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Structure-property relationships for a series of amorphous partially aliphatic polyimides
Eichstadt, Amy E.,Ward, Thomas C.,Bagwell, Melanie D.,Farr, Isaac V.,Dunson, Debra L.,McGrath, James E. Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company 2002 Journal of polymer science. Part B, Polymer physic Vol.40 No.14
<P>High molecular weight, soluble, amorphous, partially aliphatic polyimides were successfully synthesized using an ester acid high-temperature solution imidization route, which allows one to control desired glass-transition (T<SUB>g</SUB>) and processing temperatures. This method involves the prereaction of aromatic dianhydrides with ethanol and a tertiary amine catalyst to form ester acids, followed by the addition of diamines. Subsequent thermal reaction forms fully cyclized polyimides. This reaction pathway eliminates the need for anhydrous solvents and overcomes the problem of salt formation commonly observed for nucleophilic, more-basic aliphatic amines when utilizing the traditional polyamic acid synthesis route. The molar ratio of aromatic-to-aliphatic diamines was varied to generate a series of copolyimides with the chosen dianhydride and tailor the physical properties for specific adhesive applications. This series of copolyimides was characterized by their molecular weight, T<SUB>g</SUB>, thermal stability, coefficient of thermal expansion, refractive index, and dielectric constant. Structure-property relationships were established. The γ and β sub-T<SUB>g</SUB> viscoelastic properties were researched to understand their molecular origins. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 40: 1503–1512, 2002</P>
Nutritional Quality and Variation of Meat and Bone Meal
Hendriks, W.H.,Butts, C.A.,Thomas, D.V.,James, K.A.C.,Morel, P.C.A.,Verstegen, M.W.A. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2002 Animal Bioscience Vol.15 No.10
Meat and bone meal is a valuable protein and mineral source in diets of production animals and contributes to the protein, energy and mineral component of diets. The aim of the present study was to more accurately characterise the apparent ileal amino acid digestibility of meat and bone meals produced in New Zealand and evaluate routine in vitro assays used in practise to measure meat and bone meal quality. A total of 94 commercial meat and bone meals from 25 New Zealand rendering plants over a two and a half year period were analysed for proximates, gross energy, gross amino acid content (incl. hydroxyproline, hydroxylysine and lanthionine), apparent ileal amino acid digestibility, pepsin nitrogen digestibility, protein solubility and bone content. The mean crude protein content of the 94 meat and bone meal samples was 56.8% with a range of >35% units and a coefficient of variation of 9.8%. The mean crude fat and ash content were 10.0 and 28.4% respectively. These latter components showed a large range (16 and 43%, respectively) with coefficients of variation above 22%. Amino acid digestibility between samples was highly variable with lysine and sulphur amino acids digestibility ranging between 45.8-89.0 and 38.2-85.5%, respectively. Pearson correlation coefficients are presented between crude protein content and individual gross amino acids, crude protein content and individual digestible amino acid content, and pepsin N digestibility and individual digestible amino acid content. There was a significant relationship between the digestible amino acid nitrogen content and the crude protein content while pepsin nitrogen digestibility was not correlated to ileal amino acid nitrogen digestibility (r=-0.06). Meat meals with a high protein content had relatively low hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine levels something that was attributed to the levels of collagen from bone. The data indicated that lanthionine (formed upon heat treatment of cysteine with a hydroprotein) is not a good indicator of the heat treatment employed to meat and bone meals. Step-wise multiple regression equations to predict the apparent digestible content of amino acids from rapid in vitro assays are presented. The most selected variables included ash and crude fat content. In general the equations derived for the essential amino acids had a higher degrees of fit (R2) compared to the non-essential amino acids. The R2 for the essential amino acids ranged from 0.43 for histidine and 0.68 for leucine. These equations provide a means of more rapidly estimating the apparent ileal digestible amino acid content (protein quality) of meat and bone meal using standard analyses.
Charlie R. Adams,Christopher P. Porter,Thomas J. Robshaw,James P. Bezzina,Victoria R. Shields,Alan Hides,Richard Bruce,Mark D. Ogden 한국공업화학회 2020 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.92 No.-
This study reports the development of a hydrometallurgical treatment for activated carbon ash (ACA); awaste product of the carbon-in-pulp (CIP) process used in the gold mining industry, rich in adsorbedprecious metals. After an initial screening of known leaching chemistries, the research focusses on duallixiviant(thiourea and thiocyanate) and thiourea systems, both of which have lower environmentalimpact than traditional cyanide leaches. Comparing ferric sulfate and hydrogen peroxide as oxidantsshowed that a thiourea leach is more suited to ferric sulfate whereas the dual-lixiviant leach achievedgreater extraction with hydrogen peroxide. This was believed to be due to a more favourable effective[thiourea]:[thiocyanate] molar ratio in solution. The latter demonstrated faster kinetics and improvedefficiency for dissolution of gold and silver. However, both leaches had issues with silver extraction due toformation of passivating layers on the surface of the silver nanoparticles. Kinetic modelling showed bothsystems tended towards a mixed-controlled process. Gold extraction of 89%, with leaching reachingequilibrium within 100 min, using the dual-lixiviant process demonstrated that there is an alternative tocyanide leaches employed in gold recovery.
Optimization of supersonic nozzle flow for titanium dioxide thin-film coating by aerosol deposition
Lee, M.W.,Park, J.J.,Kim, D.Y.,Yoon, S.S.,Kim, H.Y.,Kim, D.H.,James, S.C.,Chandra, S.,Coyle, Thomas,Ryu, J.H.,Yoon, W.H.,Park, D.S. Elsevier 2011 Journal of aerosol science Vol.42 No.11
<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>Aerosol deposition (AD) is an efficient technique for customized coating of various substrates. The small particles of AD yield a dense coating layer with small voids. AD is amenable to rapid coating (mass production), thus, it is economically attractive. Low-temperature AD coating is desirable because it minimizes the thermal degradation of the substrate. An optimized low-cost AD coating technique is of significant interest to solar-cell engineers seeking to reduce manufacturing costs. While most previous studies ignore the importance of nozzle geometry on coating performance, this paper examines non-optimized nozzles and commensurate shockwaves using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The optimized nozzle geometry obtained from CFD can rapidly prototype nozzles. The CFD-designed nozzles with optimized geometry yielded significantly improved coating quality over non-optimized nozzles.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P><P>► Effects of shockwaves, nozzle geometry and dimensionality, carrier-gas viscosity, and particle density. ► Nozzle geometry was adjusted to yield the optimum condition of <I>P</I><SUB>e</SUB>=<I>P</I><SUB>amb</SUB>, which significantly reduced shock formation. ► We, experimentally and numerically, showed that the correctly expanded (<I>first</I>) nozzle yielded a dense and void-free coating layer. ► While the under-expanded (<I>second</I>) nozzle yielded voids and irregularity.</P>
박재형,Kenya Kusunose,Deborah H. Kwon,Margaret M. Park,James D. Thomas,Richard A. Grimm,Brian P. Griffin,Thomas H. Marwick,Zoran B. Popović 대한심장학회 2016 Korean Circulation Journal Vol.46 No.2
Background and Objectives Right ventricular longitudinal strain (RVLS) is a new parameter of RV function. We evaluated the relationship of RVLS by speckle-tracking echocardiography with functional and invasive parameters in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) patients. Subjects and Methods Thirty four patients with World Health Organization group 1 PAH (29 females, mean age 45±13 years old). RVLS were analyzed with velocity vector imaging. Results Patients with advanced symptoms {New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class III/IV} had impaired RVLS in global RV (RVLSglobal, -17±5 vs. -12±3%, p<0.01) and RV free wall (RVLSFW, -19±5 vs. -14±4%, p<0.01 to NYHA class I/II). Baseline RVLSglobal and RVLSFW showed significant correlation with 6-minute walking distance (r=-0.54 and r=-0.57, p<0.01 respectively) and logarithmic transformation of brain natriuretic peptide concentration (r=0.65 and r=0.65, p<0.01, respectively). These revealed significant correlations with cardiac index (r=-0.50 and r=-0.47, p<0.01, respectively) and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR, r=0.45 and r=0.45, p=0.01, respectively). During a median follow-up of 33 months, 25 patients (74%) had follow-up examinations. Mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP, 54±13 to 46±16 mmHg, p=0.03) and PVR (11±5 to 6±2 wood units, p<0.01) were significantly decreased with pulmonary vasodilator treatment. RVLSglobal (-12±5 to -16±5%, p<0.01) and RVLSFW (-14±5 to -18±5%, p<0.01) were significantly improved. The decrease of mPAP was significantly correlated with improvement of RVLSglobal (r=0.45, p<0.01) and RVLSFW (r=0.43, p<0.01). The PVR change demonstrated significant correlation with improvement of RVLSglobal (r=0.40, p<0.01). Conclusion RVLS correlates with functional and invasive hemodynamic parameters in PAH patients. Decrease of mPAP and PVR as a result of treatment was associated with improvement of RVLS.
Howard, Paul,Day, Kathleen H.,Kim, Kyoon E.,Richardson, Jeanne,Thomas, James,Abraham,Irene,Fleischmann, Robert D.,Gottesman, Michael M.,Maurer, Richard A. 충남대학교부설 생명공학연구소 1992 생물공학연구지 Vol.2 No.-
The mechansims responsible for decreased levels of cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity in a mutant Chinese hamster ovary cell line have been examined. The cAMP-resistant Chinese hamster ovary 10260 cell line was found to possess only 20% of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity found in wild-type cells. The pressence of decreased concentrations of the catalytic subunit in these cells was confirmed through binding studies using a radiolabeled, heat-stable inhibitor of the kinase. Cloned Chinese hamster ovary catalytic subunit cDNAs were isolated, characterized, and used as hybridization probes to examine the relative concentrations of catalytic subunit mRNAs in the wild-type and 10260 cell lines. A 40-50% decrease in the concentration of the mRNA for the Cα isozyme of the catalytic subunit was observed in 10260 cells, as compared with wild-type. This decrease in catalytic subunit mRNA concentration probably accounts for a portion of the decreased kinase activity in the mutant cell. Further analysis of Cα mRNA by polymerase chain reaction confirmed the decreased expression of Cα mRNA in 10260 cells and further demonstrated the presence of two different species of Cα cDNAs was indistinguishable from the wild-type cDNA, but the other species was shorter. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the amplified cDNAs led to the identification of a 191-base pair deletion in the shorter cDNA. Gene transfer studies using wild-type and 10260 Cα cDNAs demonstrated wild-type activity, but the shorter cDNA was inactive. These studies suggest that at least two alternations in gene expression are responsible for decreased cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity in the 10260 cell line. One alteration results in an approximately 2-fold decrease in the concentrations of Cα mRNA in the cells.