Jude the Obscure의 自然主義的 觀點 : 주로 形式, 素材, 方法面을 中心으로 Chiefly paying attention to Form, Subject Matter, Mathod

安鎭洙 단국대학교 1984 論文集 Vol.18 No.-

In this paper, I've observed the process that Thomas Hardy traces Jude's dream, frustration and conflict in terms of a naturalistic form, subject matter and method in Jude the Obscure. In every respect, Jude the Obscure meets the theoretical requirements of naturalism. As for the form, Jude's marriage-failure is thought to be due to his origin (blood, heredity) and the effects of milieu and cricumstances (unreasonable ready-made ethics, social convention), through which the desire to trace the evolution of a human being is the characteristically drawn-out form of the naturalist novel. In the subject matter, Jude the Obscure is based on the realistic description of the problems of poverty, exploiting, dirtiness which naturalists treat willingly. Hardy expresses his will to reform social institution in Jude. Accordingly he is called a meliorist. In other words, owing to the unreasonable man-made institutions, even the normal sexual drive is distorted and the cursed married life is compared to a trap in which man and wife are caught. (Chapter Ⅱ Part Fourth) Jude and Sue are trapped in a maze of unhappiness, from which there is no escape except death. Therefore, Hardy argues that we should straighten the distorted human nature by renovating the old-fashioned institutions and coventions. Realistically describing the various irrational social systems and delivering attacks against them seem to be Hardy's intention to stress on the recognition that if there is a better way, it is to see the worst. Jude the Obscure deals forcibly, often critically and sometimes bitterly, with a variety of themes: education, marriage, sex, religion, ethics, blood, modern man's hypochondria. Speaking of the method, he describes the social environment scientifically and too far minutely. The structure is stone-mason's geometry which consists of parallelism and symmetry. Marcel attributes this trait to Hardy's training and professional experience as an architect. Finally, the resume of the story is as follows: Part One is primarily an account of Jude's youth up to the moment he departs for Christminster in search of learning. Part Two (at Christminster) brings Hardy's spiritual Whittington to his London where he is taught that his desire for learning had been only "a social unrest which had no foundation in the nobler instincts; which was purely an artificial product of civilization." In Part Three Jude, having realized that learning is vain and that only his "altruistic feeling" had any "foundation in the nobler instincts," goes to Melchester. In Part Four Jude's education is almost lost sight of in the welter of narrative detail. There follows in Part Five a period when "the twain were happy―between their times of sadness―"Hardy shows them as devoted lovers at the Great Wessex Agricultural show. In Part Six, it is here at Christminster that Hardy makes the most extreme use of his one completely symbolic character, Father Time. All through Part Five he has been used to strike the ominous note which remind us that Sue and Jude's moderate happiness is a snare and a delusion. Jude the Obscure is Hardy's bleakest, most pessimistic, most depressing novel without any happy and pastoral atmosphere from the beginning to the end. On the assumption that we should renovate the various irrational social systems, Hardy is convinced that the melancholy and depressed atmosphere can be converted into a bright one.

D.H. Lawrence의 소설에 미친 Thomas Hardy의 영향 : 주로 주제와 기교면을 중심으로 Chiefly Paying Attention to Theme and Technique

安鎭洙 단국대학교 1995 論文集 Vol.29 No.-

This paper sought to illuminate the affinities between Thomas Hardy (1840-1928) and D. H. Lawrence (1885-1930) as novelists through examining their shared themes, sympathies and ideals for the novel as a literary form. Accordingly, in this paper, I would like to develop the fact that, from Hardy to Lawrence, English novel changed radically in Theme and Technique, and that Hardy's characters were the first to be shaped by means of their relationship to landscape and animal life. I intended to clarify the fact that Hardy was the first novelist to develop metaphors of human life with lower orders in the chain of being, and that this element could be ween contiually in English and American novels. But this subject was too wide for me to handle in this short paper. I decided that my focus should be limited to the study of "Hardy's Influence on Lawrence's Novels", especially on his theme and technique. Referring to Lawrence's Study of Thomas Hardy and comparing two novelists' novels, I observed that Lawrence's debt as a novelist to Hardy was large, especially in the novels of Lawrence's early period (1908-13) : The White Peacock (1911), Sons and Lovers (1913) Lawrence was seeking his own voice and style ; and if he eventually moved away from Hardy to create a new kind of novel, his point of origin was the ground which Hardy had prepared. that ground was the landscape of Wessex, and the unhappy humans moving across it. Lawrence took a serious view of this landscape throughout his study of Hardy. In this paper, I summarized Hardy's Influence on Lawrence's novels as follows : Lawrence's landscape description in Peacock is direct imitation of Hardy's Return or Woodlanders. The chief symbols in Peacock are again borrowings from Hardy. Lawrence derives his character configuration in Peacock from Hardy's Jude (Lettie/Sue). Pecock reflects the spirit of Hardy on every level of theme and technique. Two novelists are concerned with the same theme, the relationship between man and woman. Hardy constructs his plot action around a triangular character-plan : Sue and Arabelle at the base, Jude at the apex. Lawrence follows a closely identical plan in Sons. In both novels, the note of sexual vitality and spontaneity is attached to one of the female characters (Arabella/Clara). Conclusively speaking, Hardy influenced Lawrence in the following three area : first, Hardy is frequently considered the major literary influence on Lawrence's first novel, Peacock. Second, Hardy is often credited with having influenced Lawrence in certain technical and stylistic ways. The third area is their shared thematic and sympathetic patterns along with shared ideals for the novel as a literary form.

『테스』의 포스트모던적 관점 : 「순결한 여성」의 재현과 재현 불가능에 대하여 Paying attention to Representation and Misrepresentation of the Subtitle. ' A Pure Woman'

안진수 단국대학교 1998 論文集 Vol.32 No.-

The aim of this study is to answer the following questions from a postmodernist's view : Is Hardy's 'Pure woman' faithfully presented by Thomas Hardy? Does the subtitle suggest just how ironically conscious Hardy was of representation as a potent source, precisely, of misrepresentation? Had the image already substantively replaced 'the thing itself' for Hardy? Was already discrediting the notion there is an ultimate reality, or true essence, outside of history and discourse - such as human nature of pure woman? To achieve the above - mentioned aim, in chapter Ⅰ, I sought the general character of Hardy's imagination in his power of visualization. I concluded that Hardy's novels are visual novels. It is in his ability to make us see that his greatest strength lies. In Ⅱ, I reflected briefly on the general state of the last two decades of Hardy criticism from realism to postmodernism. In Ⅲ, I tried to define the meaning of 'Vision' and 'Moment', but only to find their ambiguity. In Ⅳ, I knew that Hardy's subtitle. "A Pure Woman" could only be presented as visualizations, only as she appeared, but that the basic realities of her existence were unknowable, unrepresentable. Conclusively, in chapter Ⅴ, I certified the absence of 'A pure woman', Hardy's novel, then, well ahead of its time, seems to be dismantling the bourgeois - humanist notion of the unified and unitary human subject.

Sons and Lovers 연구 : 욕망과 갈등의 삼각구조를 중심으로 Chiefly focusing on the interlocking traingles

안진수 단국대학교 1997 論文集 Vol.31 No.-

My chief aim of this paper is to clarify the destructive effects of a mother's love on her sons(William, Paul). Especially I try to focus my attention on the deep structure from which many tragic and interlocking triangles among the characters in Sons and Lovers are made. Additionally, I would like to investigate the obvious influences of Shakespeare and Hardy. Sons and Lovers can be and has been read as the first great novel of English working-class life written from the standpoint of an insider: as a crucial episode in Lawrence's spiritual and psychological autobiography, providing him with opportunities emotionally damaging circumstances of his early upbringing within a household constantly disturbed by parental strife and economic anxiety: and a major work of art that enlarges the formal possibilities and greatly extends the affective range of English prose fiction in this century. I would like to conclude that major tragic problems in Sons and Lovers arise because of Mrs. Morel's demands of crippling her sons and her considerations, 'higher' than sensuality. She is a 'Puritan' and tries to refine and elevate her husband: when she fails she starts to despise him and tries again, first with William and then with Paul. In the aspects of theme and form. Lawrence owed a great deal to Thomas Hardy and William Shakespeare.

Aluminum 合金材 Frame을 利用한 壁體거푸집工法의 實用化를 위한 工事費 分析에 관한 硏究

안재철,안진봉,정민수,강병희 東亞大學校 建設技術硏究所 2000 硏究論文集 Vol.24 No.2

This study is to investigate economical efficiency of using ALWOOD Form compared with that of EURO Form. ALWOOD Form is improved in the capacity in the wall-concrete structure in stead of using the existing form which has problems such as, the loss of labor when it is constructed or disjointed, and it's economical efficiency compared with that of EURO Form. The price of ALWOOD Form is more expensive than that of EURO Form due to its main material, aluminum-compound metal, composing frames. In a consequence, the cost of materials per unit area is increased. However, labor cost of ALWOOD Form based on the result of mobilization of manpower in construction field is saved due to the reduction of labor in using ALWOOD Form compared with that of EURO Form. As a result, using ALWOOD Form is more economical than that of EURO Form because saving labor cost which plays a major part in cost saving in formwork is more effective in retrenching total cost than increment of material cost. 철근 콘크리트조 건축공사에서 거푸집공사는 전체 공사기간 중에서 25% 정도의 비중을 차지하며, 단일 공종으로서는 상당히 긴공기를 필요로 하는 공사이다. 따라서, 거푸집공사는 주공정 (critica1 path)이 되고 있으며, 구조체 공사비의 30-40%, 전체공사비의10% 정도를 차지하므로 공기단축과 원가절감을 도모하는데 핵심적인 위치를 차지하고 있다. 이러한 거푸집공사는 최근 건설현장의 기능인력 부족과 노무비 상승, 3D업종의 기피,공사규모의 대형화,고층화 등의 사회환경의 변화와 많은 기술환경의 변화에 따라 거푸집의 대형화, 경량화, 기계화, 단순화, Unit화 그리고 높은 전용횟수를 요구하게 되었다. 그러나 현재 RC조 고층 벽식 구조물의 거푸집 공법으로 범용되고 있는 시스템화 거푸집의 일종인 “EURO Form"은 중량이 커서 부재의 크기가 작고 해체, 조립의 반복에 따른 인력의 소모가 많으며, 이음부위 면처리 비용이 많이 드는 등의 단점이 있어 이에 대한 보완이 필요한 실정이다. 따라서 이러한 문제점을 개선하기 위해 비중이 낮고 성형성이 우수하여 합리척인 설계가 가능한 알루미늄 합금재 프레임을 이용한 거푸집공법(이하 ALWOOD Form 공법)이 개발되어 일부 건설현장에서 시범 적용중에 있으나 원가관리를 위한 기초 자료가 부족하여 그 적용이 곤란한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구는 ALWOOD Form과 EURO Fonn의 공사바 비교 · 분석을 통해 건설현장에서 거푸집공법 선정시 원가관리 측면에서의 기초자료를 제공하는데 그 목적이있다.

Thomas Hardy와 D. H. Lawrence의 비극관 비교 연구

안진수 단국대학교 1999 論文集 Vol.34 No.-

The aim of this study is to clarify the characteristics of the tragic vision of Thomas Hardy and D. H. lawrence through their literary world, especially some of their novels. Both Hardy and Lawrence admired tragedies. Hardy's admiration was also accompanied by what is called his pessimistic philosophy of life.He frankly believed and proclaimed that we live on a "blighted star" and that it is natural for things to go wrong, for hopes to be frustrated, for brave rebels to be defeated and for his protagonists to spend their life in an unfruitful quest of fulfilment. Hardly mostly presents drama on a smaller scale-as enacted in the lives of ordinary people, in small place and comprising the stuff of our sympathies than the tales of the great heroes of the past ages. Lawrence admired Hardy's art, but not his philosophy. Lawrence appreciated tragedies but believed that an artist's work should be a "kick at misery". But the beliefs of Lawrence the man have very little to do with Lawrence the artist. His philosophy of life as presented in his letters and dogmatic essays has very little in common with vision of life and the plight of man as presented in his works of art. His artistic experiences were similar to Hardy's. His perceptions of life was not very different from Hardy's. So, in spite of all the obvious differences, there is a fundamantal similarity in his vision of life as preaented by the two writers. To a casual reader Lawrende's works may seem to affirm optimism and to preaent a happy vision of life. but Lawrence's very dogmatic optimis shows that he protests too much. Lawrence the artist could not but see that we live in a blighted world and that there is no other world for us to escape to, but Lawrence the prophet refused to accept the authenticity of his vision and proclaimed ways of escape. But on careful analysis the ways prove to be impracticable-and Lawrence the artist was aware of this and was always in conflict with Lawrence the philosopher. Lawrence's novels owe a great debt to Hardy in their ideas, characterization, and certain subtleties of technique. Both Hardy and Lawrence dislike city life and find beauty and happiness for man in the quiet countryside. Both Hardy and Lawrence reject modern mechanized life. Hardy shows the unhappiness of men and women under the artificial system. One step more, Lawrence shows the happiness of people freedfrom the bondages of the system. Here he differs from Hardy. Unlike Hardy's, Lawrence's main concern was not the presentation of the tragic vision of life, but the search for solutions to the problems of life. But his novels give us the actual process of the search - and that in itself is full of tragic qualities. Considering the modern age, we find ourselves echoing lawrence: "Ours is essentially a tragic age".(LCL. 5)

세기변조방사선치료의 선량분포 검증에 관한 연구

권수일,신동호,송재영,안진호 京機大學校 2006 論文集 Vol.50 No.-

Film dosimetry as a part of patient specific intensity modulated radiation therapy quality assurance (IMRT QA) has been accomplished to develop the new optimization method of film isocenter offset and to suggest the new quantitative criteria for film doimetry after optimization. Five patients with head and neck cancers were measured in IMRT dosimetry by film method. Optimization method with the local minimum was developed to adjust the film isocenter offset error, which is the biggest part of systemic errors. The mean ratios were 5.33% and 7.09% for 5mm and 1 mm resolution dose data optimization respectively.

神闕의 穴位 특징과 鍼灸治療에 대한 문헌 고찰

안성훈,조명수,송재수,도진우,김종성,손인철 한국전통의학연구소 2002 한국전통의학지 Vol.12 No.1

This study was designed to investigate the location of Sin-Guel(CV_(8), 神闕) through literature research. We extracted the part about the location of Sin-Guel(CV_(8), 神闕) from ancient and modern oriental medical literature which were used commonly in clinic. The results were summarized as follows; 1. The location of Sin-Guel(CV_(8), 神闕) were generally recorded DangJeJung. 2. Sin-Guel(CV_(8), 神闕) placed in middle of linea alba. 3. Treatment effect of moxibustion on Sin-Guel(CV_(8), 神闕) were recorded as diarrhea, dropsy, prolapse of the anus, stomachache, paralysis etc.. 4. Acupuncture therapy on Sin-Guel(CV_(8), 神闕) is dangerous because of inflammation, it is suggested that acupuncture therapy may be possible if acupuncture therapy do not induce inflammation on Sin-Guel(CV_(8), 神闕).

DNA 수준에서의 형별법 확립이 시급한 HLA-Cw

안수진,전태연,김태규,한훈 대한조혈모세포이식학회 1999 대한조혈모세포이식학회지 Vol.4 No.1

조혈모세포 이식시 HLA 대립유전자 형벌이 갖는 중요성은 주지의 사실이고, 최근에는 타인간 조혈모세포이식이 활발히 진행되고 있어 더욱 정확한 HLA 대립유전자 형벌이 요구되고 있는 실정이다. 특히 HLA-Cw 항원은 자연살해세포와 상호 작용할 뿐만 아니라, HLA -A,B 항원과 마찬가지로 항원성 펩타이드를 세포용해성 T 림프구에 제시하여 면역 반응에 관여하고, 한가지 항원만이 검출되는 비율이 약50%나 되므로, HLA-Cw 대립유전자 형별은 필수적이라 하겠다. 그러나 HLA-Cw 항원은 HLA-A,B 항원과 비교하여 10%정도가 세포 표면에 표현되므로, 동종항체 형성률이 낮아 35종류 이상의 대립유전자가 존재하여도, 8종류 (Cw1-8) 의 표현형에 대한 항체만이 사용되고 있는 실정이다. 본 연구에 의하면 한국인에 존재하나 혈청학적인 방법으로 검출할 수 없었던 대립유전자가 약 20%에 달하고, 50%이상의 출현빈도를 보이는 Cw3 대립 유전자는 서로 다른 아형을 갖고 있다. 다시 말해, 현재의 HLA-Cw 대립유전자 형별법은 위음성률이 높고 부정확하므로 면역세포인 조혈모세포의 이식성공률을 놓이기 위해서는 DNA 수준에서의 형별법이 시급히 요청된다. In hemopoietic stem cell transplantation(HPSCT), the identification of HLA allele is very important. Recently, the unrelated hemopoietic stem cell transplantation (UHPSCT) is briskly progressed, and more accurate identification of HLA allele is required. By means of conventional serology, HLA-Cw cannot be phenotyped precisely. And in approximately 50% of the case, only one HLA-Cw molecule can be determined, so the accurate identification is very indispensible in HLA-Cw alleles. Especially, HLA-Cw molecules are interacted with class I receptors expressed on natural kill cells. Like HLA-A and -B, HLA-Cw molecules can present the fragmented antigens to cytotoxic T lymphocytes, which can be participated in immune response Therefore, the typing of HLA-Cw allele is indispensable in immune response. But HLA-Cw molecules are expressed to a low molecules (10%) compared to HLA-A, -B antigens. Although over 35 types of HLA-Cw allele are present, only 8 types (Cw1-Cw8) of HLA-Cw antibody have been used because evaluated rates of alloantibody are low. In this study, with the ARMs-PCR method, we identify 18 HLA-Cw alleles and over 20% of HLA-Cw alleles have not been identified by serology in normal Koreans (n=241). The most frequent HLA-Cw allele is HLA-Cw*03 which consists of different subtypes. And among them two subtypes, Cw*0303 and Cw*0304, comprise more than 50%. In conclusion, the conventional serology method may not detect an additional allele or may determine the allele incorrectly. It is suggested that DNA-based method is an urgently required step to increase the success rate of hemopoietic stem cell transplantation.

Ethephon 및 Aminoethoxyvinylglycine 처리가 ‘원황’ 배 모의 수출 환경에서의 품질 및 생리장해 발생에 미치는 영향

최진호,이욱용,안영직,황용수,천종필 충남대학교 농업과학연구소 2013 농업과학연구 Vol.40 No.2

We investigate the effect of preharvest spray of aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG), an inhibitor of ACC synthase activity, on fruit quality of ‘Wonhwang’ pear (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai). And the effects were compared with ethephon which releasing ethylene to elucidate treatment efficacy of ethylene biosynthesis inhibitor on Asian pears. Chemicals were sprayed on 30 days before harvest with AVG (75 and 150 mg/L) and ethephon (100 mg/L), respectively. Highest flesh firmness during 21 days of shelf-life at 25℃ after 30 days of cold storage was attained in the fruit treated with 150 mg/L AVG (26.5N) when compared with untreated control (16.7N), while the fruits treated with 100 mg/L ethephon completely lost their marketability within 14 days of shelf-life by mass drop of firmness down to 11.6N. Low incidence of physiological disorders including pithiness and core browning were attained at the fruits treated with 150 mg/L AVG when we compared with untreated control. No occurrence of mealiness found in the fruits treated with AVG but ethephon treated fruits showed 36.4% during 14 days of shelf-life. Consequently, AVG spray at the concentration of 150mg/L on Asian pear ‘Wonhwang’ fruit regarded as useful preharvest management approach for keeping quality during marketing period after simulated exportation.