북한의 시 교육 연구 - 초급중학교와 고급중학교 교과서의 작품과 학습 활동을 중심으로 -

이경화 ( Lee Gyeong-hwa ),김정우 ( Kim Jung-woo ) 한국문학교육학회 2021 문학교육학 Vol.- No.73

2013 개정 교육강령 이후 북한의 교육에 여러 가지 변화가 나타나는 것으로 보고되고 있다. 이 글에서는 이러한 북한의 변화가 초급중학교와 고급중학교의 시 교육, 그리고 교과서에 어떻게 나타나고 있는지 살펴보았다. 분석 결과 북한에서는 문학교육에 정치 사상적 교양을 위한 도구적 성격을 여전히 강하게 부여하고 있다. 그러나 이전 시대 교과서에서는 모든 시 작품을 이념과 사상, 그리고 권력 찬양의 내용으로 채웠던 데 반해 2013 개정 교육강령 이후 교과서에서는 정치 사상적 색채가 드러나지 않는 작품이 여러 편 수록되어 있어 상대적으로 그 강도는 조금 약화된 변화가 확인된다. 또한 작품의 내용은 김씨 일가와 당, 수령을 찬양하는 작품이라 하더라도 학습 활동에서는 정치 사상적 교양이나 권력 찬양 내용의 활동으로만 일관하지 않는 변화도 나타나고 있다. 종합해서 볼 때 여전히 북한의 문학교육, 시 교육은 ‘조국’을 위해 충성을 강요하는 작품이나 활동이 대부분을 차지하고 있지만 조금씩 그 경직성이 완화되는 추세가 감지되고 있다. 내용 면에서는 북한의 중요한 문예 이론인 주체문예 이론에 근거하여 여러 개념과 지식을 배우고 있지만, 그 가운데에서도 학습자 활동에 능동성과 주체성, 그리고 단계적 심화 발전을 구현하기 위한 노력이 보인다. 이러한 변화를 토대로 남과 북의 이질성을 극복하기 위한 방안이라 든가, 통일 시대 중등 시 교육의 방향 설정 같은 주제의 연구가 계속될 필요가 있다. This paper analyzed the changes in North Korean poetry education in the middle and high school textbooks, ‘Korean’ and ‘Korean and literature’. As a result of the analysis, the role of literature education in North Korea is still strong as a tool for political and ideological education. Nevertheless, what can be evaluated positively in the textbooks is that there are several works that do not reveal the political ideology, which were not found in textbooks before the Kim Jong-un era. In addition, unlike textbooks in the previous period, learning activities that do not emphasize loyalty to the state or praise for the Kim’s family are gradually increasing. Overall, works and activities that force loyalty for "our country" still occupy most of North Korea’s poetry education, but the rigidity is gradually easing. In addition, North Korean textbooks still provide various concepts and knowledge based on North Korea’s important literary theory, Juche Literary Theory, but among them, efforts are made to realize activity, subjectivity, and step-by-step deepening in learner activities.

경상북도 후포와 강원도 장호에서 정치망으로 채집된 어류 종조성 비교

강정하 ( Jung Ha Kang ),김이경 ( Yi Gyeong Kim ),박중연 ( Jung Youn Park ),김진구 ( Jin Koo Kim ),유정화 ( Jung Hwa Ryu ),강충배 ( Chung Bae Kang ),박정호 ( Jeong Ho Park ) 한국수산과학회 2014 한국수산과학회지 Vol.47 No.4

Two major temperature fronts, the Subpolar (Gosung, Gang-won-do; 38°-41° N) and Thermal (Jukbyun, Gyeong-sang-buk-do; 36°-37° N) fronts, are found in the East Sea along the east coast of Korea. These are located roughly where the Tsushima Warm Current and North Korea Cold Current intersect. To clarify the effect of the Thermal Front, we investigated seasonal variation in fish species composition using set nets in two areas located north (Jangho, Gang-won-do) and south (Hupo, Gyeong-sang-buk-do) of Jukbyun, Gyeong-sang-buk-do, and compared the sea water temperature and salinity. We collected a total of 38 fish species in Hupo and 25 in Jangho. Trachurus japonicus was the most common species at both sites, but the subdominant species differed. At Hupo, the subdominant species were Konosirus punctatus and Diodon holocanthus, whereas Clupea pallasii and Scomber japonicus were subdominant at Jangho. Based on Froese and Pauly (2014), subtropical fishes accounted for 55% of fish in Hupo but only for 33% in Jangho. The difference in fish species composition was most obvious in May and August. According to the Korea Hydrographic and Oceanographic Administration, sea surface temperature and salinity were slightly higher at Hupo than at Jangho. Our findings suggest that the oceanographic boundary resulting from the Thermal Front near Jukbyun, Gyeong-sang-buk- do may have a major effect on the distribution of migratory fish species.

마산연안지역의 국지풍 순환 및 대기오염물질 확산에 관한 연구

김유근,이화운,문윤섭,김해동,원경미,정우식,오인보 부산대학교 환경문제연구소 1997 環境硏究報 Vol.15 No.1

To investigate a horizontal windrose and the mixing height in Masan coastal area, a local atmospheric flow and the concentration of air pollutants were analyzed by abserved data from AWS, airsonde and air sampler. The land-sea breeze model and the ISCST2 model of U. S. EPA(Environmental Protection Agency) were used to predict the concentration of air pollutants such as SO2 and TSP. As a result, during spring the principal wind direction in the Masan region is mainly represented by windrose of the WNW and NW, which can be induced by land breeze and the SE and SSW of sea breeze even if weak wind speed. The mixing height during the measurement was marked with the range from 400 m(0900 LST) to 1450 m(1500 LST), and the height of an inverse layer was presented as the range from 30 m(2100 LST) to 150 m(0300 LST). It is very important to cosider the local wind field for the accurate diffusion and movement of air pollutants in coastal urban area. The atmospheric flow was simulated by the two-dimensional local wind model upon considering the orographic characteristics such as land-sea contrast, mountain valley and urban building. The result of air quality simulated by ISCST2 support that the dispersion pattern of the pollutants in that area was followed as local circulation system in coastal urban area.

거대 점오염원이 주변 대기질에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구

김유근,이화운,전병일,장은숙,홍정혜,문윤섭,원경미,송정희 부산대학교 환경문제연구소 1996 環境硏究報 Vol.14 No.1

In order to show the effect of a vast point pollutant source on air quality of Pusan Thermoeletric Power Plant and its surrounding area, air quality around Pusan Thermoeletric Power Plant was simulated by ISCLT-2 which was supplied by EPA. For this purpose the emission amount of SO_2, NO_2 and TSP was calculated and atmospheric stability was classified for a recent decade(1985~1994) in Pusan. A result of the emission amount showed that much amount of NO_2, NO_2 and TSP are emitted from industrial area. It was clear that NO_2 is much emitted from line source and industrial area. And as a result of classification of atmospheric stability, neutral, stable and unstable state were 58%, 24.1% and 17.9%, respectivly. The result of ai quality simulation by ISCLT-2 showed that Pusan Thermoeletric Power Plant is affecting on the increse of 2.0ppb, 3.0ppb and 5.0㎍/㎥, SO_2, NO_2, and TSP respectively at its surrounding area, site A-3 which was located westward 2.2㎞ distance from Plant

중국 조세제도의 문제점과 개선방안

강경규,김선화 明知大學校 經濟硏究所 2003 경영연구 Vol.22 No.1

세계경제는 날로 국제교역의 증대로 각국간에 경제의 상극의존도가 첨차 심화되고 있다. EU는 일찍이 경제통합을 목표로 회원국간에 사람, 돈 및 재화의 자유로운 이동을 가능케 하기 위한 전제로서 세제의 조화를 요구하고있다. 중국의 세제는 1994년에 현행 세제모습을 갖춘 것으로서 경제의 글로벌화, WTO의 가입등 새로운 경제환경이 빠르게 대두되는 오늘날 더는 시장경제 발전의 수요를 만족시킬 수 없게 되었으며 갈수록 그 문제점들이 두드러지고있다. 세제구조의 불합리, 세부담의 불공평, 징수관리 및 법규의 미비 등등. 중국은 마땅히 개발도상국과 선진국의 경험교훈을 참고로, 중국의 실정에 비추어 세제개혁을 진행함으로써 시장경제체계에 더욱 잘 부합되는 조세제도 및 조세행정상의 변화를 가져와야 한다. 이를 위해서는 상기 문제점들에 조준하여 비용을 세금으로 전환하는 방법으로 거시적 조세부담구조를 조정하고, 새로운 조세항목의 개설과 소득세 수준에 대한조정을 통하여 세제구조의 최적화를 실현하여야 하며; 내 · 외 자기업소득세를 통일하고 포괄적 개인소득세모식을 도입하는 방법으로 공평과세를 실현하며; 관세를 점차 인하하고, 기존의 생산형 증치세를 소비형 증치세로 전환하며; 조세징수관리제도에 대한 개혁을 통하여 조세징수관리의 숫자화 · 전자화 · 정보화 · 현대화를 실현하며;조세법규를 진일보 완벽해지게 하여야 한다.

부산광역시의 대기질 변화경향 및 특성에 관한 연구

이화운,김유근,원경미,홍정혜,문윤섭,장난심,정우식 부산대학교 환경문제연구소 1997 環境硏究報 Vol.15 No.1

결핵균항원에 대한 폐결핵환자의 임파구 증식반응에 관한 연구

백태현,김준배,박정규,김화중,조은경,최대경 충남대학교부설 생명공학연구소 1992 생물공학연구지 Vol.2 No.-

T lymphocytes are thought to play a central role in cell mediated immune response. To study the T lymphocyte proliferative response to purified 30-kDa antigen from Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv, peripheral blood lymphocytes(PBL) isolated from healthy controls and tuberculosis patients were stimulated with the 30-kDa antigen, crude antigen and PHA. Healthy controls and tuberculosis patients were divided into PPD(+), PPD(-) groups and AFB(-), AFB(+) groups, respectively. PBL proliferation were determined by the ^3H-thymidine incorporation assay and MTT colorimetric assay. PBL proliferation with 30-kDa and crude protein antigens measured by both methods were almost identical(r=0.74, p<0.001). The lymphocyte proliferation to 30-kDa antigen and crude antigen were singnificantly increased in PPD(+) healthy controls and tuberculosis patients when compared to those in PPD(-) controls, but response to PHA was no significant difference. Analysis to T cell subsets of proliferated lymphocytes performed by the indirect immunoalkaline phosphatase techniques were no difference between not only healthy controls and patients groups, but also stimulated antigen or PHA, and especially, at all groups, the percentage of T8 cell was higher than that of T4 cell.

MTT비색법에 의한 결핵균 30-kDa항원이 임파구 증식에 미치는 영향

백태현,김민경,박정규,김화중,조은경,최대경 충남대학교 의과대학 지역사회의학연구소 1991 충남의대잡지 Vol.18 No.1

The cell mediated immune response appears to result from the specific recognition of an antigen. by T lymphocytes. It has been well recognized that T cell play an important roles in the induction of tuberculin hypersensitivity and immunity to tuberculosis. In order to evaluate effect on T lymphocyte proliferative response to purified 30-kDa antigen from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, stimulation effects of peripheral blood lymphocytes with 30-kDa antigen, crude antigen and PHA were measured by MTT colorimetric assay. Three groups of healthy subjects, representing PPD(+), PPD() and PPD(-) persons, were investigated. The proliferative response to 30-kDa antigen were elicited the plateau at concentration of 20 to 0.1㎍/ml, crude antigen showed rapid reduction as decreasing the concentration of antigen, for the PPD(+) person. Both antigens, at concentration of <1㎍/ml, failed to stimulate lymphocytes of the PPD(-) person. Therefore the concentration of 30-kDa antigen to induce optimal stimulation was 1㎍/ml. The lymphocyte proliferation to 30-kDa antigen and crude antigen were significantly increased in PPD(+) group when compared to those in PPD(-) group, but PHA response was no significant difference. These results suggest that 30-kDa antigen could stimulate lymphocyte from PPD(+) population and MTT colorimetric assay could be applied to assess proliferative response of lymphocyte.

결핵성 수막염 환자의 뇌척수액에서 결핵균 30-kDa항원에 대한 항체반응

백태현,박재하,김화중,조은경,최대경 충남대학교 의과대학 지역사회의학연구소 1992 충남의대잡지 Vol.19 No.1

Rapid diagnostic tests for tuberculous meningitis are urgently needed because delayed treatment increase the already high mortality rate of this disease. In this study, the 30-kDa protein antigen that purified from the unheated culture filtrate of M. tuberculosis H_37Rv was examined for its diagnostic usefulness in detecting mycobacterial antibody in cerebrospinal fluid(CSF) by the enzymelinked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) and Western blot. The mean ELISA values of IgG antibody activity to 30-kDa antigen in CSF of 12 patients with tuberculous meningitis and 17 non tuberculous patients were 0.479±0.245 and 0.051±0.024, and for the IgM antibody, were 0.375±0.223 and 0.065±0.039, respectibely. The sensitivity and specificity were 100% and 94% for IgG antibody, and 75% and 94% for IgM antibody, respectively. Western blot analysis was the same as that results of ELISA. In the positive determination, however, Western blot could be easily determined by the demonstration of distinct band of 30-kDa molecule. From the above results, it is suggested that the 30-kDa antigen is useful for the diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis, and Western blot shows promise as a useful immunological method for the diagnosis.

건강인에서 결핵균 30-kDa항원이 말초혈액 임파구증식에 미치는 영향

최대경,고석신,김화중,조은경,백태현,신철식 충남대학교 의과대학 지역사회의학연구소 1991 충남의대잡지 Vol.18 No.1

T lymphocytes are thought to play a central role in cell mediated immune response. To Study the T lymphocyte proliferative response to 30-kDa antigen purified from Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv, peripheral blood lymphocytes isolated from healthy subjects were stimulated with the 30kDa antigen, crude antigen or PHA. Healthy subjects were divided into three groups so that PPD(+), PPD(±) and PPD(-). The proliferations of lymphocytes were measured by the incroporation of ^3H-thyrnidine. The results were summarized as follows: 1. For the PPD(+) person, at concentration of < 1 ㎍/ml, the proliferative response to 30-kDa antigen resulted in a mild reduction but crude antigen showed relatively rapid reduction. For the PPD(-) person, decreasing the concentration of the both antigens showed rapid reduction of proliferation 2. The lymphocytes proliferations to 30-kDa antigen and crude antigen were significantly increased in PPD(+) group when compared to those in PPD(-) group, but PHA response was no significant difference. 3. The sensitivity and specificity of lymphocyte proliferation assay to 30-kDa antigen and crude antigen when compared with skin test results were 92.3%, 100% and 76.9%, 50%, respectively.