자연정화공법에 의한 소형 하수처리장치 개발을 위한 최적 깊이 및 호기ㆍ협기 비율

서동철,박미령,곽내운,황하나,이홍재,조주식,허종수 한국환경농학회 2006 한국환경농학회지 Vol.25 No.1

무기고분자응집제를 이용한 조류의 응집제거

김규동,최영균,김희준,곽종운,정태학 대한상하수도학회 2002 상하수도학회지 Vol.16 No.5

An Experimental study was conducted for the removal of algae using various inorganic coagulants. Cultivation of algae, investigation of turbidity and chlorophyll-a removal efficiency according to the dosage of coagulants were conducted in series using a jar-tester in this study. Alum, PAC (Polyaluminum chloride), PAC-2 (Concentrated Polyaluminum chloride), PAC-Ca (PAC with Ca), PFC (Polyferricchloride) and PACS (Polyaluminum chlorinate silicate) with various SiO_2 content were used as coagulants. Algae grew up to about 1,500㎍ chlorophyll-a/l in 30 days. Cultivated algae was diluted to 150㎍ chlorophyll-a/l for the laboratory experiment. Decrease of pH was the lowest when PACS-5 was used as a coagulant, while it was the highest when PAC was used. Host of the coagulants showed high turbidity removal rate when the dosage was 1-3 mg Al/l. PFC showed stable turbidity removal efficiency and 80% of removal efficiency could be obtained when the dosage was 1.34 mg Fe/l. Among the coagulants, PACSs showed relatively higher removal efficiency of chlorophyll-a and it was the highest when PACS-5 was used. It means that inorganic coagulant including silicate is more advantageous in the removal of algae, and appropriate content of silicate on the basis of molar ratio of Al to Si is an important factor affecting the stability and settleability of the alum floc.

저탁도시 PAC와 Ca-PAX의 입자제거 및 슬러지 탈수성 비교

심유섭,유명진,조희경,이상수,곽종운 대한상하수도학회 2002 상하수도학회지 Vol.16 No.4

This study was accomplished to evaluate the characteristics of particle removal and sludge dewatering and to find out the optimal condition of coagulation depending on the dosage of different coagulants (PAC, Ca-PAX) in low turbidity water. The experiments were carried out at a pilot plant of conventional rapid sand filtration system using artificial raw water. There was no large difference in the removal efficiencies of turbidity and total particle counts for both coagulants. However, Ca-PAX was required less than PAC to obtain the same efficiency of removal, and the initial head loss in a filter increased more fastly in case of PAC. The results on the evaluation of sludge from settling tank indicated that specific resistance of sludge was decreased inversely to the dose of both coagulant and specific resistance of Ca-PAX sludge was lower than that of PAC, therefore dewatering of sludge in case of Ca-PAX was better.

Influences of pH and Coagulant Basicity in Precipitating Orthophosphate by Al / Fe Salts

( Jong Woon Kwak,Lars Gillberg ) 한국물환경학회 1997 한국물환경학회지 Vol.13 No.1

본 연구에서는 철염/알루미늄 염이 조제수내에 들어있는 ortho-P 침전효과에 미치는 영향에 대하여 분석하였다. 응집제의 성능평가는 Jar test을 통하여 수행하였으며, 응집조제수는 Na₂HPO₄, 2H₂0 NaH₂PO₄ H₂O, and H₃PO₄를 사용하여 실험실적으로 제조하였다. 알칼리도조절은 NaHCO₃ 를 사용하여 조절하였다. Ortho-P의 제거효율은 용액의 pH뿐 아너라 사용한 금속염의 종류, 염기도에 의해서도 큰 영향을 받았다. 또한 응집제의 OH/Al(OH/Fe)비는 ortho-P의 제거반응에 상당한 영향을 미쳤으며, 비가 높을수록 ortho-P의 제거율은 감소하는 경향으로 나타났다. Ortho-P의 침전효과는 주어진 조건에서 pH에 따라 상당히 달라졌다. 본 실험에 따르면 ortho-P의 제거는 수산화 알루미늄보다는 초기 수화반응에서 생성된 알루미늄이온에 의하여 촉진되었다. pH가 높은 범위에서는 전반적으로 수산화알루미늄에 의해 제거되는 경향을 보여주었다. Ferrous sulfate경우 좁은 pH범위에서 ortho-P가 잘 제거되는 반면, aluminum 혹은 ferric 염은 보다 넓은 pH범위에서 ortho-P를 제거하였으나 pH=5이상에서는 제거율이 감소하였다. 또한 pH가 높은 범위에서 ortho-P의 제거율을 증가시키기 위해서는 초기교반강도를 증가시키는 것이 유리하였으며, 응집제의 염기도가 높을 때에도 유사한 경향을 보여 주었다. 특히 pH가 7.5이상인 범위에서 ferrous sulphate는 초기교반강도에 민감한 반응을 보였다. Non ortho-P나 SS는 응집제의 OH/Al비가 증가할수록 유리하였으며, 반면 ortho-P는 OH/Al 값이 낮을수록 제거율이 증가하였다. 이러한 반응은 서로 경쟁적으로 일어났으며 pH가 높을 수록 수화반응이 촉진되어 ortho-P의 제거율은 상대적으로 감소하나, 입자성 P의 제거는 상대적으로 유리하였다. The removal of ortho-phosphates(ortho-P) was conducted by several aluminum and iron salts at different pH on a laboratory scale. All experimental tests was conducted by jar tests. Three phosphorous compounds as the sources of ortho-P were used for the standard waters: Na₂HPO₄: 2H₂O, NaH₂PO₄, H₂O, and H₃PO₄. The molar ratio of Al/P (aluminum/phosphorus) in all doses was 1. The influence of pH on the removal of ortho-P was described when aluminum salts of different basicities, ferric and ferrous salts were added to solutions of ortho-P and in turn, when solutions of ortho-P to fresh hydroxides. More ortho-P was precipitated by the fresh hydrolysis products of the metal salts than by the metal hydroxides. Ferrous sulfate precipitated ortho-P in a narrow pH range, but aluminum and ferric salts precipitated ortho-P in a broad pH range. It was concluded that flashing mixing is critical to both high pH and low basicity of the coagulant in removing ortho-P. The removal of ortho-P by the ferrous salt was found to be more sensitive to the way of mixing than the other salts. In practice, removals of both non-ortho-P and suspended solid was enhanced with increasing coagulant basicity, but rather that of ortho-P was decreased.

Coagulating Characteristics of Stormwater with Highly Basicity Al-Based Coagulants

Jong Woon Kwak(곽종운),Yong Tae Kim(김용태) 대한환경공학회 1996 대한환경공학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.1996 No.12

Roles of Molar OH/Al Ratios in Al - Based Salts on Neutralizing Particle Surface Charges for Coagulation

Jong Woon Kwak 대한환경공학회 1997 Environmental Engineering Research Vol.2 No.1

정수처리에서 무기고분자의 분자량과 Si 성분이 응집 / 침전에 미치는 영향

곽종운(Jong Woon Kwak) 한국수처리학회 1995 한국수처리학회지 Vol.3 No.2

A newly developed coagulant of Si-inserted poly aluminium chloride silicate(PACS) which is characterized to higher molecular weight and Si insertion was demonstrated through laboratory and full scale tests to be resulted in the superior turbidity removal, less dosage rate and higher organics removal in comparison with the existing coagulants. The dosage rate of PACS in volume was about half of poly aluminium chloride in removing about 90% turbidity at a given condition. With PACS containing Si, the sedimentation rate after coagulation was faster than one obtained from poly aluminium chloride due to its enhanced crosslinking effect coming from Si linked within the polynuclear Al backbone. Intensive turbulence when the coagulant is mixed with the raw water was of larger importance for obtaining a lower turbidity. In the process of deactivation of aluminium, a inhomogeneous distribution of chemicals in water to be treated gave the lack of optimal turbidity removal which leads to the heterogeneous settling rates. The poorly reduced turbidity seemed to be improved by selecting a optimal dosing point or by increasing the coagulant dose. In residual Al, the particulate aluminium was demonstrated to be minimized by decreasing the remaining flocs after treatment, suggesting that their surfaces could be favorable to adsorbe Al species.

새관점주의에 대한 비평적 이해와 제언: 과학혁명 구조와 4차원 영성을 중심으로

곽종운 ( Kwak Jong Woon ),신문철 ( Shin Mun Chul ) 한세대학교 영산신학연구소 2021 영산신학저널 Vol.- No.55

본 논문은 현대신학의 “뜨거운 감자”로 논쟁의 핵심에 놓여있는 바울의 새관점주의를 총체적 관점에서 비평하고 전통적 칭의론을 신학적이고 논리적으로 변호하려는 것에 일차적 목적을 두고 있다. 이차적으로는 신학적이고 실천적 방안으로서 영산 조용기의 4차원의 영성으로부터 “개념화된 칭의론”을 추출하여 실천적 차원에서 현대 칭의론 논쟁에 대한 대안을 제시하는 것이다. 전통적 “칭의호(號)”는 역사적으로 약 500년 전에 출항하여 신앙의 바다 위를 항해하고 있다. 하지만 새관점주의자들은 장기간 형성된 종교개혁적 칭의론을 밀어내고, 바울의 칭의론에 대한 새롭고 도전적인 칭의론을 주창하고 있다. 지금까지 형성된 “새관점주의의 한랭 전선”은 두 개의 전선으로 구분된다. 하나는 1세기 유대교에 대한 재발견이고, 다른 하나는 바울의 칭의론의 재해석이다. 본 논문은 새관점주의의 칭의론을 과학혁명구조의 논리성과 구체성을 가지고 비평하고, 궁극적으로 종교개혁적 칭의론을 적극적으로 변호하고자 하였다. 본 논문은 새관점주의의 대표적 신학자들, 샌더스(E. P. Sanders), 제임스 던(James D. G. Dunn), 그리고 톰 라이트(N. T. Wright)가 주창한 바울의 칭의론에 대한 새로운 해석을 총체적으로 탐색하는 한편, 새관점주의가 상정한 칭의론적 해석을 심층적으로 해석함으로써 총체적으로 비평적 이해가 가능하도록 하였다. 둘째로 토마스 쿤(Thomas S. Kuhn)이 제시한 과학혁명의 관점에서 새관점주의를 비평적으로 탐구하고, 나아가 새관점주의의 칭의론을 과학혁명구조의 관점에서 평가하였다. 과학 영역에서 새로운 이론이 수용·인정·적용되기 위해서는 “패러다임 변화(paradigm shift)”가 요구되는 바, 이는 신학 영역에서도 동일하게 적용되며, 하나의 새 이론이 변칙현상으로 인정되려면 “패러다임 변화”가 필요하다. 마지막으로 현대 칭의론 논쟁에 대한 대안으로 영산 조용기의 “4차원의 영성”으로부터 “칭의론적 모델”을 추출하고자 하였으며, 나아가 삶의 자리에서 적용 및 훈련 가능한 신앙의 양식으로 재해석하고자 하였다. The purpose of this paper is to critically analyze the New Perspective on Paul (NPP) in terms of its view on justification and to further suggest the newly conceptualized theory of justification extracted from Youngsan’s 4th Dimensional Spirituality as a theological and practical alternative to this debate. In essence, the rationale for NPP is insufficient in comparison to the widely accepted concept of justification that was introduced by Luther 500 years ago. However the reformative justification which has been formed through many years is being replaced by the justification of NPP which insists new and challenging theories. The NPP formed so far is divided into two. One is the rediscovery of first-century Judaism, and the other is the reinterpretation of Paul’s theory of justification. The thesis attempted to criticize the justification of NPP with the logic and concreteness of the structure of scientific revolution, and ultimately to defend the theory of reformative justification. As such, the uncritical recognition of NPP exhibits a potential danger to the church. In order to get a full understanding of NPP and its movement, a review of E. P. Sanders, James D. G. Dunn, and N. T. Wright’s interpretation of Paul’s justification concepts is necessary. Accordingly, this study includes their comparative evaluation and thought processes which may have a potential impact on the existing church. We will also critically explore NPP’s theology as well as its view on justification using Thomas S. Kuhn’s model of Scientific Revolution. In order for a newly discovered scientific theory to be recognized and accepted, a “paradigm shift” needs to occur. Likewise, in the theological realm, a “paradigm shift” is necessary for a newly discovered theological concept to be accepted and to replace the traditional concepts. Lastly, this study is committed to suggest the justification model from Youngsan’s 4th Dimensional Spirituality as an alternative to the current debate surrounding the concept of justification, and furthermore, in keeping with Pentecostal theology, to be used as a manual that can be applied to our spiritual and everyday life.

필자약력

곽태운(Tae Woon Kwak),안택원(Taeg Won An),여운승(Woon Seung Yeo),오명호(Myeung Ho Oh),이동진(Tong Chin Rhee),이병주(Byung Joo Lee),이종연(Jong Yeon Lee),최의철(Eui Chul Choi) 한양대학교 아태지역연구센터 1986 중소연구 Vol.10 No.1

필자약력

곽태운(Tae Woon Kwak),김학준(Hak Joon Kim),김홍지(Hong Ji Kim),신용철(Yong Chul Shin),안석교(Suck Kyo Ahn),여운승(Woon Seung Yeo),이종연(Jong Yeon Lee),이충양(Choong Yang Lee),한창수(Chang Soo Hahn) 한양대학교 아태지역연구센터 1982 중소연구 Vol.6 No.1