Erikson, Piaget, Sears의 發達理論에 있어 基本假說上의 類似點과 差異點의 比較

金仁洙 釜山敎育大學 1977 부산교육대학 논문집 Vol.13 No.2

In the foregoing discussion of similarities and differences inherent in the three theories, one point emerges as particularly significant. As Stock and Thelen conculded in a different context, logical rather than empirical means promise the greatest opportunity for reconciling differences. To review these differences, then: basic assumption and opinion for development. A comparison of Similarities and Differences on basic Assumption In addition to reconciling sementic differences, it is important to inspect and to compare each theory's foundation of basic premises. In this discussion, the selected theorise are reviewed together in terms of their basic construction and in light of the assumptions they make concerning the nature of human life. the etiology of human behavior, the core of human behavior, and the environmental factors which in fluence development. Comparison of Theory Construction and Methodology gean Piaget strives to establish a universal system of individual development which is consistent with the collective intellectual development of mankind. Erik H. Erikson by contrust, endearvors to understand aech individual in his uniquely complex situation in life. Sears contributes furthere to his understanding through his study of man within his social learning martrix. In their approaches to the formulation of theory, Piaget and Erikson operate deductively, Sears inductively, Piaget first constructs his theoretical model, then proceeds to test each of it's parts. Erikson relies upon the psychoanalyic model with specific emphasis upon sociol cultural factors as codeterminants. Sears adheres primarily to the edict of Clark L. Hull. Although all agree that the natural environment provides the most favorable laboratory conditions for measuring personality development, each differs with respect to methodlogy of investigation and to the developmental aspect to be investigated. Piaget structures his research in order to isolate variables of thought processes, aiming to learn precisely how one in dividual thinks about and ore problem. Yet despite these markedly different research proedures, the finding of each theorist are strikingly noncontradictory, and they become remarkably complementary when superimposed upon one another. In the nature of human life, all three theorists believe in the reqularity of human growth and development as wellas in the partial predictability of human behavior. Each ventures to investigate for himself and his contemporaries those facets of human life experience which are of particular interest to him. In Etiology of hum behavior, they all build upon an evolutionary view of the development of human behavior, but in dissimilar ways. Sears considers human behavior to be the product of stimulus-response learning. Piaget and Sears might take issue with Erikson's psychoanalytic assumption that human behavior results from needs and motivation cosistently internally nurtured. In the core determinant of human behavior, Each of the theorists depends upon a different assumption in his defenition of the determanants of humand behavior. Piaget emphasis uopn congnitive comprehension as the decisine factor. in all human behavior. Erikson consider that affective(emotional)processes furnish the basic motivations for all human behavior. Sears suggests that a person's behavior is in itself of overiding importance, past experience being the foundation for new behavior. In environmental influences, Erikson bases his trust in the adaptive power and creative capacity of both the individual and the social environment. This adaptive potential in each human being is rooted for Erikson in each individal's emotional makeup. He is willing to concede that intellectual potential does help, while for Piaget, it determines man's course. Sears sees man as the creator and the recipient of his own environment. He would be likely to include all imaginable environmental factors-includingthose outside the range of direct influence upon the child-maintaining that all have relevance to the emotional development of the chield.

Association of HLA-DRB1 and -DQB1 Alleles with Susceptibility to IgA Nephropathy in Korean Patients

In Ji Won,Jung Kiwook,Shin Sue,Park Kyoung Un,Lee Hajeong,Song Eun Young 대한진단검사의학회 2022 Annals of Laboratory Medicine Vol.42 No.1

Background: Associations between IgA nephropathy (IgAN) and HLA-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been reported in several ethnic groups. We investigated the association of HLA-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles with the predisposition for IgAN and disease progression to end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) in Korean patients. Methods: We analyzed HLA-DRB1 and -DQB1 genotypes in 399 IgAN patients between January 2000 and January 2019 using a LIFECODES sequence-specific oligonucleotide (SSO) typing kit (Immucor, Stamford, CT, USA) or a LABType SSO Typing Test (One Lambda, Canoga Park, CA, USA). Alleles with a significant difference in two-digit resolution were further analyzed using in-house sequence-based typing and sequence-specific primer PCR. As controls, 613 healthy hematopoietic stem cell donors were included. Kidney survival was analyzed in 281 IgAN patients with available clinical and laboratory data using Cox regression analysis. Where needed, P-values were adjusted using Bonferroni correction. Results: The allele frequencies of HLA-DRB1*04:05 (corrected P [Pc]<0.001), -DQB1 *04:01 (Pc=0.048), and -DQB1*03:02 (Pc=0.021) were significantly higher in IgAN patients than in controls, whereas those of HLA-DRB1*07:01, -DRB1*15:01, -DQB1*02:02, and -DQB1*06:02 (Pc<0.001 for all) were significantly lower in IgAN patients than in controls. The allele frequency of HLA-DQB1*05:03 (Pc=0.016) was significantly lower in the ESKD group than in the non-ESKD group; however, there was no significant difference for ESKD progression between these groups. Conclusions: We report novel associations of HLA-DRB1*15:01, DQB1*02:02, -DQB1*03:02, and -DQB1*04:01 with IgAN. Further studies of HLA alleles associated with IgAN progression in a larger cohort and in various ethnic groups are needed.

<i>In vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> evaluation of a novel polymer-free everolimus-eluting stent by nitrogen-doped titanium dioxide film deposition

Park, Dae Sung,Bae, In-Ho,Jeong, Myung Ho,Lim, Kyung Seob,Sim, Doo Sun,Hong, Young Joon,Lee, So-Youn,Jang, Eun Jae,Shim, Jae-Won,Park, Jun-Kyu,Lim, Han Chul,Kim, Han Byul Elsevier 2018 Materials Science and Engineering C Vol.91 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Inflammation and thrombosis are linked to the use of polymer-based drug-eluting stents (DES). The aim of this study was to develop a polymer-free everolimus (EVL)-eluting stent using nitrogen-doped titanium dioxide (N-TiO<SUB>2</SUB>) and verify its efficacy by <I>in vitro</I> and <I>in vivo</I> assessment in a porcine coronary model. Various analytical approaches such as scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy, electron spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry and contact angle measurement were employed for the characterization. As a part of biocompatibility assessment, platelet adhesion and smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation were examined. Bare metal stent (BMS), N-TiO<SUB>2</SUB> stent, everolimus-eluting N-TiO<SUB>2</SUB> (N-TiO<SUB>2</SUB>-EVL) stent, and commercialized EVL-eluting stent (EES) were randomly placed in forty coronary arteries in twenty pigs. After four weeks of implantation, the stents were subjected to histological and quantitative analysis. The N-TiO<SUB>2</SUB> film used in this study was well coated without any cracks or peeling. Surface hydrophilicity (88.8% of angle decrement) could be associated with the decrease in surface roughness post N-TiO<SUB>2</SUB> deposition (37.0%). The platelet adhesion on the N-TiO<SUB>2</SUB> surfaces was less than that on the BMS surface. The proliferation of SMC was suppressed in the N-TiO<SUB>2</SUB>-EVL group (30.2%) but not in the BMS group. In the animal study, the percent area restenosis was significantly decreased in the N-TiO<SUB>2</SUB>-EVL group compared to that in the BMS group. The results (BMS; 47.0 ± 11.00%, N-TiO<SUB>2</SUB>-EVL; 31.7 ± 10.50%, and EES; 29.1 ± 11.21%, <I>n</I> = 10, <I>p</I> < 0.05) were almost at par with those of the commercialized EVL-eluting stent. The introduction of N-TiO<SUB>2</SUB> deposition during fabrication of polymer-free DES may be an efficient accessorial process for preventing in-stent restenosis and thrombosis.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> N-TiO<SUB>2</SUB> surfaces can help to reduce the platelet adhesion. </LI> <LI> In porcine model, N-TiO<SUB>2</SUB> everolimus decreased in-stent restenosis and fibrin deposition. </LI> </UL> </P>

Hegel 精神現象學에서의 學의 體系와 方法

朴仁聖 전주대학교 정책과학연구소 1986 정책과학논총 Vol.2 No.-

In Hegel, philosophical thinking that has not system, can not be a science. Hegel's system of science does not mean a collection of diverse Knowledge, but it means a systematic knowledge that all partial knowledge necessarly form a inner, progressive, organic relationship in the one unity-Already Kant, Fichte Schelling, etc., willed to construct a systematic knowledge, but those system is not in a inner, progressive, organic relationship, and so, those system can-not be a true organic unity of all partial knowledge. To construct a systematic knowledge, Hegel critisizes the organon, or the medium as a instrument in cognition, which divided existence and knowledge into two, and which was popular in those days. But to recognize The Absolute, Hegel lays claim-to monism in cognition that reconsiles existence with knowledge in one. Hegel insists to remove all preconception in nature of knowledge, and to reveal knowledge of Erscheinung. The very first knowledge is natural consciousness which rises from Erscheinung, and so , in Hegel's Phenomenology, natural consciousness makes progress from it to a true absolute knowledge. In its progress, we gradually understand that natural consciouness is not true knowledge, and this self-awakening is repeated over and over again, and so , in the end, we reach to the absolute knowledge. Therefore, Consciousness has various forms of knowledge, and these various forms of one in a inner, progressive, organic relationship, can be a systematic one Hegel's method to systematize knowledge is dialect ice, namely, Hegel's system relies on relationship with three moment of thinking movement. Three moment of thinking movement is following : Thinking of abstract understanding is not settled, unchangeable, ultimate, but this aufhebens itself continually, and in the end, this is altered to its opposition. On the contrary, thinking of positive reason comprises positively these two oppositions, these two contradiction, in itself to a higher dimension. Development of conscious in Hegel's phenomenology of Mind has relationship with these logical triple rhythm of thinking movement. Of course, self-awakening process of conscious- ness in Phenomenology of Mind is genuinly contemplative, descriptive, passive but we can find this triple framework in the result of phenomenological cognition's process throughout the Hegel's Phenomenology of Mind Wherever.

In_xGa_1-xN/GaN 다중양자우물 구조의 광학적 성질 연구

김기홍,김인수,박헌보,배인호,유재인,장윤석,Kim, Ki-Hong,Kim, In-Su,Park, Hun-Bo,Bae, In-Ho,Yu, jae-In,Jang, Yoon-Seok 한국진공학회 2009 Applied Science and Convergence Technology Vol.18 No.1

$In_xGa_{1-x}N$/GaN 다중양자우물 구조의 EL 특성을 온도와 주입전류 변화에 따른 특성을 조사하였다 저전류와 고전류 주입시 EL 효율의 온도 의존 변화는 매우 다르게 나타나는데, 이러한 온도와 전류의 변화에 의한 독특한 EL 효율의 변화는 내부전기장의 존재 하에 순방향 바이어스에 기인한 외부전기장의 영향인 것으로 볼 수 있다. 그리고 $In_xGa_{1-x}N$/GaN 다중양자우물 구조에서 In 성비의 증가는 발광파장위치의 적색이동을 보였다. 15K에서 주입 전류의 증가에 따라 녹색 양자우물 구조는 80 meV와 청색 양자우물 구조는 22 meV의 청색 편이를 하였다. 이는 전류의 증가에 의해 단위 시간당 생성되는 캐리어 수가증가하게 되고 그에 따라 subband가 급격히 채워지는 band filling 현상이 일어나게 되어 짧은 파장에서 재결합이 증가하기 때문이다. 그리고 청색과 녹색 다중 양자우물구조의 짧은 파장 쪽으로의 편이 차이는 In 농도에 기인한 것으로 In 농도가 높으면 양자우물 깊이가 증가되어 더 강한 양자속박효과가 작용하여 캐리어 구속력이 증가하기 때문 것으로 볼 수 있다. Temperature and injection current dependence of electroluminescence(EL) spectral intensity of the $In_xGa_{1-x}N$/GaN multi-quantum wells(MQW) have been studied over a wide temperature range and as a function of injection current level. It is found that a temperature-dependent variation pattern of the EL efficiency under very low and high injection currents shows a drastic difference. This unique EL efficiency variation pattern with temperature and current can be explained field effects due to the driving forward bias in presence of internal(piezo and spontaneous polarization) fields. Increase of the indium content in $In_xGa_{1-x}N$/GaN multiple quantum wells gives rise to a redshift of 80 meV and 22 meV for green and blue MQW, respectively. It can be explained by carrier localization by potential fluctuation of multiple quantum well and MQW structures also shows a keen difference owing to the different indium content in InGaN/GaN MQW.

In₆S₇ nanoparticle-embedded and sulfur and nitrogen co-doped microporous carbons derived from In(tdc)₂ metal-organic framework

Choi, In-Hwan,Jang, So-Young,Kim, Hyun-Chul,Huh, Seong The Royal Society of Chemistry 2018 Dalton Transactions Vol.47 No.4

<P>Indium sulfide nanoparticle (NP)-embedded microporous carbons co-doped with S- and N-dopants are easily prepared by a direct carbonization of the as-prepared In(iii)-based metal-organic framework (In-MOF), [Et2NH2][In(tdc)2]·DEF, containing ditopic S-containing 2,5-thiophenedicarboxylate (tdc<SUP>2−</SUP>) bridging linkers as a potential source of S-dopant. The charge on the anionic framework of [In(tdc)2]<SUP>−</SUP> is balanced by Et2NH2<SUP>+</SUP>, which is also a potential N-dopant. Simultaneous embedding of In-based NPs, S-, and N-co-doping is achieved in a simple single step carbonization of In-MOF. Three porous carbon materials (PCMs), PCM-700, PCM-800, and PCM-900, are obtained from the carbonization of In-MOF at 700, 800, and 900 °C, respectively. The gas sorption analysis indicates them as good CO2 sorbents. The photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange by PCMs under visible light irradiation is also effectively operable owing to the photocatalytically active semiconducting indium sulfide NP with a small bandgap. The main component of indium sulfide NPs is revealed as In6S7 based on the powder X-ray diffraction pattern. Small amounts of metallic In and In2S3 are also observed. The specific capacitances of PCMs are also estimated from the galvanostatic charge/discharge curves. PCM-900 exhibits the highest gravimetric specific capacitance of 99.0 F g<SUP>−1</SUP> at a current density of 0.05 A g<SUP>−1</SUP>.</P>

한국흑염소에 있어서 사염화탄소와 1-naphthylisothiocyanate 투여시의 간기능 변화

임정식,최희인,Im Jung-Sik,Choi Hee-In 한국임상수의학회 1990 한국임상수의학회지 Vol.7 No.1

In order to study the effects of administration of carbon tetrachloride(CCI$_4$) and 1-naphthylisothiocyanate(ANIT) on the liver of Korean black goats, some liver function tests and liver biopsy were done on 4 Korean black goats dosed with CCI$_4$(0.4m1/kg of body weight) in-traruminally and 4 Korean black goats dosed with ANIT(400mg/kg of body weight) by stomach tube. BSP Tl/2 and serum total bilirubin concentration in goats dosed with CCI$_4$ were increased gradually, reached to maximum value on 2nd and 1st day, respectively, and then began to decrease in normal range, gradually. In goats dosed with ANIT, BSP Tl/2 and serum total bilirubin concentration were increased rapidly, reached to maximum value on 0.5 and 1st day, respectively, and then returned to normal ragne, rapidly. Serum SDH, AST and GGT activities in goats dosed with CCI$_4$ were increased rapidly and reached to maximum value on 3rd, 1st and 2nd day, respectively. Thereafter, the serum enzyme activities began to decrease in normal range gradually. In goats dosed with ANIT, however, serum SDH, AST and GGT activities were not changed. The histopathologic changes in goats dosed with CCI$_4$ were lipidosis and centrilobular nee-rosis of the hepatic parenchyma. In goats dosed with ANIT, hyperplasia of bile duct epithelium was noticeable, but pathologic changes in liver parenchyma were not noticed. Conclusively, in Korean black goats dosed with CCI$_4$, main finding was necrosis of hepatic parenchyma. In Korean black goats dosed with ANIT, main finding was cholestasis.

衛生昆蟲에 대한 無公害農藥(昆蟲發育沮害劑)의 殺蟲機作 및 應用技術開發硏究

金正和,李炯來,李仁煥,李容揆,崔鐘錫 충북대학교 농업과학기술연구소 1993 農業科學硏究 Vol.10 No.2

In recently, much pesticides were used for control of agricultural and medical insects. The result of using pesticides were social problem because of environmental pollutions with pesticides in urban and farm village. The environmental pollutions were very serious. This experiment was conducted to eluciated of reduce to environmental pollution bring about using pesticides (organophosphates, carbamates, pyrethroids, and insect growth regulators) for control of medical insects(house fly, Musca domestica L and mosquito, culex pipiens pallens copuillett) and carried out the method of pest control. And the result are summarized as follows. The Kyongbuk house fly strain treated with pyriproxyfen on third instar larvae were very high mortality and low emergence. When use it, at the same time, we can reduce degree of environ-mental pollution and house fly populations. Using of imidan was effective in Seoul and Chungnam house fly strains. In mosquito larvae, the efficacy of icon to chungbuk strain, propoxur to Chungnam and Chungbuk strain, imidan to Kyongbuk strain, fenthion to Chungnam strain were excellent. In result of spraying imidan and icon on adult mosquitoes, the efficacy of icon was excellent than imidan. In esterase electrophoresis, third instar larvae of Chungnam house fly strain fed on artificial diet mixed with pyriproxyfen LC50 were very high activity of -Est-αl in early stage(second day after third instar larvae fed on diet), and the activity of Est-αl was very strong in late stage(se-vents day after third instar larvae fed on diet). In Kyongbuk strain, -Est-αl and Est-αl were detected in early and late stage, and activities of and -Est-αl and Est-αl were detected almost equally in late stage. It was very characteristic in this experiment. Third instar larvae fed on diet mixed with pyriproxyfen LC95 were detected -Est-αl and Est-αl almost equally. It was believed moulting control in insects. In electrophoresis with head, thorax, abdomen of house fly adult, -Est-α2 -Est-αl, Est-αl, Est-α2, Est-α3 were detected in abdomen in susceptible strain and only -Est-αl, was net detected in thorax -Est-αl, was detected in head, thorax and abdomen of Chungbuk strain and -Est-αl was detected in head, -Est-α2 in thorax of same strain. Activities of chitinase in late instar larvae of house flies fed on artificial diet mixed with pyrip-roxyfen LC50 and LC95, in pyriproxyfen LC95, analysised low and high again with the lapse of time in Kyongbuk strain. This was believed that the activity of chitinase was became high just before emergence. The result of filter paper test with mosquitoes were very high index(265) of esterase activity in Chungnam strain among all mosquito strains. In this reason, we can suppose that used pyrip-roxyfen (IGR) in Chungnam area for control pest. In this reason, it was more reasonable made use of pyriproxyfen than other pesticide in Chungnam area.

흰쥐에서 Deferoxamine이 신 허혈 후 재관류에 의해 유발되는 신손상에 미치는 영향

배인수,정희창,박동춘 大韓泌尿器科學會 1998 Korean Journal of Urology Vol.39 No.7

미국의 사법심사에서 사법적극주의의 전개 : 워렌 대법원, 버거 대법원, 렌퀴스트 대법원, 로버츠 대법원에서의 전개논의를 중심으로

석인선 梨花女子大學校 法學硏究所 2021 法學論集 Vol.26 No.1

In the early days of the founding of the United States, the Supreme Court was an institution that received little attention. However, the U.S. Supreme Court is now an institution that has a profound influence on American society. Through judicial review, which is the core authority of the federal judiciary, it is gradually expanding its powers and exerting considerable influence on American society. The judicial superiority of the Federal Supreme Court is due to the fact that internally, the Federal Supreme Court has actively exercised the powers granted to it, and externally, the role required of the Federal Supreme Court has changed. What led to the change in the status of the Supreme Court is that the role required of the Supreme Court has changed over time. This is due to the emergence of many new legal disputes to be dealt with by the Supreme Court. There is bound to be a limit to the Supreme Court's ability to respond to these issues in the conventional way, and this situation has demanded a new role for the Supreme Court. In the past, the main role of the Supreme Court was to protect the people against violations of basic rights by the Congress or the government, but now it has moved away from this simple role to actively intervene and make decisions in the policy-making process. will be. There was a demand of the times to take a more active stance away from the passive role of the past. As a result, controversies and conflicts about the participation in decision-making of the Federal Supreme Court appeared in the form of judicial passivism and judicial activism, and were not only conducted in academia, but also among the Supreme Court justices. The expression of judicial activism differs depending on whether the Supreme Court justices participating in the judgment are conservative or progressive. In this paper, first, in Chapter II, Thayer's theory, which can be said to be the origin of judicial passivism in the judicial review of the United States, is examined, and how his discussion on judicial restraint was reflected through the Supreme Court Justices of the United States Supreme Court, and how its influence declined. look at Chapter Ⅲ examines what judicial activism as opposed to judicial passivism means and how judicial activism is expressed based on the elements that this thesis intends to focus on through the views of the Justices of the Supreme Court. In Chapter IV, I would like to evaluate the development of judicial passivism and judicial activism in the Supreme Court, focusing on the positions of the Federal Supreme Court, focusing on the Warren Court, Burger Court, Rehnquist Court, and Roberts Court. Chapter V seeks to find out the implications of how the US experience should be reflected in the Korean judiciary. 미국 연방대법원의 정책결정참여에 대한 논란과 논의대립은 사법소극주의와 사법적극주의 논의 형태로 나타났으며, 학계에서만 이루어진 것이 아니라 연방대법원 대법관들 사이에서도 나타났다. 판결에 참여한 대법관이 보수진영이냐 진보진영이냐에 따라 사법적극주의의 발현내용이 달라졌다. 사법소극주의에 대한 주요한 의미 세 가지를 보면, 첫째, 법관들은 법을 적용할뿐이고 입법을 하지 않는다는 입장이다. 둘째, 법관은 다른 국가기관들에 의한 결정을 매우 존중한다는 태도이다. 셋째, 법관들은 입법상 행위 또는 행정상의 행위를 위헌이라고 선언하는 것에 대해 주저하며 자제하는 태도이다. 사법소극주의(사법자제)의 연원을 보면, 그 위헌성이 명백하여 합리적 의심의 여지가 없는 경우에만 법률이 무효화되어야 한다고 주장하는 James Bradley Thayer에 의해 시작되었고 체계적으로 이론화되었다. 이러한 Thayer이론을 계승한 대법관으로는 홈즈 대법관, 브랜다이스 대법관, 프랑크퍼터 대법관을 들 수 있고 연방대법원 판례들의 법정의견들 속에 반영되어 있다. 미국의 연방대법원은 시대 상황에 따라 사법적극주의와 사법소극주의의 순환적 변동의 양상을 보여 왔다. 진보적인 사법적극주의로 특징 지워지는 워렌 대법원을 거친 후 버거 대법원, 렌퀴스트 대법원, 로버츠 대법원에서는 정치적 보수주의의 성향을 보여주고 있는 데 그 입장이 사법소극주의인지 사법적극주의를 취하고 있는 것인지에 대해 평가가 엇갈리고 있다. 20세기 이후 사법적극주의논의는 세 단계에 거쳐 주목받아왔다. 첫 번째 단계는 소위 Lochner시대로 불리우는 시기로 미연방대법원은 의회가 제정한 사회복지관련법률과 경제정책에 관한 법률을 대부분 위헌으로 결정하였던 시기이다. 이 시기에는 미연방대법원은 수정헌법 제14조에 근거하여 실체적 적법절차의 헌법원리를 도출하여 복지ㆍ경제관련법률을 위헌으로 결정하는 경우가 많았다. 두 번째 단계는 1950년대부터 1960년 후기까지 기간으로 워렌 대법원(Warren Court)시기이다. 인종차별 등 사회적 차별과 기본적 권리에 대한 사회적 침해에 대해 인권보장을 위해 적극적으로 헌법에 열거되지 않은 실체적인 권리를 인정하는 판결을 하였다. 워렌 대법원은 진보진영과 보수진영 양쪽에서 상반된 평가를 받고 있다. 세 번째 단계는 1992년 New York v. United States판결이 내리진 때로부터 2005년 렌퀴스트 대법원장이 사망하기까지 렌퀴스트 대법원 시기와 2005년 로버츠 대법원장이 임명된 때로부터 현재까지 이어지는 로버츠 대법원 시기이다. 보수적인 적극주의 경향을 보이고 있다. 사법적극주의는 하나의 개념으로 정의되기 보다는 일련의 특징을 가지고 있는 포괄적 개념으로 사용되고 있어서 어떠한 판결을 사법적극주의에 포함시킬 것인가를 엄밀하게 구별하는 일은 그리 용이하지 않다. 이러한 한계가 있음에도 불구하고 워렌 대법원, 버거 대법원, 렌퀴스트 대법원, 로버츠 대법원에서 연방대법관이 일정 판결에서 사법소극주의를 취했는지 사법적극주의를 취했는지를 결정하기 위한 주된 특징들은 연방주의, 입법부와 행정부의 결정의 무효화와 사법입법 등이 될 것이다. 워렌 대법원은 Lochner시대에 이어 사법적극주의가 등장한 시기로 평가되나. 1960년대 이후 연방대법원은 스톤 대법관의 이중기준이론을 수용하여 경제적 규제와 사회복지입법에 대해서는 사법소극주의적 입장을 취하였던 반면, 시민적 자유와 권리를 보장하기 위하여 사법적극주의를 강력하게 취하여 시민적 자유와 권리를 강력하게 보장하려고 하였다. 버거 대법원은 1980년 중반까지 형사법, 공립학교에서의 종교, 외설 등과 관련한 사건에서 워렌 대법원 시기의 주요 판결들을 일부 변경하면서도 유지하여 워렌 대법원의 법적 유산을 대부분 유지하였다는 평가가 있지만, 한편에서는, 워렌 대법원의 판결들을 유지하면서도 수정을 가하여 서서히 보수적인 대법원으로의 변화를 위한 가교 역할을 했다고 평가되기도 한 다. 1986년과 1987년 시기의 렌퀴스트 대법원은 인종차별과 성적 차별을 금지하였고 낙태를 허용하였으며, 교회와 국가를 분리하는 일련의 사회정책에서 중도적 자유주의적 경향을 보였다. 1989년과 1990년 시기에 렌퀴스트 대법원은 일반적으로 연방의회의 권한을 제한적으로 해석해야 한다는 입장을 보였다. 로버츠 대법원은 인적 구성에 있어서 많은 변화가 있어왔다. 그러나 정치적으로 보면 현재 로버트 대법원은 트럼프행정부 시기에 임명된 보수적인 3명의 대법관들로 대체되기 직전까지는 보수진영과 진보진영의 균형이 유지되어 놀랍게도 안정적인 상태를 유지하고 있었던 것으로 평가되고 있다. 로버츠 대법원은 2005년부터 2010년 초반까지 표현의 자유, 사형제도, 프라이버시권, 낙태, 선거비용, 개인의 총기 소지와 무장에 대한 권리에 관해 보수적 적극주의 입장을 취하고 있다. 미연방대법원은 전통적으로 사법부의 본질적인 한계를 강조하거나 사법심사의 소송요건을 강화함으로써 의회나 행정부와의 갈등을 피하고자 하는 태도를 보여왔으나, 20세기에 들어오면서 이러한 사법자제적 태도에 일정한 변화가 일어났고 점차 사법적극주의적 태도를 취하게 되었다. 특히 워렌 대법원은 사법심사권을 개혁의 도구로 사용하여 사회적 정치적 약자 보호에 큰 기여를 하였다. 현재 연방대법원의 로버츠 대법원에 이르는 동안 워렌 대법원시기에 내린 판결들을 최고점으로 하여 점차 보수화하는 방향으로 법리를 전개시켜 왔는데 상당한 역할을 한 것은 보수적 사법적극적인 태도라고 볼 수 있다. 사법자제와 사법적극주의의 논쟁은 종국적으로 권력분립의 시각에서 본 사법부의 바람직한 역할이 무엇인지에 대한 논쟁으로 귀착된다고 할 수 있다. 우리 헌법재판소는 동성동본금혼규정과 호주제도에 대해 헌법불합치 결정을 내렸다. 헌법재판소가 다수결주의기관들을 대신에 그 기관들 스스로가 바로 잡을 수 없었던 것에 대해 법원이 개입한 경우라고 할 수 있다. 반면, 사법적극주의가 잘못 발현된 경우의 예가 있다. 헌법재판소가 서울이 대한민국의 수도인 점을 불문의 관습 헌법으로 보아 헌법개정사항인 수도의 이전을 단순 법률의 형태로 실현시킨 것을 위헌이라고 선언한 경우이다. 결론적으로 사법심사에 있어서 사법적극주의를 취함에 있어 사법부가 가진 역할의 의미를 다수 대 소수자의 권리가 대립되는 상황에서 소수의 권리를 보호하기 위해 존재한다는 점에 두고, 의회나 행정부가 스스로 교정할 수 없는 실패가 발생한 때 여기에 개입해 민주주의의 실패를 보정함으로써 민주주의를 촉진시키는 역할을 한다는 점에 있다는 사고에서 출발한다면, 사법부에서 진보주의는 보수주의와 다른 사회ㆍ정치적 결과를 낼 것이다. 사법적극주의가 진보주의와 결합하느냐 또는 보수주의와 결합하느냐에 따라 결과가 다르게 나타났음을 염두에 두어야 한다.