뉴질랜드 흰 토끼를 이용한 추간판의 퇴행성 변화 모델 형성

소광영,최용수,윤대현,류지훈,Brian Johnstone,Jung U Yoo 대한척추외과학회 2011 대한척추외과학회지 Vol.18 No.4

Study Design: An experimental animal study. Objectives: To create a more appropriate disc degeneration model which shows how Interleukin 1α may induce the activation of metalloproteinases within the nucleus pulposus. Summary of Literature Review: There are few disc degeneration models wherein there is activation of metalloproteinases within the nucleus pulposus without structural destruction of the intervertebral disc. Materials and Methods: Three consecutive intervertebral discs in New Zealand White Rabbits were exposed. Each disc was injected with 0.1ml of saline (Saline group), 0.1ml of 1μg/ml (IL-1 group), 0.1ml of 10μg/ml (IL-10 group) of IL-1α through a 30-gauge needle. The lumbar spine was harvested 12 weeks after operation. We then analyzed radiographic findings and histological changes. Results: There was no difference in the radiological disc height index among the three groups; 0.071 in saline group, 0.045 in IL-1 group and 0.058 in IL-10 group (p=0.194). The histological cellularity of the nucleus pulposus revealed a decrease in the number of cells (p=0.0001,1.42 in saline group vs. 3.00 in IL-10 group; p=0.001, 2.00 in IL-1 group and 3.00 in IL-10). The histological matrix of the nucleus pulposus was 1.42 in saline group and 2.42 in IL-10(p=0.007), which meant that there had been condensation of the extracellular nucleus pulposus matrix. Conclusions: The results of this study demonstrate that interleukin-1α may contribute to degradation of the nucleus pulposus. This is useful for future study into the effects of the cytokine inhibitor on matrix regeneration and cellularity in the nucleus pulposus in intervertebral disc disease. 뉴질랜드 흰 토끼를 이용한 추간판의 퇴행성 변화 모델 형성소광영 • 최용수 • 윤대현 • 류지훈 • Brian Johnstone*, Jung U Yoo*광주기독병원 정형외과, Oregon Health and Science University*연구계획: 실험 동물 연구목적: 섬유 연골의 퇴행성 변화가 추간판 세포에서 생성된 matrix metalloproteinases의 활성에 따른 보고를 근거하여 토끼의 추간판에 수핵내metalloproteinase를 활성화하기 위한 Interleukin 1α를 기계적 손상 없이 주사하여 추간판의 퇴행성 변화를 생성하고자 하였다. 선행문헌의 요약: 추간판의 퇴행성 변화에 대한 병태 생리를 밝히기 위해 다양한 분야에서 접근하고 있다. 그러나 추간판의 구조적 이상 없이 추간판의자연 경과에 따른 병태 생리를 설명하는 동물 실험 모델은 아직 드물다. 대상 및 방법: 뉴질랜드 흰 토끼를 전방 복부 도달법으로 세 개의 연속된 추간판을 노출 시킨 후 상위 추간판에 생리 식염수 0.1ml(식염수군), 중간 추간판에 Interleukin 1α의 1μg/ml 농도 0.1ml(IL-1군), 하위 추간판에 Interleukin 1α의 10μg/ml 농도 0.1ml(IL-10군)를 추간판의 기계적 손상을 방지하기 위해 30게이지 주사침을 이용하여 중앙에서 주사하였다. 주사 후 12주에 방사선학적 및 조직학적 변화를 조사하였다. 결과: 12주째 방사선학적 추간판 높이지수는 식염수군 0.071, IL-1군 0.045, IL-10군 0.058로 추간판 높이 변화에 차이가 없었다(p=0.194). 조직학적 수핵내 세포는 식염수군 평균 1.42, IL-1군 2.00, IL-10군 3.00의 결과로 식염수군과 IL-10군(p=0.001), IL-1군과 IL-10군(p=0.0001)의 두 군간에 유의한 차이를 보였다. 조직학적 수핵내 조성은 식염수군 평균 1.42, IL-1군 2.00, IL-10군 2.42의 결과로 식염수군과 IL-10군(p=0.007) 군의 비교에서만 차이를 보였다. 조직학적 수핵의 변화 결과는 IL-10군이 수핵내 세포 및 조성의 퇴행성 변화를 유발함을 알 수 있었다. 결론: 토끼의 추간판에서 Interleukin 1α가 수핵의 세포와 기질변화에 관여함을 시사하였다. 토끼 모델을 이용한 퇴행성 추간판 모델 형성은 사이토카인차단제 등의 수핵에서 기질 재생이나 세포 활성을 확인하는 추간판 질환의 실험을 위해 유용하게 적용될 수 있으리라 사료된다.

중세시대의 유럽 예술의 유형론에 나타난 모세

William Johnstone,박철우(번역자) 한국신학정보연구원 2008 성서학 학술세미나 Vol.2008 No.11

The influence of negative work on optimal flapping flight

Johnston, Christopher O.,Mason, William H.,Han, Cheol-Heui 대한기계학회 2010 JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Vol.24 No.12

This paper examines the influence of negative work on energy required for the flapping wing flight of birds, or other flapping wing animals or vehicles. Because negative energy is typically required by muscles or actuators to produce negative work, it must be accounted for when determining the most efficient flapping configuration. The present work provides a simple theoretical analysis for determining the influence of negative work by introducing a simple actuator/muscle model, which specifies the amount of input energy required to produce negative or positive work. The influence of aerodynamic, structural, and inertial forces are treated in the study. The aerodynamic forces are modeled using unsteady thin airfoil theory, which is appropriate for the relatively high aspect ratio wings of most birds. The influence of springs on a flapping system are discussed, and theoretical approach to determine the spring stiffness required to minimize negative work is presented. The developed analysis is applied to a Pigeon and a Pied Flycatcher. It is found that the flight speed requiring minimum muscle energy is dependent upon the energy cost of negative work.

미국에서의 원자력발전

Johnston J. Bennett 한국원자력산업회의 1985 원자력산업 Vol.5 No.5

PROBLEMS OF INTERNATIONAL STATUS AND INTERNATIONAL RECOGNITION OF NEW NATIONS RESULTING FROM PARTITION

Johnston, Ray E E 경남대학교 극동문제연구소 1982 ASIAN PERSPECTIVE Vol.6 No.1

Effects of Expander Conditioning of Complex Nursery Diets on Growth Performance of Weanling Pigs

Johnston, S.L.,Hines, R.H.,Hancock, J.D.,Behnke, K.C.,Traylor, S.L.,Chae, B.J.,Han, In K. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 1999 Animal Bioscience Vol.12 No.3

Three experiments were conducted to determine the effects of conditioning a complex (20% whey, 10% lactose, 4% plasma protein, 4% wheat gluten and 2% blood meal) diet on growth performance of weanling pigs. In Exp. 1,180 pigs (average initial BW of 6.4 kg) were fed the experimental diet (1.7% lysine) during a 7-d growth assay. Treatments were a meal control (M), standard (ST), and expander (EX) conditioned mash or pellets. Rate and efficiency of gain were decreased by 39% and 21% (p<0.005) respectively, for pigs fed EX diets compared to those fed the ST diet. In Exp. 2,196 pigs (average initial BW of 6.5 kg) were used to determine the effects of EX operating conditions on nutritional value of a pelleted complex diet. When steam conditioning temperature (prior to expanding) was $54^{\circ}C$, increasing cone pressure of the EX from 0 to 7 to 14 kg/cm2 resulted in linear decreases in rate of gain of weaned pigs (p<0.006), suggesting heat damage of the diet. Increasing conditioning temperature (i.e., adding steam) of the diets from 46 to 54 to $63^{\circ}C$ (cone pressure at $12kg/cm^2$) resulted in improved rate of gain (p<0.04) of the pigs. However, none of the pigs fed expanded diets compared favorably to the pigs fed the conditioned $(54^{\circ}C)$ pellets processed with no cone pressure. In Exp. 3,168 pigs (average initial BW of 6.6 kg) were used to determine the effects of expanding the various components of the diet. Treatments were M and ST pellets as controls, EX-corn, EX-corn soybean-meal, EX corn-soybean meal-oil, and EX-complete diet. Efficiency of gain was increased by 13% with EX portions of the diet compared to the mash control, but there was a marked decrease in performance when the complete diet was expanded (p<0.001). Expanded corn-soybean meal-oil supported the greatest ADG with a 19% increase compared to the average of the EX corn and EX corn-soybean meal treatments (p<0.005). In conclusion, our results suggest no benefit from expanding complete phase-I diets.

Unsteady thin airfoil theory revisited for a general deforming airfoil

Johnston, Christopher O.,Mason, William H.,Han, Cheol-Heui 대한기계학회 2010 JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Vol.24 No.12

The unsteady thin airfoil theory of von Karman and Sears is extended to analyze the aerodynamic characteristics of a deforming airfoil. The von Karman and Sears approach is employed along with Neumark's method for the unsteady load distribution. The wake-effect terms are calculated using either the Wagner or Theodorsen function, depending on the desired camberline deformation. The concept of separating the steady and damping terms in the camberline boundary condition is introduced. The influence of transient and sinusoidal airfoil deformations on the airfoil load distribution is examined. The general equations developed for the unsteady lift and load distribution are evaluated analytically for a morphing airfoil, which is defined here by two quadratic curves with arbitrary coefficients. This general camberline is capable of modeling a wide range of practical camberline shapes, including leading and trailing edge flaps. Results of the present model are shown for a variable camber, or morphing, airfoil configuration. The influence of transient and sinusoidal motion on the force coefficients and load distribution is addressed.

Phase III, Randomized Study of Dual Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER2) Blockade With Lapatinib Plus Trastuzumab in Combination With an Aromatase Inhibitor in Postmenopausal Women With HER2-Positive, Hormone Receptor-Positive Metastatic Breas

Johnston, Stephen R. D.,Hegg, Roberto,Im, Seock-Ah Grune & Stratton 2018 Journal of clinical oncology Vol.36 No.8

<P>PurposeHuman epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) targeting plus endocrine therapy (ET) improved clinical benefit in HER2-positive, hormone receptor (HR)-positive metastatic breast cancer (MBC) versus ET alone. Dual HER2 blockade enhances clinical benefit versus single HER2 blockade. The ALTERNATIVE study evaluated the efficacy and safety of dual HER2 blockade plus aromatase inhibitor (AI) in postmenopausal women with HER2-positive/HR-positive MBC who received prior ET and prior neo(adjuvant)/first-line trastuzumab (TRAS) plus chemotherapy.MethodsPatients were randomly assigned (1:1:1) to receive lapatinib (LAP) + TRAS + AI, TRAS + AI, or LAP + AI. Patients for whom chemotherapy was intended were excluded. The primary end point was progression-free survival (PFS; investigator assessed) with LAP + TRAS + AI versus TRAS + AI. Secondary end points were PFS (comparison of other arms), overall survival, overall response rate, clinical benefit rate, and safety.ResultsThree hundred fifty-five patients were included in this analysis: LAP + TRAS + AI (n = 120), TRAS + AI (n = 117), and LAP + AI (n = 118). Baseline characteristics were balanced. The study met its primary end point; superior PFS was observed with LAP + TRAS + AI versus TRAS + AI (median PFS, 11 v 5.7 months; hazard ratio, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.45 to 0.88; P = .0064). Consistent PFS benefit was observed in predefined subgroups. Overall response rate, clinical benefit rate, and overall survival also favored LAP + TRAS + AI. The median PFS with LAP + AI versus TRAS + AI was 8.3 versus 5.7 months (hazard ratio, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.51 to 0.98; P = .0361). Common adverse events (AEs; 15%) with LAP + TRAS + AI, TRAS + AI, and LAP + AI were diarrhea (69%, 9%, and 51%, respectively), rash (36%, 2%, and 28%, respectively), nausea (22%, 9%, and 22%, respectively), and paronychia (30%, 0%, and 15%, respectively), mostly grade 1 or 2. Serious AEs were reported similarly across the three groups, and AEs leading to discontinuation were lower with LAP + TRAS + AI.ConclusionDual HER2 blockade with LAP + TRAS + AI showed superior PFS benefit versus TRAS + AI in patients with HER2-positive/HR-positive MBC. This combination offers an effective and safe chemotherapy-sparing alternative treatment regimen for this patient population. (C) 2017 by American Society of Clinical Oncology</P>

The JCMT Transient Survey: Stochastic and Secular Variability of Protostars and Disks In the Submillimeter Region Observed over 18 Months

Johnstone, Doug,Herczeg, Gregory J.,Mairs, Steve,Hatchell, Jennifer,Bower, Geoffrey C.,Kirk, Helen,Lane, James,Bell, Graham S.,Graves, Sarah,Aikawa, Yuri,Chen, Huei-Ru Vivien,Chen, Wen-Ping,Kang, Miju American Astronomical Society 2018 The Astrophysical journal Vol.854 No.1

Angiotensin-converting Enzyme Inhibitors in the Treatment of Hypertension

Johnston, C.I.,Arnolda, L. Medical Publications Korea 1979 Medical Progress Vol.6 No.7