이상 ‘육필 원고’의 진위 여부 고증(考證) - 편지를 중심으로

김주현 ( Kim Ju-hyeon ) 한국문학언어학회(구 경북어문학회) 2019 어문론총 Vol.81 No.-

2014년 이상의 편지가 발굴되었다는 소식이 여러 언론을 가득 메웠다. 이 보도 이후 그 편지는 이상의 편지로 자리매김하게 되었다. 그런데 이 편지는 2001년 이미 이현욱의 편지로 소개되었던 것이다. 동일한 편지가 먼저는 이현욱의 편지로, 나중에는 이상의 편지로 소개된 것이다. 육필 편지가 적힌 편지지는 1940년에 문을 연 ‘梧文出版社’의 원고지이다. 그리고 편지봉투에 1940년 12월 26일자 소인이 찍혀있다. 그러므로 1937년에 죽은 이상이 이 편지를 쓸 수는 없다. 그리고 서명, 필체 및 문체의 측면에서 이상과 거리가 있다. 하지만 그 편지는 이현욱이 최정희에게 보낸 또 다른 육필 편지와 서명, 필체 및 문체의 측면에서 같으며, 1940년 당시 발표된 이현욱의 「편지」, 「일기」, 「결별」등과 문체의 측면에서 차이가 없다. 또한 육필 편지의 내용은 이현욱의 당시 상황과 그대로 일치한다. 궁극적으로 이 육필 편지는 이현욱의 편지로 보는 것이 적절하다. 이 편지에서 이현욱은 최정희에 대한 애증관계를 가감 없이 표현하였으며, 자신의 글쓰기가 최정희의 권유로 시작되었다는 점, 그리고 최정희와 결별할 수밖에 없는 상황을 그대로 전해주고 있다. 이 편지는 이현욱, 곧 지하련 연구에 좋은 자료가 될 것이다. The news about discovering Lee Sang’s letter filled many newspapers in 2014. After this report, the letter has been established as Lee Sang’s letter. However, this letter has already been introduced as Lee Hyeon-uk’s letter in 2001. The same letter has been first introduced as Lee Hyeon-uk’s and later as Lee Sang’s. The letter paper of handwritten manuscript is the manuscript paper of 'Oh-Mun Publisher' which opened in 1940. And It’s envelope has a postmark dated December 26, 1940. Therefore, no longer can this letter be written by Lee Sang who died in 1937. And it is far from Lee Sang in terms of signatures, handwriting and style. However, this letter is the same as Lee Hyeon-uk's another letter to Choi Jeong-hee in terms of signature, handwriting and style. And it is the same style of Lee Hyeon-uk's works such as “Letter”, “Diary” and “Separation”. Also, the content of the letter is identical to Lee Hyeon-uk’s situation. Ultimately, it is reasonable to see the letter as Lee Hyeon-uk’s. In this letter, Lee Hyeon-uk expressed love and hate relationship with Choi Jeong-hee. This letter shows the fact that Lee Hyeon-uk began writing due to Choi Jeong-hee’s recommendation and she has no choice but break up just like the novel “Separation”. This letter will be a good material to research Lee Hyeon-uk, that is to say Ji Ha-ryeon

영조 초기 안동 지역 남인의 정치적 동향

이재현 ( Lee Jae-hyeon ) 대구사학회 2021 대구사학 Vol.144 No.-

이 논문은 英祖 초기에 안동 지역 남인의 정치활동을 규명한 것이다. 시기적 범위는 영조 즉위 이후부터 대략 辛酉大訓을 전후한 시기까지이며, 지역적 범위는 安東을 중심으로 하되 禮安·英陽·寧海 등 안동 주변 지역 또한 그 대상으로 삼았다. 여기서 지역적 범위는 곧 李玄逸 門人 집단 내 핵심인물들의 거주 범위와 일치한다. 영조는 즉위 이후 탕평책을 추진하였는데, 신유대훈으로 국왕 주도의 탕평 정국이 설립되기까지 乙巳換局, 丁未換局, 戊申亂, 己酉處分, 十九下敎, 混沌開闢, 庚申處分 등 많은 정치적 사건이 발생하였다. 그러나 영남 남인의 경우 숙종 대 甲戌換局 이후로 실각하여 재기하지 못하였고, 이로 인해 영조 초기 정국에서는 중앙 정계에서의 역할이 미미하였다. 더구나 무신란에 연루되면서 지역 전체가 ‘逆鄕’으로 규정될 위험에 처하였다. 이에 통상적으로 영남 남인의 정치적 명분은 무신란으로 인해 완전히 붕괴된 것으로 이해되었다. 그러나 무신란 이후 영조의 배려로 안동을 중심으로 한 일부 영남 남인 인사의 등용이 있었다. 김성탁은 이를 대표하는 인물이다. 하지만 당시 안동 지역 남인들은 이현일의 문인집단으로 서로 얽혀있었고, 이현일의 伸冤이 이루어지지 않는 이상, 언제나 ‘己巳年의 餘黨’으로 낙인될 가능성이 존재하였다. 1737년(영조 13)에 김성탁이 이현일을 伸救하다가 영조의 분노를 사 유배 간 사건은 안동 지역 남인의 취약한 정치적 기반을 단적으로 보여 준다. 김성탁 사건의 파급으로 인해 안동 지역 내에서는 김상헌 서원 건립을 둘러싸고 南·老 간의 향전이 벌어졌다. 안동 지역 내에서 열세에 처했던 노론 측은 官의 지원 아래에 서원 건립을 추진했으나, 남인들이 물리력을 동원하면서 저지하여 서원 건립이 좌절되었다. 영조는 이 사건에서 남인들에게 상대적으로 관대한 처분을 내렸다. 이러한 영조의 태도는 黨論 위에서 君師로 군림하려는 영조의 의도를 보여주는 것이었다. 그러나 이러한 영조의 의도와 배려에도 불구하고 1740년대가 되면 안동 지역 남인의 정치활동은 침체되었고, 이것은 곧 영남 남인의 정치활동의 침체를 의미한다. This study identifies the political activities of Namin in Andong in the early days of King Yeongjo. The period ranges from the time of King Yeongjo's accession to the throne to around the time of Sinyu Daehun. The regional range was centered on Andong and around Andong such as Yean, Yeungyang and Yeunghae. The regional range is in line with the extent to which key figures reside within the Lee Hyeon-il’s followers. King Yeongjo promoted Tangpyeong policy(蕩平策) after his ascension, and many political events took place, including the Eulsa Regime Change in 1725(乙巳換局), Jeongmi Regime Change in 1727(丁未換局), Musin Revolt(戊申亂), Kiyucheobun(己酉處分), Sibguhagyo(十九下敎), Hondongaebyeok(混沌開闢), Gyeongsincheobun(庚申處分), until the establishment of the King-led Tangpyeong regime. However, in the case of Namin group of Yeongnam, he failed to recover after Gabsul Regime Change in 1694(甲戌換局), and thus had little role in the central political circle in the early days of King Yeongjo. Furthermore, relevant to Musin Revolt put the entire region at risk of being defined as "Rebellion." In general, it was understood that the political cause of Namin group of Yeongnamwas completely destroyed due to Musin Revolt. However, Namin group of Yeongnam centered on Andong was appointed because of King Yeongjo's consideration after Musin Revolt. Kim Seong-tak was a representative figure. However, Namin in Andong were intertwined with Lee Hyun-il's followers at that time. If Lee Hyun-il is not innocent, They were always likely to be branded as ‘the remnants of the year of Gisa’. In 1737, Kim Sung-tak's banishment due to Yeongjo's anger while explaining Lee Hyun-il shows the weak political foundation of Namin in Andong. Due to the ripple of the Kim Seong-tak's banishment, there was confrontation between Namin and Noron over the construction of Hagdong Seowon in Andong. Noron, who had a weak power in Andong, pushed for the construction of the Seowon under the support of the government office, but the construction of the Seowon was thwarted by Namin's physical force. King Yeongjo gave relatively lenient treatment to Namin in this case. King Yeongjo's attitude showed King Yeongjo's intention to reign as ‘Master King(君師)’ on the party platform. However, despite King Yeongjo's intentions and consideration, the political activities of Namin in Andong began to stagnate in the 1740s, which meant that the political activities of Namin group of Yeongnam had stagnated. (Department of History, Kyungpook National University / corpseljh@hanmail.net)

A Survey of the History of Hunmin jeongeum Research

Hyeon‐,hie Lee 훈민정음학회 2010 Scripta Vol.0 No.2

This paper presents a brief sketch of the content and background of Hunmin jeongeum research. Pre-1940 and post-1940 research are divided and considered separately.

The Ongoing Monophthongization of 'ii' in Seoul Korean: A Sociophonological Account

Hyeon-Seok Kang 한국음운론학회 1999 음성·음운·형태론 연구 Vol.5 No.1

Kang, Hyeon-Seok. 1999. The Ongoing Monophthongization of 'ii' in Seoul Korean: A Sociophonological Account. Studies in Phonetics, Phonology and Morphology 5, 25-58. This paper examines the current status of 'ii', the only remaining one among the six Middle Korean falling diphthongs. Supporting the suggestions by Kim-Renaud (986) and Y.C. Chung (1991), this article shows that this diphthong is also monophthongizing following the paths of the other falling diphthongs. It is also shown through quantitative evidence that the monophthongization of this diphthong involves not one diachronic change but three different changes. It is suggested that the monophthongization of 'ii' was mainly triggered by the structural pressure to eliminate the only remaining falling diphthong in contemporary Korean. This structural explanation is phonologically formalized within the Optimality Theory expanded by the notion of 'variable ranking' (Reynolds ]994). The phonological account also shows why the changes are under way as they are. (Kaya University)

Inhibition of oxidative stress induced‑cytotoxicity by coptisine in V79‑4 Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts through the induction of Nrf‑2 mediated HO‑1 expression

Hyeon‑Gyun Jo,Cheol Park,이혜숙,Gi‑Young Kim,Young‑Sam Keum,Jin Won Hyun,Taeg Kyu Kwon,Yung Hyun Choi,Su Hyun Hong 한국유전학회 2021 Genes & Genomics Vol.43 No.1

Background Coptisine is a natural alkaloid compound and is known to have multiple benefcial efects including antioxidant activity. However, whether it can protect lung fbroblasts from oxidative damage has not been studied yet. Objectives To investigate the potential inhibitory efect of coptisine against oxidative stress in V79-4 lung fbroblast cells. Methods V79-4 cells were treated with H2O2 (1 mM) in the presence or absence of coptisine (50 µg/ml), N-acetyl cysteine (NAC, 10 mM) or zinc protoporphyrin IX (ZnPP, 10 µM) for the indicated times. The alleviating efects of coptisine on cytotoxicity, cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, DNA damage, mitochondrial dynamics, and inhibition of ATP production against H2O2 were investigated. Western blot analysis was used to analyze the expression levels of specifc proteins. Results Coptisine inhibited H2O2-induced cytotoxicity and DNA damage by blocking abnormal ROS generation. H2O2 treatment caused cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase accompanied by increased expression of cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) inhibitor p21WAF1/CIP1 and decreased expression of cyclin B1 and cyclin A. However, these efects were attenuated in the presence of coptisine or NAC. Coptisine also prevented apoptosis by decreasing the rate of Bax/Bcl-2 expression in H2O2-stimulated cells and suppressing the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and the cytosolic release of cytochrome c. In addition, the activation of nuclear factor-erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) was markedly promoted by coptisine in the presence of H2O2. However, zinc protoporphyrin IX, a potent inhibitor of HO-1, attenuated the ROS scavenging and anti-apoptotic efects of coptisine. Conclusions Based on current data, we suggest that coptisine can be used as a potential treatment for oxidative stress-related lung disease.

Effect of Impact Load on Splice Length of Reinforcing Bars

Hyeon?Jong Hwang,Fan Yang,Li Zang,Jang?Woon Baek,Gao Ma 한국콘크리트학회 2020 International Journal of Concrete Structures and M Vol.14 No.5

Impact loading damage of reinforced concrete (RC) members deteriorates bond strength of reinforcing bars. To understand the effect of strain rate on the bond strength of reinforcing bars in RC beams under impact load, drop hammer test was performed on twenty-four simply supported RC beams with lap spliced bars at the mid-span. The test parameters were reinforcing bar diameter, splice length, drop height, and hammer mass. The dynamic responses including the impact load history, mid-span deflection history, crack distribution, and strain history of reinforcing bar were evaluated. Although the designed bar development length was 31–69% of the requirement of current design codes under static load, the tensile strength of bar splices was greater than the dynamic yield strength when subjected to large impact energy under impact load. On the basis of the test results, existing design equations for the bar development length under static load were modified to consider the impact loading effect on the bond strength. Factors related to the strain rate effect of materials, impact damage, and impact energy loss were proposed. The prediction of the proposed method agreed well with the tensile strength of bar splices under impact load.

Strain Distributions of Plane-Strained and Simple-Sheared Al–Mg Alloy

Hyeon‑Woo Son,Jae‑Cheol Lee,Hyun Soon Park,Soong‑Keun Hyun 대한금속·재료학회 2021 METALS AND MATERIALS International Vol.27 No.11

Strain distribution in plane-strained (rolling) and simple-sheared (torsion) Al–Mg alloy has been estimated using both X-rayline profile analysis and electron backscatter technique. The strain analyses under unified texture distribution by orientationrotation showed that torsion has relatively homogeneous strain distribution regardless of texture component in contrast toinhomogeneous strain in rolling. In addition, annealing texture of torsion has more random texture than inhomogeneousrolling texture. Lower texture difference index in annealed torsion specimens suggest homogeneous strain distribution insimple shear has a higher resistance to strain-induced boundary migration, which has been known to be main reason forstrong development of ND||⟨100⟩ component during annealing of rolled Al sheet.

김수영 시에 나타난 ‘죽음’의 문제 연구

권지현(Kwon Ji?Hyeon) 강원대학교 인문과학연구소 2012 인문과학연구 Vol.0 No.32

본고는 김수영 시에 나타난 ‘죽음’의 문제를 시적 생명의 발현과정으로 보고 김수영시에 내재한 죽음의 문제를 고찰하였다. 김수영시에 나타난 ‘죽음’은 새로운 생명을 획득하는 변증법적 과정을 거치면서 시적 해탈과 새로움의 시간을 획득한다. 본고에서는 김수영 시에 나타난 ‘죽음’의 문제와 관련하여 5·60년대의 억압적인 반공이데올로기에 갇힌 작가적 현실을 시인의 죽음으로 파악하고 김수영 시인의 순교자적 죽음의식을 고찰하였다. 또 김수영의 초기시에서부터 시작된 일련의 죽음의식이 자양분으로 받아들인 책 속에서 죽고 그 자신이 창작한 시 속에서 다시 한 번 죽음으로써 시의 죽음과 죽음의 현재적 시간을 획득함을 블랑쇼의 글쓰기와 관련시켜 논의하였다. 더불어 장자의 생사관과 불교의 ‘해탈’과 같은 동양사상에 내재한 전통을 혁신함으로써 ‘새로움’의 시학을 보여준 김수영 시의 죽음의식은 생명에대한 미래적 회귀의식을 보여준다. 김수영시에 나타난 ‘죽음’의 문제는 5·60년대의 정치·사회적 상황과 긴밀한 연관을 지닌 것으로 김수영은 죽음의식을 통해 시적 ‘새로움’과 ‘자유’의 생명을 획득하는 시적 성취를 이룩한다. 김수영의 시의식이 본질을 향해 나아가는 과정에서 추구하였던 ‘죽음’을 시적고통과 순교자적 대결의식, 죽음의 시간과 시의 죽음, ‘새로움’과 ‘해탈’의 미래적 회귀로 파악하고 이를 작품 분석을 통해 고찰하였다. This study examined ‘the poetics of death’ inherent in Kim Su?yeong’s poems, assuming that the ‘death’ problem in Kim Su?yeong’s poems is the process of manifesting a poetic life. For this, we analyzed his works based on the understanding that ‘death’ pursued by Kim Su?yeong in the course that his poetic consciousness moved toward the essence was the content of poetic pain, martyrdom consciousness of confrontation, the death of the author and books, Zen?style liberation, and the revolution of ‘newness.’ The discussions of this study are summarized as follows. First, for Kim Su?yeong who promoted poetic completeness comparable with contemporary world literature, the division of the country and the curbed realities suppressing literary freedom were equivalent to death. Although an utterance about the division system could lead him to severe risk and even death, Kim Su?yeong wrote poems containing such utterances. This poetic spirit can be regarded as martyrdom consciousness of confrontation toward poetic freedom. Second, with regard to the ‘death’ problem in Kim Su?yeong’s poems, we discussed it in connection to Blanchot’s concepts of writing and death. A series of death consciousness beginning from Kim Su?yeong’s early poem ‘Confucius’ Hard Living’ achieved the death of poetry and the poet’s death through a death in books read for nutrition and another death in poems written by himself. Third, Kim Su?yeong read the depth of newness in poems containing ‘the music of death.’ Accordingly, the death problem in Kim Su?yeong’s poems became the point where ‘newness’ and freedom are attained. In his prose ‘Lying Zen,’ he revealed through lying Zen the absolute state of ‘perfect oblivion’ leaving no trace of the corpse, the remains of death. Thus, we can say that the death problem in Kim Su?yeong’s poems is his search of ‘newness’ and his will toward freedom so desperate that he tried to pass through death and leave no trace of the dead body behind.

단재의 서사문학 계보와 「지구성미래몽」의 의미

김주현(Kim, Ju-hyeon) 한국어문학회 2014 語文學 Vol.0 No.125

‘Future Dream of the Earth’(1909) was published in the Korea Daily News in Korean language. Since he was fully aware of the positive effect of Korean novels on mass, Danjae wrote it in Korean native language to enlighten Korean people. In ‘Future Dream of the Earth’ Danjae brought the device of dream that was one of the main characteristics that the traditional narratives had. In his work, he accepted the discussion type that was wildly known as social discourse at that time and he embraced the travel structure to reach the awaken subject. Poetry was utilized to disclose the author’s intention more clearly. Additionally, in his work the reality was described as “not being different from the hell.” That shows that Danjae’s world view was based on the realistic world. He worked hard to raise the national consciousness and spread out the spirit of independence. Likewise, this work was accomplished through the national historical spirit. In this sense, this work played an important role to connect ‘Euljimundeok’ to ‘Dream Heaven’. This work bears some important meanings in the literature of Shin Chae -ho. First meaning is that Danjae wrote novels by himself to enlighten Korean people. Secondly, this work made it possible to confirm the genealogy of Danjae’s fantasy novels ranging from ‘Future Dream of the Earth’ and ‘Dream Heaven’ to The Fierce Battle of Two Dragons. Lastly, even though it was not completed, the novel has a great significance in that it shows the viewpoint of Danjae who enhanced the national consciousness and pursued the independence through the novels at the patriotic enlightenment period. Therefore, it is necessary to identify ‘Future Dream of the Earth’ as one of his novels at the enlightenment movement period.

상해 시절 이광수의 작품 발굴과 그 의미

김주현(Kim, Ju-hyeon) 한국어문학회 2016 語文學 Vol.0 No.132

This research discovered some of unexcavated Lee Gwangsu’s work presumably written during his stay at Shanghai. I found “The Opening Speech,” one editorial and two pieces of poetry within the Korean version of The Young Korea’s first issue, and one editorial in the Chinese version. In the same issue, “Declaration of Korean Youth Association of Independence,” also known as “2.8 Declaration” and written by Lee Gwangsu, was published. From the second issue of the same magazine, “the Need and Method of Preserving and Propagating Korean” was found to be written by Lee Gwangsu. It is confirmed that Lee Gwangu authored “New Determination”, “People and Government”, “Self-awareness of the Citizen”, and “Citizen, Introspect,” all of which were originally published anonymously. Next, this research also found Lee Gwangsu’s work published in Hyeogsingongbo. The existence of Lee Gwangsu’s talk in Hyeogsingongbo adds importance to his newly discovered work in the same collection. Finally, this research discovered and determined that Lee Gwansu authored “an Absolute Independence” and “the Kando Incidence and the Course of Future in Independence Movement,” also published anonymously in Dongnipsinmoon. This research has uncovered a number of works, contributing significantly to understanding Lee Gwangsu’s works during his stay at Shanghai. Lee Gwangsu revealed the act of brutality that the Japanese committed in the 3.1 Movement of Independence and expressed the national determination and promise to achieve independence in two pieces of poetry, “a Girl with cut arms”, and “Hurrah”. Additionally, he emphasized the importance of our language and the necessity of preserving and propagating it in “the Need and Method of Preserving and Propagating Korean”. Newly discovered works, including “the Price of Freedom”, “Future of Korean”, “People and Government”, “an Absolute Independence”, “the Kando Incidence and the Future Course of Independence Movement,” and others, were mostly pertinent to the independence movement. Lee Gwangsu stressed preparing independence through education, well evidenced in his statement, “prepare and endure for a long time.” Lee Gwangsu also advised Chinese intellectuals to join the independence movement in his work, “China will Regain its Power When it Beats Japan.” Such works embody Lee Gwangsu’s thoughts on language, literature, contemporary world, and independence movements.