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The 1587 Edicts of Japan from the Records of Jesuit Missionaries and Accommodative Mission
장혜진(Jhang, Hye-Jin) 일본사학회 2020 일본역사연구 Vol.51 No.-
Japan encountered with European culture for the first time through Xavier, a Jesuit who arrived in Japan in 1549. Xavier s missionary strategy to accommodate local culture was a top-down approach targeted at elites and developed later to a missionary practice implemented on the condition of Nanban trade upon the request of Japanese rulers. As missionary work progressed according to such strategy, the number of converts increased due to the influence of daimyos or commanders who had converted to Christianity. However, Valignano who was dispatched to Japan in 1579 as an envoy of the Society of Jesus to East Asia grasped the actual situation of missionary work and established an improved missionary strategy, pointing out problems. While succeeding to Xavier s top-down missionary approach targeted at elites politically and socially, he instructed the Church in Japan to perform missionary work targeted at elites mainly in major bases of Christians and to apply a missionary approach targeted at elites with aid from Christian daimyos, rather than continuing indiscreet missionary activities in return for trade, unlike missionary activities at the early stage. He emphasized accommodative missionary practice at cultural aspect, aiming at ordinary believers, rather than concentrating on elite rulers. However, this (Valignano s missionary practice as cultural accommodation) did not mean a fusion with the Japanese or Japanese culture, but meant the recognition of differences between Europe and Japan in cultural nature and the strategy of conduct with regard to how to express favorable impressions to Japanese and how to treat them. In short, Valignano s cultural accommodation was a manner of response as a result of dispassionate perception of differences between two cultures. Meanwhile, we can find that Valignano s political accommodation conflicted with Hideyoshi s two 1587 edicts. Contrary to the Jesuits missionary strategy, Japanese s view on the Society of Jesus changed due to changes in the political landscape of the Warring States Period. As mentioned above, Frois said, he had no chance to break the relationship with the Church because the Church has behaved expeditely, serving him, and has avoid any activity seemingly offensive to his view, keeping ourselves on guard, which means that the Society of Jesus was successful in establishing friendly relationships with Japanese rulers to some extent in the cultural dimension. However, the Society of Jesus was merely a political, religious power similar to Ikko sect in Hideyoshi s plan for national unification and the rule of East Asia. To Hideyoshi, the Society of Jesus was Valignano s religion politically organized like Ikko sect. In other words, the Christian community in Japan was perceived as a militarily threatening religious organization, which possessed powerful armed ships in collusion with Portuguese merchants, and Hideyoshi began to question about the political strength of Christians, who were obedient to foreign clergymen, and felt threat from them. After all, the Society of Jesus failed to establish trustful relationships with rulers such as Hideyoshi and was stranded in the political landscape of Japan. Although accommodative missionary practice of the Society of Jesus in Japan succeeded in the cultural dimension to some extent, it was removed to the outside of the established society of Japan and began to face persecution. 初期イエズス会における海外宣教戦略の一つである適応主義的宣教は、日本においてヴァリニャーノにより本格的に展開していった。ヴァリニャーノの著した｢日本諸事要録｣で、その特徴が捉えられる。一つは、適応的宣教はヨーロッパと日本の文化の相違を冷静に認識したうえでの結果から始まる。これは文化的適応とも言えるが、ただしヨーロッパ人やその文化が日本人や日本文化に慣れつつ、受容し融合していくのではなく、また外国人の宣教師は日本文化に慣れにくいという現実を認め、異文化との差を詰めようと努力を尽くすのではない。二つの文化の相違から、むしろ外国人やその文化に対し日本人に好感を持たせるためにどのように対応すべきなのかという戦略につながる。つまり適応宣教とは、慣れない異文化に対する安全で友好的な対応姿勢をとる宣教戦略なのである。もう一つは、ザビエルの宣教方針に従って、日本で為政者を中心とする政治的側面からの宣教方針を重要視したが、南蛮貿易を前提にする異教徒の為政者に対する宣教を止揚し、キリシタンの拠点地やキリシタン大名を中心とする宣教への強化を主張している。 ところが、イエズス会はこうした宣教戦略を通じて秀吉という日本最高の権力者との信頼関係を築くことはできなかった。秀吉にとってイエズス会は、一向宗のような政治的に組織化された宗教勢力の一つであり、天下統一の課業として秀吉の権力下に包摂すべき対象に過ぎなかった。九州平定とその後の1587年に日本キリシタンに発した秀吉の二つの禁令は、秀吉の支配下に九州勢力とイエズス会の勢力を屈服させた事件であった。続き、1590年小田原を征伐し天下統一を成し遂げた。 1587年の二つの禁令から、秀吉は一向宗になぞらえてイエズス会を批判していることがわかる。キリシタン勢力は秀吉に友好的な姿勢をとっているが、一向宗のように秀吉の支配体制のなかに独自的な共和国を作っている様子や、キリシタン大名や武将をはじめとする日本人キリシタンの勢力が外国人の宣教師に従順している実態に対し、秀吉は一向宗のようにもう一つの政治的対抗勢力としてイエズス会を弱化させる必要があったと考えられる。
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張慧珍(Jhang, Hye Jin) 동아시아일본학회 2015 일본문화연구 Vol.0 No.53
To review the formation of international relationships in early modern Japan in the Reversal of China and the Barbarians (Kaihentai), I examined changes in the Japanese system of foreign relations and a tycoon of the seventeenth century. Japan-Ming trade (kango) and shuin-sen trade in Japan demonstrated new patterns. This was not trade by bringing goods as tribute. In addition, attempts to trade with Mexico did not affect the trade line with East Asia. Japan was a nodal region linking the East-West markets through a route in the Pacific and it was in a position to reclaim the market Japan. However, with a change in the East Asia situation, known as Kaihentai, Japan changed its system of foreign relations with neighbor countries. Particularly, Japan continued using a tycoon externally and checked the imperial family through the political logic of the shogunate called “shinkun (Ieyasu TOKUGAWA).” The Tokugawa shogunate organized the kingship of ashogunhe diplomatic etiquette of the foreign envoys was practiced in Toshogu shhat Japan was going to form Kaichitsujo of the East Asia led by Japan like China. Japan arranged its trade depending on the situation change with East Asia, and it was thought that Japan would build international relations positively.
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장효진(Hyo Jin Jhang),곽현(Hyun Kwak),최승회(Seung Hoe Choi) 한국지능시스템학회 2015 한국지능시스템학회논문지 Vol.25 No.5
본 연구의 목적은 프로농구 경기의 승부 결과를 회귀모형을 이용하여 분석하는 것이다. 이를 위해 본 연구에서는 전통적인 회귀분석 방법과 문자적인 변수를 사용하는 퍼지회귀모형을 사용하였다. 승부의 결과를 두 팀 간의 점수차로 표현하여 분석한 일반회귀분석 방법에서는 두 팀의 점수차에 영향을 미치는 변수를 찾아 승부의 결과에 대한 회귀모형을 제시하였다. 그리고 두 팀의 승부 결과를 “대승, 승리, 신승, 석패, 패배 그리고 대패”와 같이 문자적으로 표현한 퍼지회귀모형에서는 각 팀의 경기력과 조직력을 퍼지수로 표현하여 각 팀의 경기력과 조직력이 승부의 결과에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 본 연구는 한국프로농구연맹(KBL, Korea Basketball League)에서 제공하는 2013~2014시즌의 자료와 프로농구의 결과를 분석하는 칼럼들을 이용하여 분석하였다. The purpose of this paper is to analyse outcomes of Korean Pro-basketball games using regression models. Both Classic Fuzzy Regression Model and Fuzzy Regression Model applying linguistic variables were used to meet the purpose of the paper. In General Regression Analysis, in which the results of games are expressed and analyzed through score differences, a regression model is proposed considering influential variables for the score differences of the two teams. In Fuzzy Regression Analysis, the results are sorted into six different literal expressions, ’win with large margin, win with moderate margin, win with narrow margin, defeat with narrow margin, defeat with moderate margin, and defeat with large margin’. Athletic performances and team work of each teams were expressed in fuzzy number to analyse how much athletic performances and team work affect results of games. This paper referred back to 2013-2014 season data provided by KBL(Korean Basketball League) and professional columns on Korean basketball analysis.
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서비스 디자인의 구조적 개념 분석을 통한 평가 고려요소 도출
장정진 ( Jung Jin Jhang ),반영환 ( Young Hwan Pan ) 한국기초조형학회 2012 기초조형학연구 Vol.13 No.2
디자인의 패러다임이 제품의 외형적인 스타일링으로부터 사용자 환경을 조정하여 효율이나 사용성 및 감성적인 만족감을 제공하는 것에 관심을 가지다가, 최근에는 사용자의 경험을 보다 새롭게 하면서 그것을 통해 의미 있는 가치를 부여하고자 하는 방향으로 확대, 발전되고 있다. 이러한 변화는 현재 디자인 분야뿐 아니라 서비스, 마케팅 등의 관련 분야에서도 관심을 가지고 있다. 국내에서도 디자인적 사고를 적용하여 비즈니스를 성공적으로 이끈 사례를 중심으로 서비스 디자인을 경쟁력 있는 서비스 개발을 위한 방안으로 주목하고 있다. 하지만 서비스 디자인 분야가 더 발전하기 위해서는 학문적인 연구를 기반으로 정립화된 평가 기준을 통해 일반화할 필요가 있다. 이 연구에서는 서비스 디자인 평가 방법 개발을 위한 기반 연구로써 첫째 서비스 디자인의 구조적 개념 분석하여 접근 방안을 모색하고, 둘째 기존에 소개된 디자인 분야의 평가 연구 결과들을 바탕으로 서비스 디자인의 평가 시 고려되어야 하는 요소를 도출한다. 마지막으로 대표적인 서비스 디자인 연구 영역 사례에 적용해 제안된 기준의 유효성을 확인하고 타 평가 방법과 비교하여 향후 연구의 기반으로 삼는다. 이 연구를 통해 서비스 디자인을 실행 도구로써 사례 중심 연구뿐 아니라 그 특징을 바탕으로 제안된 평가 기준을 통해 사례를 검증해 봄으로써 학문적으로 일반화 연구에도 기여하는데 의의가 있다고 판단된다. 향후 연구에서는 실제 평가를 위한 규격화된 프레임워크 개발과 평가 테스트 및 검증을 진행할 예정이다. Design paradigm shifts from designing packages or styling shape of product to controlling efficiency, usability and satisfaction through better user interface. Now designers` goals are become expended and developed to make user experience something new and giving them valuable meaning. So, design field has a keen interest in the new paradigm as well as the other filed and industries related with service. In Korea, service design get attention as a solution for developing successful business cases. But formulated evaluation standards by basic disciplinary researches will be needed to develop service design field and universalize its methods. We study this research as our basic study for further researches about service design evaluation method. In this paper, first we analysis structural concept model of service design and explain the characteristic of service design by comparing its design tool and define evaluation elements of service design based on others evaluation study in design field. Lastly, compare the results of applying service design cases with existing methods. This paper has a meaning to suggest that service design study is not only focused on as a practical tool for case study but also need to be studied for academical generalization study by evaluating actual cases with concrete framework. We are planning to develop evaluation framework and validation after tests for representative service design cases in the future studies.
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장효진(Hyo-Jin Jhang),윤지요(Ji-Yo Yoon),최승회(Seung Hoe Choi) 한국지능시스템학회 2018 한국지능시스템학회논문지 Vol.28 No.4
현재까지 축구 경기 결과를 예측하는 많은 연구는 경기 후 발표되는 공식적인 자료와 승리, 패배, 그리고 무승부와 같은 범주형 자료를 이용하였다. 본 연구에서는 축구 경기가 진행되기 전 주어지는 정보를 이용하여 축구 경기의 득실점 차에 대한 수학적인 모형을 제시하기 위해 퍼지회귀모형을 이용한다. 이를 위해 한국 축구대표팀의 득점과 실점의 차와 배당금을 이용한 한국 대표팀의 승률은 퍼지분할을 이용하여 퍼지수로 표현한다. 그리고 한국 국가대표 축구팀의 엘로 등급(Elo Rating)과 축구토토 배당금에 의한 승률이 한국축구대표팀의 득실차에 미치는 영향은 퍼지회귀모형을 이용하여 조사한다. 본 연구는 대한축구협회에서 제공한 2011년 이후 진행된 한국 축구대표팀의 83경기 결과를 이용하였다. So far, Many studies predicting the outcome of soccer games have used official data after the game and categorical data such as victory, defeat and draws. In this study, a fuzzy regression model is used to present a mathematical model of the difference in goals of soccer matches, using the information given before a soccer game begins. For this reason, the Korean national team"s winning rate by the difference in scoring, losing points and dividends is expressed as fuzzy numbers by using a fuzzy partition. And then, the influence of Korean national soccer team’s Elo Rating and the winning rate by soccer-toto dividends on Korean national team’s goal difference is analyzed using a fuzzy regression model. This study used 83 results of the Korean national soccer team since 2011, provided by the KFA.
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