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Boersma, K.F.,Jacob, D.J.,Bucsela, E.J.,Perring, A.E.,Dirksen, R.,van der A, R.J.,Yantosca, R.M.,Park, R.J.,Wenig, M.O.,Bertram, T.H.,Cohen, R.C. Pergamon Press ; Elsevier [distribution] 2008 Atmospheric environment Vol.42 No.19
We compare tropospheric NO<SUB>2</SUB> column measurements from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) aboard the EOS Aura satellite with coincident in situ aircraft measurements on vertical spirals over the southern United States, Mexico, and the Gulf of Mexico during the INTEX-B campaign in March 2006. Good correlation with no significant bias (r<SUP>2</SUP>=0.67, slope=0.99+/-0.17, n=12) is found for the ensemble of comparisons when the aircraft could spiral sufficiently low to sample most of the NO<SUB>2</SUB> column. Urban spirals where large extrapolations were needed below the aircraft floor (1000ft) showed poorer agreement. We use the OMI observations together with a global chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem) to estimate emissions of nitrogen oxides over the eastern United States and Mexico in March 2006. Comparison to EPA's National Emissions Inventory 1999 (NEI99) calls for a decrease in power plant emissions and an increase in on-road vehicle emissions relative to that inventory. The rise in vehicular emissions is offsetting the reduction in power plant and industry emissions. These findings are consistent with independent assessments. Our OMI-derived emission estimates for Mexico are higher by a factor of 2.0+/-0.5 than bottom-up emissions, similar to a comparison between the recently released Mexican NEI99 inventory and the bottom-up showing that the Mexican NEI99 inventory is 1.6-1.8x higher.
Chan Miller, Christopher,Jacob, Daniel J.,Marais, Eloise A.,Yu, Karen,Travis, Katherine R.,Kim, Patrick S.,Fisher, Jenny A.,Zhu, Lei,Wolfe, Glenn M.,Hanisco, Thomas F.,Keutsch, Frank N.,Kaiser, Jennif Copernicus GmbH 2017 Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Vol.17 No.14
<P>Abstract. Glyoxal (CHOCHO) is produced in the atmosphere by the oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Like formaldehyde (HCHO), another VOC oxidation product, it is measurable from space by solar backscatter. Isoprene emitted by vegetation is the dominant source of CHOCHO and HCHO in most of the world. We use aircraft observations of CHOCHO and HCHO from the SENEX campaign over the southeast US in summer 2013 to better understand the CHOCHO time-dependent yield from isoprene oxidation, its dependence on nitrogen oxides (NOx ≡ NO + NO2), the behavior of the CHOCHO-HCHO relationship, the quality of OMI CHOCHO satellite observations, and the implications for using CHOCHO observations from space as constraints on isoprene emissions. We simulate the SENEX and OMI observations with the Goddard Earth Observing System chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem) featuring a new chemical mechanism for CHOCHO formation from isoprene. The mechanism includes prompt CHOCHO formation under low-NOx conditions following the isomerization of the isoprene peroxy radical (ISOPO2). The SENEX observations provide support for this prompt CHOCHO formation pathway, and are generally consistent with the GEOS-Chem mechanism. Boundary layer CHOCHO and HCHO are strongly correlated in the observations and the model, with some departure under low-NOx conditions due to prompt CHOCHO formation. SENEX vertical profiles indicate a free-tropospheric CHOCHO background that is absent from the model. The OMI CHOCHO data provide some support for this free-tropospheric background and show southeast US enhancements consistent with the isoprene source but a factor of 2 too low. Part of this OMI bias is due to excessive surface reflectivities assumed in the retrieval. The OMI CHOCHO and HCHO seasonal data over the southeast US are tightly correlated and provide redundant proxies of isoprene emissions. Higher temporal resolution in future geostationary satellite observations may enable detection of the prompt CHOCHO production under low-NOx conditions apparent in the SENEX data. </P>
Lloydine J. Jacobs,Antonia F. Chen,James D. Kang,Joon Y. Lee 대한척추외과학회 2016 Asian Spine Journal Vol.10 No.1
Study Design: Observational. Purpose: To develop a simple and comprehensive grading system for cervical discs that precisely, consistently and meaningfully presents radiologic and morphologic data. Overview of Literature: The Thompson grading system is commonly used to classify the severity of degenerative lumbar discs on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Inherent differences in the morphological and physiological characteristics of cervical discs have hindered development of precise classification systems. Other grading systems have been developed for degenerating cervical discs, but their versatility and feasibility in the clinical setting is suboptimal. Methods: MRIs of 46 human cervical discs were de-identified and displayed in PowerPoint format. Each slide depicted a single disc with a normal (grade 0) disc displayed in the top right corner for reference. The presentation was given to 25 physicians comprising attending spine surgeons, spine fellows, orthopaedic residents, and two attending musculoskeletal radiologists. The grading system included Grade 0 (normal height compared to C2–3, mid cleft still visible), grade 1 (dark disc, normal height), grade 2 (collapsed disc, few osteophytes), and grade 3 (collapsed disc, many osteophytes). The ease of use of the system was gauged in the participants and the interobserver reliability was calculated. Results: The intraclass correlation coefficient for interobserver reliability was 0.87, and 0.94 for intraobserver reliability, indicating excellent reliability. Ninety-five percent and 85 percent of the clinicians judged the grading system to be clinically feasible and useful in daily practice, respectively. Conclusions: The grading system is easy to use, has excellent reliability, and can be used for precise and consistent clinician communication.
C.H.L. Tempelman,J.F. Jacobs,S. Ramkhelawan,A. Mok,W. van der Zalm,V. Degirmenci 한국공업화학회 2021 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.99 No.-
In this study we considered processes of treatment of agricultural apple waste which is normallydiscarded. We show the effect of various pre-treatment procedures on thefinal catalytic performance toproduce 5-HMF from this real world biomass waste. Our study of the various potential pre-treatmentsteps, and their effect on the catalytic performance, provides valuable new insights which can be used forthe development of new processes for the localised small scale valorization of agricultural fruit waste. The apple waste is aimed to be converted into a sugar rich feedstock stream for the catalytic conversion to5-hydroxymethyl furfural (5-HMF) at low temperatures ( 120 C). Filters with varying pore sizes werestudied for thefiltration of apple pomace after milling the rotten apples in order to reduce the solidscontent. The testedfilters varied in pore sizes of 0.2 mm, 2 mm and 54 mm. The effect of heating, acid orbase treatment of the apple slurry was evaluated for increasing the speed offiltration. The highestflowrate was obtained for thefilter with 54 mm pores. The sugar richfiltrates were investigated in thecatalytic conversion to 5-HMF over an easy-to-manufacture Sn exchanged resin (Amberlyst-15) catalyst. Results showed thatfiltrates obtained over a 2 mmfilter lead to the highest 5-HMF yields (18 %) withoutextra additives. Adjustment of the reaction mixtures to pH 7 resulted in a lower catalytic activity. 5-HMFis proposed to be extracted from the aqueous layer by using an organic liquid layer (methyl isobutylketone, MIBK). In order to increase the diffusion of 5-HMF to the MIBK layer the addition of salts to thereaction mixture was investigated. This leads to lower catalytic activity, possibly due to catalystdeactivation. Our results showed that a relatively wide porefilter (54 mm) provides the fastest appleprocessing method and afiltrate reacting to the highest 5-HMF yield in catalytic conversion of the sugarrich product stream obtained from agricultural waste apples.