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Lee, Jongbae,Lim, Joon-hong,Park, Chang-Woo,Kim, Seungho The Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers 2004 JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Vol.18 No.3
The control scheme using fuzzy modeling and Parallel Distributed Compensation (PDC) concept is proposed to provide asymptotic tracking of a reference signal for the flexible joint manipulators with uncertain parameters. From Lyapunov stability analysis and simulation results, the developed control law and adaptive law guarantee the boundedness of all signals in the closed-loop multi-input/multi-output system. In addition, the plant state tracks the state of the reference model asymptotically with time for any bounded reference input signal.
Jongbae Lee,Joon-hong Lim,Chang-Woo Park,Seungho Kim 대한기계학회 2004 JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Vol.18 No.3
The control scheme using fuzzy modeling and Parallel Distributed Compensation (PDC) concept is proposed to provide asymptotic tracking of a reference signal for the flexible joint manipulators with uncertain parameters. From Lyapunov stability analysis and simulation results, the developed control law and adaptive law guarantee the boundedness of all signals in the closed-loop multi-input/multi-output system. In addition, the plant state tracks the state of the reference model asymptotically with time for any bounded reference input signal.<br/>
Acupuncture for lowering blood pressure: systematic review and meta-analysis.
Lee, Hyangsook,Kim, Song-Yi,Park, Jongbae,Kim, Yun-Ju,Lee, Hyejung,Park, Hi-Joon Elsevier ; Elsevier Science Pub. Co 2009 American journal of hypertension Vol.22 No.1
<P>BACKGROUND: We conducted a systematic review to estimate the effect of acupuncture on blood pressure (BP) in hypertensive patients. METHODS: Electronic literature searches for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of acupuncture were performed in six electronic databases to June 2007 without language restrictions. RESULTS: Eleven RCTs testing acupuncture either as an adjunct or an alternative met our inclusion criteria and they showed a wide variety of methodological quality, mainly due to poor reporting. Three sham-controlled trials out of 11 studies were statistically pooled: systolic BP (SBP) change was not statistically significant (mean difference -5 mm Hg, 95% CI (-12, 1), P = 0.12) and acupuncture only marginally reduced diastolic BP (DBP) by 3 mm Hg (95% CI (-6, 0), P = 0.05), but substantial heterogeneity was observed (I(2) = 92% for SBP, I(2) = 79% for DBP). When given with antihypertensive medication, acupuncture significantly reduced SBP (-8 mm Hg, 95% CI (-10, -5), P < 0.00001) and DBP (-4 mm Hg, 95% CI (-6, -2), P < 0.0001) and no heterogeneity between studies was detected. Four studies that investigated acupuncture against antihypertensive medication indicated noninferiority of acupuncture in lowering BP, albeit the quality of them was poor, and their sample sizes were not satisfactory as an equivalence study. Other studies comparing acupuncture with various control procedures had inconsistent findings and most of them were of low methodological quality. CONCLUSIONS: Considering the limitation of the four positive noninferiority studies and the results of the meta-analysis of the three sham-controlled studies, the notion that acupuncture may lower high BP is inconclusive. More rigorous trials are warranted.</P>
Non-penetrating sham needle, is it an adequate sham control in acupuncture research?
Lee, Hyangsook,Bang, Heejung,Kim, Youngjin,Park, Jongbae,Lee, Sangjae,Lee, Hyejung,Park, Hi-Joon Elsevier 2011 Complementary therapies in medicine Vol.19 No.suppl1
<P><B>Summary</B></P><P><B>Objectives</B></P><P>This study aimed to determine whether a non-penetrating sham needle can serve as an adequate sham control.</P><P><B>Design</B></P><P>We conducted a randomised, subject-blind, sham-controlled trial in both acupuncture-naïve and experienced healthy volunteers.</P><P><B>Setting and interventions</B></P><P>Participants were randomly allocated to receive either real acupuncture (<I>n</I>=39) or non-penetrating sham acupuncture (<I>n</I>=40) on the hand (LI4), abdomen (CV12) and leg (ST36). The procedures were standardised and identical for both groups.</P><P><B>Main outcome measures</B></P><P>Participants rated acupuncture sensations on a 10-point scale. A blinding index was calculated based on the participants’ guesses on the type of acupuncture they had received (real, sham or do not know) for each acupuncture point. The association of knowledge about and experience in acupuncture with correct guessing was also examined.</P><P><B>Results</B></P><P>The subjects in both groups were similar with respect to age, gender, experience or knowledge about acupuncture. The sham needle tended to produce less penetration, pain and soreness only at LI4. Blinding appeared to be successfully achieved for ST36. Although 41% of participants in the real acupuncture group made correct guesses for LI4, 31% guessed incorrectly for CV12, beyond chance level. People with more experience and knowledge about acupuncture were more likely to correctly guess the type of needle they received at ST36 only, compared to that at the other points.</P><P><B>Conclusions</B></P><P>A non-penetrating sham needle may successfully blind participants and thus, may be a credible sham control. However, the small sample size, the different needle sensations, and the degree and direction of unblinding across acupuncture points warrant further studies in Korea as well as other countries to confirm our finding. Our results also justify the incorporation of formal testing of the use of sham controls in clinical trials of acupuncture.</P>