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손영백,Joji Ishizaka,정종철,김현철,이태희 한국해양과학기술원 2011 Ocean science journal Vol.46 No.4
To distinguish true red tide water (particularly Cochlodinium polykrikoides blooms) from non-red tide water (false satellite high chlorophyll water) in the South Sea of Korea, we developed a systematic classification method using spectral information from MODIS level products and applied it to five different harmful algal bloom events. Red tide and nonred tide waters were classified based on four different criteria. The first step revealed that the radiance peaks of potential red tide water occurred at 555 and 678 nm. The second step separated optically different waters that were influenced by relatively low and high contributions of colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) (including detritus) to chlorophyll. The third and fourth steps discriminated red tide water from non-red tide water based on the blue-to-green ratio in areas with lower and higher contributions of CDOM to chlorophyll, respectively. After applying the red tide classification (using the four criteria), the spectral response of the red tide water, which is influenced by pigment concentration, showed different slopes for the blue and green bands (lower slope at blue bands and higher slope at green bands). The opposite result was found for non-red tide water, due to decreasing phytoplankton absorption and increasing detritus/CDOM absorption at blue bands. The results were well matched with the discoloration of water (blue to dark red/brown) and delineated the areal coverage of C. polykrikoides blooms, revealing the nature of spatial and temporal variations in red tides. This simple spectral classification method led to increase user accuracy for C. polykrikoides and non-red tide blooms (>46% and >97%) and provided a more reliable and robust identification of red tides over a wide range of oceanic environments than was possible using chlorophyll a concentration, chlorophyll anomaly, fluorescence analysis, or proposed red tide detection algorithms.
Feasibility of Red Tide Detection Around Korean Waters Using Satellite Remote Sensing
Suh, Young-Sang,Jang, Lee-Hyun,Lee, Na-Kyung,Ishizaka, Joji 한국수산학회 2004 Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Vol.7 No.3
The monitoring activities at the National Fisheries Research and Development Institute (NFRDI) in Korea have been extended to include all the coastal waters of Korea after the outbreak of Cochlodinium polykrikoides blooms in 1995. We used several alternative methods including climatological analysis, spectral and optical methods which may offer potential detection of the major species of red tide in Korean waters. In the climatological analysis, NOAA, SeaWiFS, 0CM satellite data was chosen using the known C. polykrikoides red tide bloom data and the area was mapped by helicopter reconnaissance and ground observation. The relationship between the distribution of sea surface temperature to C. polykrikoides bloom areas was studied. The anomalies of SeaWiFS chlorophyll a imageries against the imageries of non-occurring red tide for August, 2001 showed where the C. polykrikoides occurred. The anomalies of chlorophyll a concentrations from the satellite data during red tide outbreaks showed a similar distribution of C. polykrikoides in the red tide in August, 2001. The distribution between differences in sea surface temperatures during the day and at night also showed a possibility for red tide detection. We used a corrected vegetation index (CVI) to detect floating vegetation and submerged vegetation containing algal blooms. The results of from the optical absorption of C. polvkrikoides in the ultraviolet band (340 nm) showed that if we use the optical characteristics from each red tide, we will be able to establish the feasibility of red tide detection.
Kim, Wonkook,Moon, Jeong-Eon,Park, Young-Je,Ishizaka, Joji Elsevier 2016 Remote sensing of environment Vol.184 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Estimation of chlorophyll concentration in the marine biosphere has been the central topic of ocean color remote sensing since its advent. While various algorithms were proposed in the literature so far and tested for oceanic waters of diverse constituent composition, an independent algorithm evaluation is needed for local ocean waters that have dynamic variation in optically active water constituents such as colored dissolved organic matters (CDOM) and suspended particulate matter (SPM). This paper evaluates the performance of chlorophyll algorithms for Geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI) radiometric data, using <I>in situ</I> measurements collected at 491 stations around Korea Peninsula during 2010–2014 from which there were 130 match-ups with GOCI data. For the evaluation in areas with high variation in SPM, water samples were first classified into three levels of SPM, and then the coefficients of candidate algorithms were newly derived for the turbidity cases using the <I>in situ</I> and GOCI remote sensing reflectance (<I>R</I> <SUB> <I>rs</I> </SUB>) data. Functional forms of traditional band ratio algorithms (<I>e.g.</I> OC algorithms (O′Reilly et al., 1998) and Tassan's algorithm (Tassan, 1994)), fluorescence line height algorithm, and near-infrared-to-red band ratio approach were tested. The evaluation results for the coincident <I>in situ</I> pairs of <I>R</I> <SUB> <I>rs</I> </SUB> and chlorophyll measurements showed that the mean uncertainty was <35% with the correlation around 0.8 by using the OC3 with turbidity consideration (OCT) and Tassan's algorithm with turbidity dependent coefficients (Tassan-TD). For the GOCI match-ups, the mean uncertainty for all turbidity levels was around 35% with correlation around 0.65, when OCT and Tassan-TD were used.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Evaluation of chlorophyll algorithms for Geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI) </LI> <LI> <I>In situ</I> measurements from 491 stations in the North-East Asia ocean areas were used. </LI> <LI> Band ratio algorithms and fluorescence line height approach were tested for GOCI. </LI> <LI> Traditional algorithms exhibited large overestimation for turbid water samples. </LI> <LI> Uncertainty of 35% was achieved for GOCI by the algorithms with turbidity correction. </LI> </UL> </P>
동중국해에서 위성에서 추정된 10년 동안의 표층 입자성 유기 탄소의 시/공간적 변화
손영백,이태희,최동림,장성태,김철호,안유환,유주형,김문구,정섬규,Son, Young-Baek,Lee, Tae-Hee,Choi, Dong-Lim,Jang, Sung-Tae,Kim, Cheol-Ho,Ahn, Yu-Hwan,Ryu, Joo-Hyung,Kim, Moon-Koo,Jung, Seom-Kyu,Ishizaka, Joji 대한원격탐사학회 2010 大韓遠隔探査學會誌 Vol.26 No.4
SeaWiFS자료를 Maximum Normalized Difference Carbon Index(MNDCI) 알고리즘을 이용하여 추정된 particulate organic carbon(POC)는 장강에서 유입된 담수의 영향을 받는 동중국해에서 시/공간적 해양환경 변화를 조사하는데 사용했다. 10년 평균한 POC 농도는 (1997년-2007년) 뚜렷한 계절적 변화를 보인다. POC 경년 변화는 전체 지역 평균값과 표준편차를 이용하여 세 개의 지역으로 나누어 평균한 결과에서 1998년 이후 꾸준한 감소를 보이는 장강과는 달리 감소되는 경향이 관측되지 않았다. 자세한 POC 시/공간적인 변화를 관측하기 위하여, 2000년부터 2007년까지 여름철 (6월-9월) 자료를 선정하여 empirical orthogonal function(EOF) 분석을 실시하였다. 첫 번째 성분은 장강으로부터 유입되는 담수의 영향으로 공간적인 변화가 이루어졌다. 두 번째 성분은 장강의 유출량과는 약한 상관관계를 보이고, 공간적으로 남-북 방향의 변화가 관측되었다. 2000년부터 2003년까지 상대적으로 높은 POC 분포는 연구지역 남쪽 부분에서 나타난다. 2004년부터 2007년까지 이런 변화는 연구지역 북쪽 부분에서 관측되었다. 장기적인 변화는 방류량의 감소에 의한 영향보다는 공간적인 변화에 기인한 것으로 사료되며, 이는 현장 관측자료에서 유사한 결과를 보였다. Surface particulate organic carbon (POC) concentration estimated from Maximum Normalized Difference Carbon Index (MNDCI) algorithm using SeaWiFS data is used to determine spatial and temporal variations of the Changjiang Diluted Water (CDW) in the East China Sea. 10-year monthly POC concentrations (1997-2007) show clearly seasonal variations. Inter-annual variation of POC in whole and three different areas separated by standard deviation is not linearly correlated with the Changjiang River discharge that has decreased after 1998. To determine more detailed spatial and temporal POC variations, we used empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis in summer (Jun.-Sep.) from 2000 to 2007. First mode is spatially and temporally correlated with the area influenced by the Changjiang River discharge. Second mode is temporally less sensitive with the Changjiang River discharge but spatially correlated with north-south patterns. Relatively higher POC variations during 2000 and 2003 were shown in the southern East China Sea. These patterns during 2004 and 2007 moved to the northern East China Sea. This phenomenon is better related to spatial variations of wind-direction than the amount of Changjiang River discharge, which is verified from in-situ measurement.