The Effect of Innovation Alliances on Radical New Product Development Performance

Lee Jongkuk,Ahn Jiyoung 한국상품학회 2011 商品學硏究 Vol.29 No.3

With firms’ increasing use of alliances for new product innovations, alliance portfolio has become a primary unit of analysis in marketing, management, and other disciplines. In particular, the portfolios of innovation alliances intended for knowledge creation play a critical role in generating radical new products. A common practice in examining the alliance portfolio is to aggregate alliances initiated in the past regardless of when they were initiated. However, this practice is based on a questionable assumption that alliances in a firm’s alliance portfolio have the same value or relevance for particular outcomes. Building on the concept of dynamic capability,We examine the value of innovation alliances initiated at different times in a firm’s innovation alliance portfolio. The analysis of innovation alliances in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries shows that 1) the value of innovation alliances first appreciate and then depreciate over time for radical new product development performance, and 2) the common practice of aggregating individual alliances without appropriately considering their weight can result in underestimating the effect of the innovation alliance portfolio on radical new product development performance. This study suggests that future research on the alliance portfolio needs to take into account the relevance of alliances initiated at different times for particular outcomes.

Technology Licensing Agreements from an Organizational Learning Perspective

Lee, JongKuk,Song, Sangyoung Korean Marketing Association 2013 ASIA MARKETING JOURNAL Vol.15 No.3

New product innovation is a process of embodying new knowledge in a product and technology licensing is getting popular as a means to innovations and introduction of new product to the market in today's competitive global market environment. Incumbents often rely on technology licensing to access new product opportunities created by other firms. Prior research has examined various aspects of technology licensing agreements such as specific contract terms of licensing agreements, e.g., distribution of control rights, exclusivity of licensing agreements, cross-licensing, and the scope of licensing agreements. This study aims to provide answers to an important, but under-researched question: why do some incumbents initiate more licensing agreement for exploratory learning while others do it for exploitative learning along the innovation process? We attempt to extend our knowledge of licensing agreements from an organizational learning perspective. Technology licensing as a specific form of interfirm linkages can be initiated with different learning objectives along the process of new product innovation. The exploratory stages of the innovation process such as discovery or research stages involve extensive searches to create new knowledge or capabilities, whereas the exploitative stages of the innovation process such as application or test stages near the commercialization are more focused on developing specific applications or improving their efficiency or reliability. Thus, different stages of the innovation process generate different types of learning and the resulting technological resources. We examine when incumbents as licensees initiate more licensing agreements for exploratory learning objectives and when more for exploitative learning objectives, focusing on two factors that may influence a firm's formation of exploratory and exploitative licensing agreements: 1) its past radical and incremental innovation experience and 2) its internal investments in R&D and marketing. We develop and test our hypotheses regarding the relationship between a firm's radical and incremental new product experience, R&D investment intensity and marketing investment intensity, and the likelihood of engaging in exploratory and exploitive licensing agreements. Using data collected from various secondary sources (Recap database, Compustat database, and FDA website), we analyzed technology licensing agreements initiated in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries from 1988 to 2011. The results of this study show that incumbents initiate exploratory rather than exploitative licensing agreements when they have more radical innovation experience and when they invest in R&D activities more intensively; in contrast, they initiate exploitative rather than exploratory licensing agreements when they have more incremental innovation experience and when they invest in marketing activities more intensively. The findings of this study contribute to the licensing and interfirm cooperation studies. First, this study lays a foundation to understand the organizational learning aspect of technology licensing agreements. Second, this study sheds lights on how a firm's internal investments in R&D and marketing are linked to its tendency to initiate licensing agreements along the innovation process. Finally, the findings of this study provide important insight to managers regarding which technologies to gain via licensing agreements. This study suggests that firms need to consider their internal investments in R&D and marketing as well as their past innovation experiences when they initiate licensing agreements along the process of new product innovation.

Technology Licensing Agreements from an Organizational Learning Perspective

Lee, JongKuk,Song, Sangyoung Korean Marketing Association 2013 ASIA MARKETING JOURNAL Vol.15 No.3

New product innovation is a process of embodying new knowledge in a product and technology licensing is getting popular as a means to innovations and introduction of new product to the market in today's competitive global market environment. Incumbents often rely on technology licensing to access new product opportunities created by other firms. Prior research has examined various aspects of technology licensing agreements such as specific contract terms of licensing agreements, e.g., distribution of control rights, exclusivity of licensing agreements, cross-licensing, and the scope of licensing agreements. This study aims to provide answers to an important, but under-researched question: why do some incumbents initiate more licensing agreement for exploratory learning while others do it for exploitative learning along the innovation process? We attempt to extend our knowledge of licensing agreements from an organizational learning perspective. Technology licensing as a specific form of interfirm linkages can be initiated with different learning objectives along the process of new product innovation. The exploratory stages of the innovation process such as discovery or research stages involve extensive searches to create new knowledge or capabilities, whereas the exploitative stages of the innovation process such as application or test stages near the commercialization are more focused on developing specific applications or improving their efficiency or reliability. Thus, different stages of the innovation process generate different types of learning and the resulting technological resources. We examine when incumbents as licensees initiate more licensing agreements for exploratory learning objectives and when more for exploitative learning objectives, focusing on two factors that may influence a firm's formation of exploratory and exploitative licensing agreements: 1) its past radical and incremental innovation experience and 2) its internal investments in R&D and marketing. We develop and test our hypotheses regarding the relationship between a firm's radical and incremental new product experience, R&D investment intensity and marketing investment intensity, and the likelihood of engaging in exploratory and exploitive licensing agreements. Using data collected from various secondary sources (Recap database, Compustat database, and FDA website), we analyzed technology licensing agreements initiated in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries from 1988 to 2011. The results of this study show that incumbents initiate exploratory rather than exploitative licensing agreements when they have more radical innovation experience and when they invest in R&D activities more intensively; in contrast, they initiate exploitative rather than exploratory licensing agreements when they have more incremental innovation experience and when they invest in marketing activities more intensively. The findings of this study contribute to the licensing and interfirm cooperation studies. First, this study lays a foundation to understand the organizational learning aspect of technology licensing agreements. Second, this study sheds lights on how a firm's internal investments in R&D and marketing are linked to its tendency to initiate licensing agreements along the innovation process. Finally, the findings of this study provide important insight to managers regarding which technologies to gain via licensing agreements. This study suggests that firms need to consider their internal investments in R&D and marketing as well as their past innovation experiences when they initiate licensing agreements along the process of new product innovation.

The Contingent Effect of Marketing Alliances on Firm Profitability

Lee, Jongkuk Korean Marketing Association 2015 ASIA MARKETING JOURNAL Vol.16 No.4

Forming interfirm collaborative relationships has become a key aspect of a firm's marketing strategies to create value for customers and achieve greater firm performance. While empirical findings are mixed in previous studies, this study is an effort to identify boundary conditions for the benefits of marketing alliances. We investigate internal and environmental factors that may magnify or constrain the effect of marketing alliances on firm profitability. Given the complementary relationship between marketing and R&D activities, we focus on a firm's R&D intensity as an internal factor that may magnify the value of marketing alliances for firm performance. For environmental factors, we focus on industry turbulence and industry competitiveness. Industry turbulence refers to the degree to which industry market conditions change quickly and unpredictably, whereas industry competitiveness refers to the degree to which a firm faces competition in the industry. By testing these factors, we are intended to reveal boundary conditions that determine the value of marketing alliances for firm profitability. The analysis of firms in the diverse industries shows that while the main effect of marketing alliances on firm profitability is not significant, it becomes more positive when R&D investment is more intensive or when industry environment is more turbulent. The results of this study imply that just forming more marketing alliances may not be enough to increase firm profitability. Our findings imply that marketing alliances become more effective in a dynamically changing industry environment. That is, firms can cope with industry uncertainties more effectively by forming marketing alliances. At the same time, the moderating effect of R&D intensity implies that the internal investments in R&D magnify the effect of marketing alliances on firm profitability. The findings of this study contributes to the existing alliance literature in three aspects. First, this study enhances our understanding of the contingent value of marketing alliances by testing both internal and external factors that may influence the effectiveness of marketing alliances. Second, this study responds to the need for research that investigates actual performance resulting from interfirm relationships. Third, while previous studies primarily focused on a specific industry, this study extend previous findings of the boundary conditions for the benefits of marketing alliances in a broader context.

Design for Providing IP Multicast Service using Virtual LAN

Jongkuk Lee,Sangsik Nam,Kyoungho Lee,Daeyoung Kim 대한전자공학회 2006 ICEIC:International Conference on Electronics, Inf Vol.2006 No.6

Emergence of that in long-distance wh-movement in the Korean-English interlanguage

( Jongkuk Lee ),( Il Jae Lee ) 한국외국어대학교 언어연구소 2021 언어와 언어학 Vol.- No.92

This article presents the emergence of that (termed the way-that for terminological convenience) as a remnant copy of wh-word in the course of acquiring long-distance (LD) wh-movement. A cross-sectional task using an elicited oral-translation task was carried out with 30 Korean-speaking university students learning L2 English. The goal was to corroborate the existence of that in the Korean-English interlanguage such as Who do you think that who lived in the house? by bilingual Basque-Spanish learners (Gutiérrez & Mayo 2008) and Who do you think that he go buy eggs? by Canadian French speakers (Slavkov 2009). The way that is argued to be a remanent copy of the moved wh-word, devoid of the [+WH] feature while preserving phonetic features, and is, pronounced as that, during the syntactic operation of deletion. The experimental data gathered reveal that (1) there are a few but still necessary instances of the way-that which allude that UG can be accessible in the Korean-English interlanguage, and that.(2) Korean L2 leaners can select a linguistic option available in UG but unavailable in their L1 Korean and L2 English. Furthermore, the way-that was found to not be the usual complementizer that, which commonly is placed in the specifier head, since it situates to the left of the wh-word in the specifier position. For the same reason, it was argued that the way-that was not a case of doubly-comp filter violation.

기술, 판매유통 라이센싱에 포함된 기업간 제휴의 역할

이종국(Lee, Jongkuk),오유진(Oh, Yoojin) 한국상품학회 2020 商品學硏究 Vol.38 No.6

시장 및 기술환경의 변화에 따라 기업의 핵심역량이 기술, 유통, 마케팅 등에 대한 지적 자산으로 확장되고 있다. 이에 따라 , 이들 지적 자산을 획득하기 위한 라이센싱은 오늘날 기업의 신제품 개발 및 마케팅 전략에 있어 중요한 부분이 되고 있다. 본 논문은 이러한 라이센싱 계약에 있어 기업간 협력에 초점을 두는 전략적 제휴가 포함되는 경우, 라이센싱의 기대성과가 어떻게 변화하는지를 분석한다. 특히, 지적자산의 사용권을 받는 기업(licensee)의 관점에 초점을 둠으로써, 라이센싱을 통한 지적자산 획득의 효과를 분석하고자 한다. 다양한 산업군에 걸쳐 수집한 라이센싱 체결 데이터를 분석한 결과, 본 연구는 제휴를 포함하는 라이센싱이 포함하지 않은 경우에 비해 더 높은 기업성과를 창출할 수 있음을 보여준다. 나아가, 기술 라이센싱의 경우, 기업의 내부 연구개발 투자강도가 높을수록 제휴를 포함하는 라이센싱이 성과에 미치는 영향이 유의하게 증가함을 발견하였다. 반대로, 판매유통 라이센싱의 경우, 기업의 내부 마케팅 투자강도와 관계없이 라이센싱 계약에 제휴를 포함하는 것 만으로 더 나은 기업성과의 낼 수 있음을 보여준다. 본 논문의 결과는 효과적인 기술 및 제품개발, 판매유통을 위한 라이센싱에 대한 중요한 이론적, 실무적 시사점을 제시한다. As a firm’s core capability moves to intellectual properties such as technologies, product sales and distributions, licensing agreements to gain these resources from other firms become an important part of a firm’s new product development and marketing decisions. In this paper, we examine the expected outcomes of licensing agreements embedding strategic alliances from the perspective of licensee. By analyzing licensing agreements made in the diverse industries, we show that licensing agreements containing strategic alliances lead to greater performance. Furthermore, in the case of technology licensing agreements, firms investing more in internal R&D benefit more from licensing agreements containing strategic alliances. In contrast, in the case of sales/distribution licensing agreements, firms benefit from licensing agreements containing strategic alliances regardless of their internal investments in marketing activities. The findings of this study provides important theoretical and managerial insights for the use of licensing agreements to secure technological and marketing resources from other firms.

차량동역학 분석에 의한 ELSD 제어 전략 개발

이종국(Jongkuk Lee),이형철(Hyeongcheol Lee) 한국자동차공학회 2008 한국자동차공학회 춘 추계 학술대회 논문집 Vol.- No.-

계층구조로 운영하는 전자문서에 관한 연구

이종국 ( Jongkuk Lee ),정연서 ( Yeonseo Jeong ),남기동 ( Kidong Nam ) 한국정보처리학회 2012 한국정보처리학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.19 No.2

본 논문은 전자문서를 다중 계층적으로 운영하는 구조와 방법을 제시한다. 기존의 전자문서는 단일 계층에서의 작업으로만 이루어졌다. 이런 방식으로는 원본에 변경을 필요하기 때문에 원본을 변경할 수 없는 파일인 경우 (예: Adobe PDF), 전자문서를 보면서 줄을 긋고, 설명을 적는 것과 같은 작업은 전자문서를 출력해서 종이에 작업을 해야 하거나, 원본 문서를 내가 변경 시킬 수 있는 형태의 문서로 제작한 다음, 설명을 적거나, 줄을 긋는 방법을 택하여 왔다. 이런 방법은 원본을 다시 복사해야 하는 불편함과, 저장해야 하는 데이터 용량의 증가 등의 문제를 야기시켜왔다. 이에 본 논문은 위의 문제점들을 해결하기 위해, 전자문서를 다중 계층적으로 운영하는 구조를 제시한다. 즉 다중 계층을 적용시킨 전자문서로 원본에는 전혀 손상을 입히지 않으면서, 설명 자료 등을 첨부시키고, 강조하는 등의 작업을 가능하게 하여 전자문서의 효용성을 높이고자 한다.

철도 환승센터의 시설배치기준 및 평가방안

이종국(Lee Jongkuk),김시곤(Kim Sigon),임광균(Lim Kwangkyun) 한국철도학회 2009 한국철도학회 학술발표대회논문집 Vol.2009 No.5월

우리나라 대중교통 시스템은 서로 다른 수단간 복합적인 상호 연계로 그 교차지점에서 승객의 이동이 많이 발생하는 환승 위치가 점점 많아지고 있다. 즉, 2개 이상의 교통수단이 한 곳에서 교차하는 환승센터의 옳바른 기능은 보행자의 편리성과 안락함과 직결되고, 그로 인한 더 많은 대중교통 이용유발이 촉진된다. 이처럼 중요한 기능을 담당하는 역할에도 불구하고 국내에는 아직 환승보행센터의 배치기준이나 그것을 평가할 수 있는 기준을 제시하지 못하고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 환승센터에서 보행자의 이용실태 (환승거리 및 시간, 접근거리 및 시간, 역사내 승객 이동경로) 를 조사 분석하였다. 그 분석결과를 토대로 환승센터에서의 연계시설 배치 평가기준을 승용차 이용자 보행 편리성과 대중교통 이용자 보행 편리성으로 나누어 평가하는 방안을 제시하였다. 환승시설에서의 배치 평가기준은 보행자의 주요 이동 경로를 설정하고, 그에 따른 도보시간을 평기기준으로 설정하였다. The mass transit networks in Korea, such as buses, metro and subway, are co-related and the number of transfer points, in which a lot of pedestrian movement is generated, are rising. The functions of the transfer centers, in which several travel modes cross at a point, have to include convenience and comfort for pedestrians using the transfer centers, and such functions can make transit a more attractive travel option and thus eventually contribute to increases in ridership. However, the guidelines for station layouts and their assessments in transfer stations are not suggested so far. So the pedestrian pattern data (pedestrian walking distances and times, pedestrian approaching distances and times, pedestrian walking paths in the inside of stations) was collected and analyzed. Based on the results of the analysis, the ways to measure the quality of comfort for those who using transfer facilities were suggested using the times that pedestrians consume to transfer from a travel mode to another. The walking time of pedestrians at the inside of stations was also measured.