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 연구된 밤 재배단지에서 갈색날개매미충의 방제 전략이 제안되었다.

Extremely Flexible Transparent Conducting Electrodes for Organic Devices

Jung, Sunghoon,Lee, Sunghun,Song, Myungkwan,Kim, Do-Geun,You, Dae Sung,Kim, Jong-Kuk,Kim, Chang Su,Kim, Tae-Min,Kim, Kwon-Hyeon,Kim, Jang-Joo,Kang, Jae-Wook Wiley Blackwell (John Wiley Sons) 2014 Advanced Energy Materials Vol.4 No.1

<P>Extremely flexible transparent conducting electrodes are developed using a combination of metal-embedding architecture into plastic substrate and ultrathin transparent electrodes, which leads to highly transparent (optical transmittance approximate to 93% at a wavelength of 550 nm), highly conducting (sheet resistance approximate to 13 Omega square(-1)), and extremely flexible (bending radius approximate to 200 mu m) electrodes. The electrodes are used to fabricate flexible organic solar cells and organic light-emitting diodes that exhibit performance similar or superior to that of devices fabricated on glass substrates. Moreover, the flexible devices do not show degradation in their performance even after being folded with a radius of approximate to 200 mu m.</P>

<b>Type specimens of Heteroptera (Insecta: Hemiptera) collected from North Korea and adjacent regions deposited at Insect Collections of Chungnam National </b><b>University (CNU) in Daejeon, Republic of Korea</b>.

JUNG, SUNGHOON,KIM, JUNGGON,OH, SUMIN,HEISS, ERNST Magnolia Press 2015 Zootaxa Vol.3981 No.3

Unprecedented Noncanonical Features in the WS9326A Nonribosomal Peptide Synthetase Assembly Line

Jung Min KIM,Myoun-Su KIM,Munhyung BAE,Ye-Eun JUNG,Jeong Sang YI,Sunghoon HWANG,Myoung Chong SONG,Yeon Hee BAN,Eun Seo BAE,Suckchang HONG,Sang Kook LEE,Sun-Shin CHA,Dong-Chan OH,Yeo Joon YOON 한국생물공학회 2021 한국생물공학회 학술대회 Vol.2021 No.10

A growing number of nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) assembly lines violating the “co-linearity rule,” where the number and order of NRPS modules indicate to the number and sequence of amino acids in the corresponding product, have been discovered. To understand biosynthetic mechanism of such NRP, NRPS of Streptomyces sp. SNM55 was investigated. Systematic inactivation of NRPS domains and translocation of the thioesterase (TE) domains unveiled several unprecedented nonlinear NRPS assembly processes during the biosynthesis of the cyclodepsipeptide WS9326A in S. sp. SNM55. The WS9326 NRPS assembly line involves two type II TE (TEII)-like enzymes responsible for the transfer of activated amino acids from two stand-alone adenylation (A)-thiolation (T) didomain modules with different specificities to the ‘A-less’ condensation (C)-T module, which operates iteratively, catalyzing two chain elongation steps. This biosynthetic pathway includes the first example of NRPS module skipping, where the interpolated C and T domains are required for chain transfer. Understanding such untapped nonlinear biosynthetic strategies will provide potentially valuable tools for engineered biosynthesis of these complex natural products.

Estimating Depth of Image by changing Focus Distance of a Single Camera

Sunghoon Jung,Sang-Ho Park,Kwang-Ryul Baek 대한전자공학회 2017 대한전자공학회 학술대회 Vol.2017 No.1

Molecular phylogeny of the plant bugs (Heteroptera: Miridae with evolution of the feeding habits

Sunghoon Jung,Seunghwan Lee 한국응용곤충학회 2010 한국응용곤충학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2010 No.10

We present the first comprehensive cladistic analysis of Miridae, the plant bugs, based on analysis of 3935 base pairs of mitochondrial (16S, COI) and nuclear (18S, 28SD3) DNA for 91 taxa in seven subfamilies. We analyzed the data using maximum likelihood (ML), maximum parsimony (MP), and Bayesian inference (BI) phylogenetic frameworks. A Bayesian relaxed molecular clock was used to examine divergence times, and ancestral feeding habits were reconstructed using parsimony and a Bayesian approach. Clades recovered in all analyses are as follows: Cimicomorpha, Miroidea, and Miridae; Bryocorinae: Bryocorini; Stenodemini; Mirinae; Deraeocorinae (Clevinemini + Deraeocorini); Cylapinae; Isometopinae; Bryocorinae: Dicyphini; Orthotylini; Phylinae (Phylini + Pilophorini), and Phylinae is sister-group to all the remaining mirid taxa. These results are largely congruent with former hypotheses based on morphological data with respect to the monophyly of various subfamilies and tribes however, our results indicate that the subfamily Bryocorinae is not a monophyletic group as the two tribes, Dicypini and Bryocorini, were separated in our phylogeny. Ancestral feeding state reconstructions based on Bayesian and parsimony inference were largely congruent and both reconstructed phytophagy at the root of the Miridae.

Gaugino physics of split supersymmetry spectra at the LHC and future proton colliders

Jung, Sunghoon,Wells, James D. American Physical Society 2014 PHYSICAL REVIEW D - Vol.89 No.7

Ancestral Character States and Correlated Evolution of the Cimicomorpha (Hemiptera: Heteroptera): Two case studies, Miridae and Cimicoidea

Sunghoon Jung 한국응용곤충학회 2011 한국응용곤충학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2011 No.10

Recently, biological systematic studies have contributed for understanding of evolutionary histories of living organisms. In this talk, I present how evolutionary histories are inferred from the phylogenetic relationships. Two case studies in the Cimicomorpha (Heteroptera) are presented: 1. Inferring ancestral character states of the plant bugs (Heteroptera: Miridae); 2. Revealing evolutionary history of the Cimicoidea based on correlated evolution between habitat selection and morphological characters (Heteroptera: Cimiciformes). Case I: The first comprehensive cladistic analysis of Miridae, the plant bugs, is presented based on analysis of 3935 base pairs of mitochondrial (16S, COI) and nuclear (18S, 28SD3) DNA for 91 taxa in seven subfamilies. Data were analyzed using maximum likelihood (ML), parsimony, and Bayesian inference (BI) phylogenetic frameworks. Divergence time estimates indicate that the radiation of the Miridae began in the Permian; most genus-level radiations within subfamilies began in the late Cretaceous, probably in response to the angiosperm radiation. Ancestral feeding state reconstructions based on Bayesian and parsimony inference were largely congruent and both reconstructed phytophagy as the ancestral state of the Miridae. Furthermore, the feeding habits of the common ancestors of Mirinae + Deraeocorinae, Bryocorinae + Cylapinae + Isometopinae + Orthotylinae, and the remaining taxa excluding Phylinae, were inferred as phytophagous. Therefore, at least three shifts from phytophagy or polyphagy to predation occurred within the Miridae. Case II: The diverse habitat types and discrete morphological characters of cimicoid species provide a unique opportunity to study correlated evolution. Phylogenetic relationships within Cimicoidea were determined using Bayesian analyses of molecular data, allowing the generation of testable hypotheses of correlated evolution. An investigation of the correlation between habitat selection and morphological characters revealed that a dead plant habitat was correlated with the filiform antennal type. Furthermore, molecular dating analysis was used to examine divergence times within the Cimicoidea. Transitions to live plants from dead plants for most cimicoid clades started right after the mid–Cretaceous, coinciding with the radiation of the angiosperms. Using contingency analyses, I determined that evolutionary changes in morphological characters were dependent on habitat selection. Based on these results, I propose evolutionary historical hypotheses for the Cimicoidea.

Techniques for Background Updating under PTZ Camera Based Surveillance

Sunghoon Jung,Minhwan Kim 한국멀티미디어학회 2009 멀티미디어학회논문지 Vol.12 No.12