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ORNITHOMIMIDS FROM THE NEMEGT FORMATION OF MONGOLIA
Yoshitsugu Kobayashi,Rinchen Barsbold 한국고생물학회 2006 고생물학회지 Vol.22 No.1
이 연구에서 몽골의 Nemegt층 (Maastrichtian)에서 산출된 두 ornithomimids (Gallimimus bullatus와 Anserimimus, planinychus), 그리고 잘 밝혀지지 않은 ornithomimid (Deinocheirus mirificus)를 재검토하였다. Gallimimus bullatus는 가장 잘 알려진 ornithomimids 중 한 종이지만 그 특징의 정의는 개정할 필요가 있다. Gallimimus bullatus의 앞발과 상박골 길이의 비율은 0.61이다. 이 수치는 ornithomimosaurs (평균 0.8 이상) 중에서 가장 작으며 이전 연구에서 제안된 것처럼 Gallimimus bullatus를 정의하는 좋은 특징이다. Anserimimus planinychus는 상박골의 deltopectoral crest가 크게 발달해 있고 긴 앞발과 위아래로 납작하고 거의 똑바른 앞발가락들을 갖고 있다. Anserimimus planinychus는 두 가지 특징 (biceps tubercle의 위치와 glenoid의 방향)을 Gallimimus bullatus와 공유하며 Harpymimus okladnikovi (원시적인 ornithomimosaur)처럼 긴 metacarpal Ⅲ를 갖고 있다. Deinocheirus mirificus는 발견 당시부터 그것의 계통발생학적 위치는 수수께끼였다. 금번 연구에서 이전에 연구되었던 수각류에 대한 3개의 커다란 데이터 조합에 기초해 계통발생학적 기초 분석이 시도되었다. 데이터 중 2개는 Deinocheirus mirificus가 ornithomimosaur에 속한 것으로 나타나는데 이는 이 종이 ornithomimosaur 같은 특징들 (즉, 거의 길이가 같은 완골과 두드러지지 않은 상박골의 deltopectoral crest)을 갖고 있지만 Deinocheirus mirificus는 계통발생학으로 ornithomimosaur로 확정할 수는 없다. 왜냐하면 다른 특징을 사용한 분석 결과는 이 종이 Ornithomimosauria와는 상관관계가 없게 나타나기 때문이다. Two ornithornimids (Gallimimus bullatus and Anserimimus planinychus) and an enigmatic omithomimid (Deinocheirus mirificus) from the Nemegt Formation (Maastrichtian) of Mongolia are reviewed in this study. Gallimimus bullatus is one of the best-known ornithomimids, but its diagnoses need to be revised. The length ratio of the manus/humerus in Gallimimus bullatusis 0.61. This is the smallest value in ornithomimosaurs (approximately 0.8 or more in other ornithomimosaurs) and may be a good character to diagnose Gallimimus bullatus as suggested by previous studies. Anserimimus planinychus is a unique ornithomimosaur in having strong deltopectoral crest of the humerus, dorsoventrally flat and nearly straight manual unguals, and long forelimbs. Anserimimus planinychus shares two characters (position of the biceps tubercle and alignment of the glenoid) with Gallimimus bullatus and has a long metacarpal I as in Ornithomimus edmontonicus (derived ornithomimosaur) and a long metacarpal Ⅲ as in Harpymimus okladnikovi (primitive ornithomimosaur). The phylogenetic position of Deinocheirus mirificus has been problematic since its discovery. Preliminary phylogenetic analyses are tested in this study based on three large data matrices of Theropoda from previous studies. In two of the data matrices results indicate that Deinocheirus mirificus is a possible ornithomimosaur because it has some ornithomimosaur-like features (e.g., subequal metacarpals and weak deltopectoral crest of humerus), but the phylognetic status of Deinocheirus mirificus as an ornithomimosaurs is not confirmed because results using the other character matrix placed this taxon outside of the clade Ornithomimosauria.
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Post-natal parental care in a Cretaceous diapsid from northeastern China
Junchang Lü,Yoshitsugu Kobayashi,D. Charles Deeming,Yongqing Liu 한국지질과학협의회 2015 Geosciences Journal Vol.19 No.2
Post-natal parental care seems to have evolved numerous times in vertebrates. Among extant amniotes, it is present in crocodilians, birds, and mammals. However, evidence of this behavior is extremely rare in the fossil record and is only reported for two types of dinosaurs, and a varanopid ‘pelycosaur’. Here we report new evidence for post-natal parental care in Philydrosaurus, a choristodere, from the Yixian Formation of western Liaoning Province, China. We review the fossil record of reproduction in choristoderes, and this represents the oldest record of post-natal parental care in diapsids to our knowledge.
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Lee, Yuong-Nam,Lee, Hang-Jae,Kobayashi, Yoshitsugu,Paulina-Carabajal, Ariana,Barsbold, Rinchen,Fiorillo, Anthony R.,Tsogtbaatar, Khishigjav Elsevier 2019 Palaeogeography, palaeoclimatology, palaeoecology Vol.533 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Crocodyliform tracks are reported from the Upper Cretaceous (?Cenomanian-Santonian) Bayanshiree Formation in southeastern Mongolia. Ten tracks are preserved as natural casts, forming a trackway with a quadrupedal gait pattern with a tail trail. All tracks are short and wide, and dominated by toe traces without plantar impressions. Pes tracks are characterized by four deep claw impressions and push-back marks behind them. Manus tracks have shallow claw marks and long, sub-parallel scratch marks behind. The preferential association of the scratch marks with only the distal digit impressions and irregular pattern of footfalls suggests that this trackway was made by a bottom walking and punting crocodyliform under water. This trackway represents the first crocodyliform “swim tracks” in the Late Cretaceous of Asia and the first evidence for punting behaviour of a fossil crocodyliform. The “swim tracks” can be divided into two categories such as bottom walking tracks with punting for moving somewhat more quickly and subaqueous walking tracks without punting to be associated with slower underwater speeds. The tracks show that crocodylians had adopted a bottom walking behaviour similar to extant crocodylians by Cretaceous times.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> The first report of crocodyliform “swim tracks” in the Late Cretaceous of Asia </LI> <LI> The first evidence for punting behaviour of a fossil crocodyliform </LI> <LI> Conspicuous dragging behaviour during bottom walking </LI> <LI> Division into two categories of crocodyliform “swim tracks” </LI> </UL> </P>
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Paulina-Carabajal, Ariana,Lee, Yuong-Nam,Kobayashi, Yoshitsugu,Lee, Hang-Jae,Currie, Philip J. Elsevier 2018 Palaeogeography, palaeoclimatology, palaeoecology Vol.494 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Ankylosaur braincase and endocranial morphologies are poorly known. Furthermore, cranial endocasts have been described for fewer than ten taxa so far. The complete inner ear morphology is known for only three species – <I>Euoplocephalus tutus</I>, <I>Kunbarrasaurus ieversi</I>, and <I>Pawpawsaurus campbelli</I>. Here, the first cranial endocast morphologies are presented for the Mongolian Cretaceous ankylosaurids <I>Talarurus plicatospineus</I> and <I>Tarchia teresae</I>. The study of paleoneurological features of these Mongolian taxa adds novel anatomical information to both species allowing the first comparison with ankylosaurids from North America. The development of a cerebellar flocculus that leaves an impression on the vestibular eminence – floccular recess – is observed in <I>Euoplocephalus</I>, <I>Talarurus</I> and <I>T</I>. <I>teresae</I>. Because this structure hasn't been identified in any nodosaurid so far, its presence in ankylosaurid cranial endocasts may represent a possible synapomorphy with unknown paleobiological implications.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Ankylosaur neuroanatomy is poorly known. </LI> <LI> The cranial endocasts of Talarurus and Tarchia are described by the first time. </LI> <LI> The presence of flocculus seems to be characteristic of the Ankylosauridae. </LI> <LI> Nodosaurids and ankylosaurids had different sense of hearing. </LI> </UL> </P>
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Lee, Hang-Jae,Lee, Yuong-Nam,Adams, Thomas L.,Currie, Philip J.,Kobayashi, Yoshitsugu,Jacobs, Louis L.,Koppelhus, Eva B. Elsevier 2018 Palaeogeography, palaeoclimatology, palaeoecology Vol.494 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>A theropod tracksite was discovered in the Nemegt Formation (Maastrichtian) at Bügiin Tsav, Mongolia by the Korea-Mongolia International Dinosaur Project in 2009. A total of 67 tracks (14 trackways [one didactylous, 13 tridactylous] and 12 isolated tracks) belonging to four ichnomorphotypes were mapped on a single horizon. This indicates at least four different theropod trackmakers lived in the same area at the same time. This tracksite consists of laminated gray mudstone-yellowish brown siltstone couplets interbedded with eolian yellowish brown sandstone deposited on a distal floodplain. Abundant footprints with V-shaped profiles (cross-section) within in the vertical section indicate that dinosaurs repeatedly walked across in this area. Before the discovery of the tracks, the site was illegally excavated by fossil poachers, a widespread problem in the Gobi Desert. During excavation of the track horizon, a clenched, inclined <I>Gallimimus</I> foot skeleton was found in the mudstone, extended down 20cm below the track-bearing sandstone layer. The occurrence of tracks closely associated with body fossils is unusual and taphonomically intriguing. It is possible that the foot skeleton represents an animal that died in its tracks. However, the depth of the foot in mud is probably too shallow for the animal to have been mired. Sedimentological and taphonomic evidence also suggests that the pes of <I>Gallimimus</I> may have passed straight through the track-bearing sandstone layer. The inclined right pes indicates that the body lay on its left side on the substrate. During decomposition in the mud, all digits were flexed but the distal phalanges were stuck and anchored in the stiff lower mud. Consequently, as more proximal phalanges were able to accommodate flexing, they were pulled away and dislocated from the anchored distal phalanges. Subsequent trampling by dinosaurs in the track-bearing sandstone would have further distorted the underlying foot.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> The first report of theropod trackways from the Nemegt Formation in Bügiin Tsav, Mongolia </LI> <LI> Taphonomic interpretation of a <I>Gallimimus</I> foot skeleton associated with theropod tracks </LI> <LI> An interpretation of disarticulation and distortion of the foot skeleton is proposed. </LI> </UL> </P>
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Resolving the long-standing enigmas of a giant ornithomimosaur Deinocheirus mirificus
Lee, Yuong-Nam,Barsbold, Rinchen,Currie, Philip J.,Kobayashi, Yoshitsugu,Lee, Hang-Jae,Godefroit, Pascal,Escuillié,, Franç,ois,Chinzorig, Tsogtbaatar Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan P 2014 Nature Vol.515 No.7526
The holotype of Deinocheirus mirificus was collected by the 1965 Polish–Mongolian Palaeontological Expedition at Altan Uul III in the southern Gobi of Mongolia. Because the holotype consists mostly of giant forelimbs (2.4 m in length) with scapulocoracoids, for almost 50 years Deinocheirus has remained one of the most mysterious dinosaurs. The mosaic of ornithomimosaur and non-ornithomimosaur characters in the holotype has made it difficult to resolve the phylogenetic status of Deinocheirus. Here we describe two new specimens of Deinocheirus that were discovered in the Nemegt Formation of Altan Uul IV in 2006 and Bugiin Tsav in 2009. The Bugiin Tsav specimen (MPC-D 100/127) includes a left forelimb clearly identifiable as Deinocheirus and is 6% longer than the holotype. The Altan Uul IV specimen (MPC-D 100/128) is approximately 74% the size of MPC-D 100/127. Cladistic analysis indicates that Deinocheirus is the largest member of the Ornithomimosauria; however, it has many unique skeletal features unknown in other ornithomimosaurs, indicating that Deinocheirus was a heavily built, non-cursorial animal with an elongate snout, a deep jaw, tall neural spines, a pygostyle, a U-shaped furcula, an expanded pelvis for strong muscle attachments, a relatively short hind limb and broad-tipped pedal unguals. Ecomorphological features in the skull, more than a thousand gastroliths, and stomach contents (fish remains) suggest that Deinocheirus was a megaomnivore that lived in mesic environments.
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LÜ,, JUNCHANG,AZUMA, YOICHI,DONG, ZHIMING,BARSBOLD, RINCHEN,KOBAYASHI, YOSHITSUGU,LEE, YUONG-NAM Cambridge University Press 2009 Geological magazine Vol.146 No.5
<B>Abstract</B><P>New material of dsungaripterid pterosaurs from the Early Cretaceous of Tatal, western Mongolia, allows the diagnoses of Dsungaripteridae and<I>Noripterus</I>to be amended. All pterosaurs found at Tatal belong to Dsungaripteridae (either<I>Dsungaripterus</I>or<I>Noripterus</I>). The name<I>Phobetor</I>is a junior synonym of<I>Noripterus</I>. The differing shapes of the anterior tips of skulls, differing tooth morphologies and the coexistence of both<I>Dsungaripterus</I>and<I>Noripterus</I>may imply that they occupied distinct ecological niches.</P>
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