치과 기공사들에게서 나타나는 호흡기 증상과 이의 관련 요인

김웅철,오세윤,김지환,김진완,이준석,이가영,이세훈,유진호,김태석 高麗大學校 倂設 保健大學 保健科學硏究所 2001 保健科學論集 Vol.27 No.1

This study was carried out to investigate subjective respiratory symptoms and their attributable factors in Korean dental laboratory technicians. A questionnaire was mailed to randomly selected 1,900 dental laboratory technicians. Among them, 1,344 dental technicians completed the questionnaires and returmned them. Validity and reliability tests on the questionnaires were carried out before the main survey. To investigate risk factors on respiratory subjective symptoms, we performed analysis on distribution of characteristics, and then investigated univariate analysis and multiple logistic regression analysis. The prevalence rate of wheezing, cough and phlegm, and dyspnea was 4.8%, 33.9%, 54.9%, respectively. Statistically significant factors inducing subjective respiratory symptoms by multiple logistic regression analysis were sex, smoking, exercise, health examination, work hours a day, investment gas, investment dust, metal fume, resin vapor, and asbestos dust. Considering the results above, it seems that most subjective respiratory symptoms are related with health habits and occupational environmental-related factors. The result, consideration in mind, suggest that health promotion programs for smoking cessation, regular health examination, and physical exercise in health habit, and improvement on casting and resin work in dental technological environment be necessary.

Evaluation of Renal Toxicity by Combination Exposure to Melamine and Cyanuric Acid in Male Sprague-Dawley Rats

Ji Yeon Son,Yoon Jong Kang,Kyeong Seok Kim,Tae Hyung Kim,Sung Kwang Lim,Hyun Jung Lim,Tae Cheon Jeong,Dal Woong Choi,Kyu Hyuck Chung,Byung Mu Lee,Hyung Sik Kim 한국독성학회 2014 Toxicological Research Vol.30 No.2

Melamine-induced nephrotoxicity is closely associated with crystal formation in the kidney caused by combined exposure to melamine (Mel) and cyanuric acid (CA). However, there are few dosage-finding studies for toxicological evaluation of chronic co-exposure to Mel and CA. The objective of this study was to investigate the possible mechanism by which a Mel and CA mixture lead to renal toxicity in rats. Mel and CA were co-administered to rats via oral gavage for 50 days. Nephrotoxicity was determined by measuring blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine (sCr) levels. Relative kidney weights were significantly increased in rats after co-exposure to Mel+CA (63/6.3 or 630/6.3 mg/kg) mixtures. BUN and sCr levels were significantly increased after Mel and CA co-exposure. Taken together, significant increase in KIM-1, NGAL, and calbindin levels were observed in the urine of rats exposed to Mel+CA (63/6.3 or 630/6.3 mg/kg) compared with the corresponding control group. Histological analysis revealed epithelial degeneration and necrotic cell death in the proximal tubules of the kidney after co-exposure to Mel+CA (63/6.3 or 630/6.3 mg/kg). Our data suggest that Mel-mediated renal toxicity may be influenced by CA concentrations in Mel-contaminated milk or foods.

Original Article : Evaluation of Renal Toxicity by Combination Exposure to Melamine and Cyanuric Acid in Male Sprague-Dawley Rats

( Ji Yeon Son ),( Yoon Jong Kang ),( Kyeong Seok Kim ),( Tae Hyung Kim ),( Sung Kwang Lim ),( Hyun Jung Lim ),( Tae Cheon Jeong ),( Dal Woong Choi ),( Kyu Hyuck Chung ),( Byung Mu Lee ),( Hyung Sik Ki 영남대학교 약품개발연구소 2014 영남대학교 약품개발연구소 연구업적집 Vol.24 No.0

Melamine-induced nephrotoxicity is closely associated with crystal formation in the kidney caused by combined exposure to melamine (Mel) and cyanuric acid (CA). However, there are few dosage-finding studies for toxicological evaluation of chronic co-exposure to Mel and CA. The objective of this study was to investigate the possible mechanism by which a Mel and CA mixture lead to renal toxicity in rats. Mel and CA were co-administered to rats via oral gavage for 50 days. Nephrotoxicity was determined by measuring blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine (sCr) levels. Relative kidney weights were significantly increased in rats after co-exposure to Mel+CA (63/6.3 or 630/6.3 mg/kg) mixtures. BUN and sCr levels were significantly increased after Mel and CA co-exposure. Taken together, significant increase in KIM-1, NGAL, and calbindin levels were observed in the urine of rats exposed to Mel+CA (63/6.3 or 630/6.3 mg/kg) compared with the corresponding control group. Histological analysis revealed epithelial degeneration and necrotic cell death in the proximal tubules of the kidney after co-exposure to Mel+CA (63/6.3 or 630/6.3 mg/kg). Our data suggest that Mel-mediated renal toxicity may be influenced by CA concentrations in Mel-contaminated milk or foods.

Gray 사상을 이용한 이진 낮은 상관구역 수열군의 생성법

장지웅(Ji-Woong Jang),김영식(Young-Sik Kim),임대운(Dae-Woon Lim) 한국통신학회 2009 韓國通信學會論文誌 Vol.34 No.2C

본 논문에서는 이진 낮은 상관 구역 수열군의 새로운 생성법을 제안한다. 새로운 수열군은 Kim과 Jang, No, Chung이 제안한 4진 낮은 상관 구역 수열군에 Gray 사상을 적용하여 생성한다. 새로 생성된 이진 수열군의 주기는 생성에 사용한 4진 수열군의 주기의 2배이며, 낮은 상관구역 내 상관 값의 최대 크기 및 수열군의 크기는 생성에 사용한 수열군의 그것의 2배가 된다. 그러나 낮은 상관 구역의 크기는 그대로 유지된다. 생성에 사용한 4진 낮은 상관 구역 수열군의 최적인 경우 새로 생성된 이진 수열군은 높은 확률로 최적의 수열군이 된다. In this paper, we propose a new construction method of binary low correlation zone (LCZ) sequence set. New construction method applies Gray mapping to conventional quaternary LCZ sequence set that has specific property. The period of new binary sequence set is twice as that of used sequence set in construction, and maximum magnitude of correlation value within the LCZ and cardinality of new set is also twice as those of used quaternary sequence set. But the LCZ size is the same with that of used sequence set. If the used quaternary sequence set is optimal, the constructed binary sequence set is optimal with high probability.

Evaluation of Renal Toxicity by Combination Exposure to Melamine and Cyanuric Acid in Male Sprague-Dawley Rats

Son, Ji Yeon,Kang, Yoon Jong,Kim, Kyeong Seok,Kim, Tae Hyung,Lim, Sung Kwang,Lim, Hyun Jung,Jeong, Tae Cheon,Choi, Dal Woong,Chung, Kyu Hyuck,Lee, Byung Mu,Kim, Hyung Sik Korean Society of ToxicologyKorea Environmental Mu 2014 Toxicological Research Vol.30 No.2

Melamine-induced nephrotoxicity is closely associated with crystal formation in the kidney caused by combined exposure to melamine (Mel) and cyanuric acid (CA). However, there are few dosage-finding studies for toxicological evaluation of chronic co-exposure to Mel and CA. The objective of this study was to investigate the possible mechanism by which a Mel and CA mixture lead to renal toxicity in rats. Mel and CA were co-administered to rats via oral gavage for 50 days. Nephrotoxicity was determined by measuring blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine (sCr) levels. Relative kidney weights were significantly increased in rats after co-exposure to Mel+CA (63/6.3 or 630/6.3 mg/kg) mixtures. BUN and sCr levels were significantly increased after Mel and CA co-exposure. Taken together, significant increase in KIM-1, NGAL, and calbindin levels were observed in the urine of rats exposed to Mel+CA (63/6.3 or 630/6.3 mg/kg) compared with the corresponding control group. Histological analysis revealed epithelial degeneration and necrotic cell death in the proximal tubules of the kidney after co-exposure to Mel+CA (63/6.3 or 630/6.3 mg/kg). Our data suggest that Mel-mediated renal toxicity may be influenced by CA concentrations in Mel-contaminated milk or foods.

악안면 골격 형태에 따른 교합평면각의 변화에 관한 두부 방사선학적 연구

오세윤,김웅철,김지환,이준석,김진완,유진호,김태석 高麗大學校 倂設 保健大學 保健科學硏究所 1999 保健科學論集 Vol.25 No.1

A correlation analysis was made to understand the interaction between the growth patterns of some craniofacial skeletal components and occlusal plane inclination. 5 angular measurements(S.a. Ar.a, Go.a, UGo.a, LGo.a), 6 linear measurements(ACBL, PCBL, RH. MBL. AFH. PFH) and OP/SN. obtained from 83 cephalometric tracing records, were selected and the relationship between the occlusal plane angle and those measurements were analyzed statistically. Ramus Height(r=-0.55), Posterior Facial Height(r=-0.41), were found to be negatively related with Occlusal Plane angle, while Lower Gonial angle(r= 0.35), Saddle angle(r= 0.24) were found to be positively related with Occlusal Plane angle(p(0.05). The results obtained from the above analysis were further assessed with stepwise regression analysis, using Occlusal Plane angle as a dependant variable, and RH, LGo.a and S.a as explanatory variables. Stepwise regression analysis revealed that all the explanatory variables were found to be significant.(p<0.05) [OP/SN] = -8.74-0.33(RH)+0.23(S.a)+0.20(LGo.a). (R²=0.44). This stepwise regression analysis explains, to some extent, the relationship between the growth patterns of some craniofacial skeletal components and the occlusal plane inclination. 1. The inclination of Occlusal Plane angle is noticeably related with the growth patterns of some craniofacial skeletal components, i.e. RH, PFH, Saddle angle and Lower Gonial angle 2. In high Occlusal Plane angle, the Ram us Height tends to be shorter, and the Saddle angle and Lower Gonial angle tend to be obtuse.

재래시장 환경개선사업과 아케이드 도입 실태조사 연구

김광호,김태연,노지웅,김병선 대한건축학회 2003 대한건축학회 학술발표대회 논문집 - 계획계/구조계 Vol.23 No.1

To activate traditional markets under deterioration, Korean government have carried out the environmental renewal policy of the traditional market including the induction of arcades. The purpose of this study was to provide the basic information on the design standard of arcade in the traditional markets by 1) analyzing the present condition and the environmental renewal policy of traditional market and grasping the tendency of renewal policy, 2) classifying the street markets into 5 types and finding the street market type that often applied the arcade and 3) selecting two traditional markets that had arcades and investigating the actual condition by the questionnaire to merchants. As a result of the study, the arcades will be introduced for improving the environment of 11 traditional markets that have the streets(width 6m·12m) and many 2-story buildings. And the merchants thought fire safety problem and thermal environment to be important.

정신분열증 환자에서 주관적 음성증상경험의 임상적 의의

김지웅,김찬형,구민성,손석한,박진철,최문종,이은철,윤도준,이홍식 대한신경정신의학회 1999 신경정신의학 Vol.38 No.1

연구목적 : 현재까지 정신분열증의 음성증상평가는 주로 객관적인 평가에만 의존해왔기 때문에, 환자들이 주관적으로 직접 경험하는 음성증상의 평가는 경시된 경향이 있었다. 그러나 실제 많은 정신분열증 환자들은 음성증상을 자가하고 있다. 특히, 개관적인 양성 및 음성증상이 관찰되지 않는 경우에도 환자 본인은 음성증상으로 괴로워한다는 이전의 연구보고들이 있었다. 따라서 저자들은 주관적인 음성증상경험과 개관적인 양성증상 및 음성 증상, 우울증상, 불안증상, 추세외로증상과의 상관성을 알아봄으로써 정신분열증의 정신병리에 있어 주관적 음성증상의 존재를 규명하고, 정신분열증 정신병리의 발생기전을 유추해보며 이차적 음성증상과의 관계를 규명하고자 하였으며. 이러한 연구가 정신분열증 정신병리를 이해하는데 도움을 줄 수 있을 뿐 아니라 환자를 공감적으로 이해하는데 도움을 줄 수 있을 것으로 생각되어 본 연구를 시행하였다. 방 법 : DSM-Ⅳ 진단기준의 정신분열증 진단기준에 해당하는 환자를 대상으로 하였다. 주관적인 음성증상의 평가를 위해서 Scale for the Subjective Experience of Negative Symptoms : Korean version(KSENS)을 이용하였고, 개관적인 정신분열증 정신병리의 평가는 Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale(PNASS)를 이용하였다. 우울증상, 불안증상, 추세외로증상의 평가를 위해서 각각 Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression(HAM-D), Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety(HAM-A), Extrapyramidal Symptoms Rating Scale(ESRS)을 이용하였다. 각 정신병리척도 점수간의 상관성은 Spearman 상관계수를 이용하여 분석하였다. 결 과 : K-SENS 24항목 중에서 환자가 이를 불편한 것으로 경험하고 있는 항목의 비율과 PANSS 양성척도점수 사이에는 유의한 상관점이 있었으며 (r=-0.40, p〈0.05), 양성증상 중에서도 특히 과대성(r=-0.46, p〈0.05), 의심/피해(r=-0.34, p〈0.05), 적개심(r=-0.52, p〈0.05) 등의 증상과 유의한 상관관계를 보였다. K-SENS 24 항목 중에서 환자가 이를 불편한 것으로 경험하고 있는 항목의 비율과 PANSS 전체점수(r=-0.25, p〉0.05), PANSS 음성척도점수(r=-0.20, p〉0.05), PANSS 일반정신병리척도(r=-0.08, p〉0.05),와는 각각 유의한 상관성이 없었다. K-SENS 24항목 중에서 환자가 이를 불편한 것으로 경험하고 있는 항목의 비율과 HAM-D 점수(r=-0.01, p〉0.05), HAM-A 점수(r=-0.11, p〉0.05), ESRS 총점(r=0.34, p〉0.05)은 각각 유의한 상관성이 없었다. 결 론 : 본 연구결과에서, 정신분열증 환자들이 불편한 것으로 경험하는 주관적 음성증상과 과대성, 의심/피해, 적개심 같은 양성증상은 역상관관계가 있었으며, 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 양성증상이 주관적으로 불편하게 느끼는 음성증상에 대한 가능성과, 혹은 양성증상이 심할 경우, 이에 압도되어 음성증상을 주관적으로 느끼지 못할 수 있다는 가능성이 시사되었으며, 향후 종적인 연구를 통해 이를 규명해 볼 필요성이 제시되었다. 주관적인 음성증상경험과 우울증상, 불안증상, 추세외로 증상과는 상관성이 없는 것으로 나타나서 이들 증상과는 독립적인 증상임을 시사한다. Objective : Since the evaluation of negative symptoms has depended on the clinician's objective observation, the patients subjective experience of negative symptoms has been neglected. However, in fact, a lot of patients are aware of their negative symptoms. There are several reported suggesting that patients suffer from the subjective experiences of their deficit symptoms, even though the objective positive and negative symptoms cannot be observed. Under these circumstances, we have attempted this study with the idea that it would be helpful in understanding the psychopathology of schizophrenia. Also it would help clarifying the relationship between subjective experience of negative symptoms and objectives positive and negative symptoms, depression anxiety symptoms, and extrapyramidal symptoms. Method : All the 37 patients satisfied the diagnostic criteria of DSM-Ⅵ for schizophrenia. The subjective experiences of negative symptoms were evaluated using Scale for the Subjective Experience of Negative Symptoms : Korean version(KSENS), and for the depression, anxiety, extrapyramidal symptoms, we used Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression(HAM-D), Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety(HAM-A), and Extrapyramidal Symptoms Rating Scale(ESRS). The correlation between each psychopathology was tested by calculating Spearman correlation coefficient. Results : There was a significant correlation between the ratio of items experienced as uncomfortable symptoms among 24 items of K-SENS, and the score of PANSS positive subscale(γ=-0.40, p〈0.05), Among the positive symptoms, grandiosity(γ=-0.46, p〈0.05), suspiciousnes/persecution(γ=-0.34, p〈0.05), and hostility(γ=-0.52, p〈0.05) showed a significant correlation with the ratio of items experienced as uncomfortable symptoms among 24 items of K-SENS. There was no significant correlation between the ratio of items experienced as uncomfortable symptoms among 24 items of K-SENS, and PANSS total score(γ=-0.25, p〉0.05), or negative subscale score(γ=-0.20, p〉0.05), or general psychology subscale score(γ=-0.08, p〉0.05), respectively. There was no significant correlation between ratio of items experienced as uncomfortable symptoms among 24 items of K-SENS, and HAM-D(γ=-0.01, p〉0.05), or HAM-A(γ=-0.11, p〉0.05), ESRS(γ=0.34, p〉0.05), respectively. Conclusion : These revealed that the negative correlation between the subjective negative symptoms experienced as an uncomfortable ones and the objective symptoms such as grandiosity, suspiciousness/persecution, and hostility. From these results, the possibility that positive symptoms are used as a defense to hide from the negative symptoms because they are overwhelmed by their positive symptoms, is suggested. These results also suggest that subjective experiences of negative symptoms are independent from depression, anxiety and extrapyramidal symptoms.

부정적 감정이 청각적 언어상상에 의해 유발된 대뇌 피질 활성에 미치는 영향

김지웅,이홍식,김찬형 대한신경정신의학회 2000 신경정신의학 Vol.39 No.2

연구목적: 타인이 자신에게 말하는 것을 상상하는 청각적 언어상상은 환청과으ㅏ 관련성 여부로 주목을 받아왔다. 신경생리학 및 기능적 뇌영상술의 발달과 더불어, 청각적 언어상상과 환청과의 관련성도 신경과학적 방법으로 연구되고 있으며, 환청이 자기감시체계의 이상이라고 주장하는 일부 학자들은 청각적 언어상상과 관련된 뇌활성화 소견을 이용하여 환청의 병리기전을 밝히고자 하였다. 그런데 대부분의 환청의 내용은 부정적 감정을 동반하는 내용이다. 이런 점에서 저자는 부정적 감정이 청각적 언어상상에 의한 대뇌 활성에 영향을 미칠것이라는 가설을 검증하고, 청각적 언어상상시 부정적 감정에 의해 영향을 받는 부위는 현재까지 자기감시체계와 관련이 된다고 알려진 부위이거나 환청과 관련이 있다고 알려진 부위일 것 이라는 가설을 검증하기 위해 정상인을 대상으로 본 연구를 시행하였다. 방법: 컴퓨터 모니터를 통해 제시되는 중립적 내용과 부정적 내용의 단어목록을 이용하여 청각적 언어상상 과제를 수행하면서 정량화뇌파검사를 시행하였고, 각 과제시의 대뇌 피질 활성의 차이를 검증하였다. 연구대상자는 총 18명(남자11명, 여자 7명)이었고, 모두 오른손잡이의 정상인이었다. 결과: 중립적 내용의 기준과제시와 청각적 언어상상과제시의 뇌파 진폭의 차이는 alpha, beta, theta, delta 모두에서 유의한 차이가 없었다. 부정적 내용의 기준과제시와 청각적 언어상상과제시를 비교하였을때, Alpha 주파수대에서의 뇌파 진폭은 좌측 및 우측 측두엽의 후반부, 좌측 및 우측 두정엽, 좌측 및 우측 후두엽에서 청각적 언어 상상시에 뇌파 진폭이 유의하게 증가하였다. Beta 주파수대에서는 좌측 측두엽의 후반부, 좌측 및 우측 두정엽과 후두엽에서 청각적 언어상상시에 뇌파 진폭이 유의하게 증가하였다. Theta 주파수대에서는 TT2, T5, T6에서 청각적 언어상상시에 뇌파 진폭이 유의하게 증가하였다. Delta 주파수대에서는 유의한 차이를 보인 부위가 없었다. 중립적 내용의 청각적 언어상상과제시와 부정적 내용의 청각적언어상상과제시를 비교하였을 때, Alpha 주파수대에서 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보인 부위는 없었다. 그러나 좌측 측두엽 부위에서 부정적 내용의 청각적 언어상상시 뇌파 지진폭이 증가하는 경향성을 보였고, F4를 포함한 전두엽 부위에서 뇌파 진폭이 감소하는 경향성을 보였다. Beta 주파수대에서는 TCP1에서 부정적 내용의 청각적 언어상상시에 뇌파 진폭이 유의하게 증가하였고, T5에서도 뇌파 진폭이 증가하는 경향성을 보였다. 즉 주로 좌측 측두엽 부위에서 뇌파 진폭의 차이를 보였다. Theta 주파수대에서는 FP2, F4, C4, CP2, P4에서 청각적 언어 상상시에 뇌파 진폭이 감소하였다. Delta 주파수대에서는 유의한 차이를 보인 부위가 없었다. 결론: 이상의 연구 결과에서, 부정적 내용의 청각적 언어상상시 중립적내용의 청각적 언어상상시에 비해 좌측 측두엽 부위가 활성화됨이 시사되었다. 이는 부정적 감정이 청각적 언어상상에 의해 유발된 대뇌피질 활성, 특히 좌측 측두엽의 대뇌 피질 활성에 영향을 미칠것이라는 가설에 부합하는 결과이다. 이전의 연구에서 좌측 측두엽이 자기감시체계에서 중요한 역할을 한다고 알려져있으며, 특히 정신분열병 환자에서는 좌측 측두엽의 이상소견이 보고되어 있다. 이러한 연구 결과들과 연관시켜볼 때, 좌측 측두엽의 더 많은 활성이 요구되는 부정적 내용의 청각적 언어상상을 하게 될 때, 정신분열병 환자에서는 적절한 활성화가 이루어지지 못할 것으로 생각된다. 이에 따른 자기감시체계의 활성의 저하가 환청과 밀접하게 관련될 수 있다는 가능성이 본 연구의 결과에서 제시된다고 하겠다. Objectives: The concern about auditory verbal imagery has increased due to its possible relationship with auditory hallucinations. The research on auditory hallucinations was activated in accordance with the advance of neurophysiologic and functional neuroimaging studies, and the relationship between auditory verbal imagery and auditory hallucination was also investigated with neuroscientific methods. In particular, the group of neuropsychiatrists who insisted that auditory hallucination results from the abnormality of self monitoring systems has attempted to document the relationship between auditory verbal imagery and auditory hallucination using brain activation studies. Most auditory hallucinations are derogatory in content and accompany negative emotions. If auditory verbal imagery plays an important role in the pathogenesis of auditory hallucination, the it must be influenced by negative emotions. This study was aimed to examine the hypotheses that negative emotions have influence on cortical activity provoked by auditory verbal imagery and that the area which is influenced by negative emotions is where it is regarded to be related to either auditory hallucinations or self monitoring systems. Methods: To examine these hypotheses, quantitative electroencephalography(Q-EEG) was applied during the auditory verbal imagery tasks using a two word list. The on word list accompanied negative emotion and the other accompanied neutral emotions, and they were suggested to the subject via computer monitor system. Results: The difference of EEG amplitude between during the baseline task and during auditory verbal imagery task using neutral word list : there were no significant difference in all electroed and all alpha, beta, theta, and delta frequedcy bands. The difference of EEG amplitude between during the baseline task and during auditory verbal imagery task using negative word list : In alpha frequency band, the EEG amplitude was increased in bilateral parietal, bilateral posterior temporal and bilateral occipital area. In beta frequency band, the EEG amplitude increased in bilateral parietal, bilateral occipital and left posterior temporal area. In theta frequency band, the EEG amplitude increased in TT2, T5, T6. In delta frequency band, there were no significant differences. The difference of EEG amplitude between during the two auditory verbal imagery tasks using negative word list and neutral word list : In alpha frequency band, there was an increasing trend in TT1 and a decreasing trend in frontal area including F4 during the negative auditory verbal imagery in EEG amplitude, although statistically not signigicant. In beta frequency band, EEG amplitude was increased in temporal area such as TCP1. In addition, there was an increasing trend in T5 in EEG amplitude, although statistically not significant. In theta frequency band, the EEG amplitude was decreased in the right hemisphere areas such as FP2, F4, C4, CP2, P4. In delta frequency band, there were no significant differences. Conclusions: In summarizing the above results, left temporal area was more activated during auditory verbal imagery using negative word list than using neutral word list. Left temporal area is known to play an important role in self monitoring systems and left temporal abnormality has been observed in schizophrenic patients in many studies. According to the above results, during auditory verbal imagery with negative emotion, more activation in left temporal area is necessary, but that may not achieved in schizophrenia patients. So, the possibility that the resultant disturbance of self monitoring system may be related to auditory hallucination is suggested in this study.

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강연웅,유원민,김지명,박병윤 大韓成形外科學會 2001 Archives of Plastic Surgery Vol.28 No.5