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Real Exchange Rate and Manufacturing Export Competitiveness in Eastern Africa
Fetene Bogale Hunegnaw 세종대학교 경제통합연구소 2017 Journal of Economic Integration Vol.32 No.4
This paper investigates the effects of real exchange rates on manufacturing exports in 10 East African countries. The study uses pooled mean group and mean group estimators with an Autoregressive Distributed Lag procedure to analyze four classifications of manufacturing exports, unlike past studies that often examined aggregate exports by adopting traditional empirical methods subject to various shortcomings. Our results are more or less consistent with the standard theory. The elasticity is relatively low, except for low-skill manufacturing exports. In the short run, real exchange rate depreciation improves exports of labor-intensive, low-skill, and medium-skill technology-intensive manufacturing. In contrast, depreciation of the real effective exchange rate worsens high-skill technology-intensive exports. Another findings suggest that exchange rate devaluation matters for export performance in Eastern Africa. Nevertheless, the magnitude of this elasticity is low and remains below the findings for Sub-Saharan African and other developing countries. Positive and elastic manufacturing exports with respect to domestic real GDP shows the importance of economic growth to the performance of manufacturing exports. Therefore, policies aimed at boosting exports in the long term should aim to provide a conducive environment for economic growth prior to continuous devaluation of a domestic currency.
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Elias Sanidas,Fetene Bogale Hunegnaw 서울대학교 경제연구소 2017 Seoul journal of economics Vol.30 No.2
The effect of devaluations on economies is one of the most controversial macroeconomic policies in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), both theoretically and empirically. This study uses panel data from 1995-2013 for 17 SSA countries and 17 non-Euro OECD economies. The main conclusion is that exchange rates devaluations and revaluations are an effective policy instrument in improving trade balances and boosting real output in both regions. There are some similarities in the results between the two groups of nations but also many differences, which are indicated in detail in the text. For example, regarding the estimation of trade balances directly, the income effects (own GDP and foreign GDP) and the exchange rates effect seem to be more important in the case of SSA group than in the case of the OECD group. There are also some policy implications. Thus, governments in SSA nations are encouraged to further pursue both exchange rates and monetary or fiscal policies; and as they develop their industries, they may rely more and more on floating exchange rates.
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Laser methane detector-based quantification of methane emissions from indoor-fed Fogera dairy cows
Kobayashi, Nobuyuki,Hou, Fujiang,Tsunekawa, Atsushi,Yan, Tianhai,Tegegne, Firew,Tassew, Asaminew,Mekuriaw, Yeshambel,Mekuriaw, Shigdaf,Hunegnaw, Beyadglign,Mekonnen, Wondimeneh,Ichinohe, Toshiyoshi Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2021 Animal Bioscience Vol.34 No.8
Objective: Portable laser methane detectors (LMDs) may be an economical means of estimating CH<sub>4</sub> emissions from ruminants. We validated an LMD-based approach and then used that approach to evaluate CH<sub>4</sub> emissions from indigenous dairy cows in a dryland area of Ethiopia. Methods: First, we validated our LMD-based approach in Simmental crossbred beef cattle (n = 2) housed in respiration chambers and fed either a high- or low-concentrate diet. From the results of the validation, we constructed an estimation equation to determine CH<sub>4</sub> emissions from LMD CH<sub>4</sub> concentrations. Next, we used our validated LMD approach to examine CH<sub>4</sub> emissions in Fogera dairy cows grazed for 8 h/d (GG, n = 4), fed indoors on natural-grassland hay (CG1, n = 4), or fed indoors on Napier-grass (Pennisetum purpureum) hay (CG2, n = 4). All the cows were supplemented with concentrate feed. Results: The exhaled CH<sub>4</sub> concentrations measured by LMD were linearly correlated with the CH<sub>4</sub> emissions determined by infrared-absorption-based gas analyzer (r<sup>2</sup> = 0.55). The estimation equation used to determine CH<sub>4</sub> emissions (y, mg/min) from LMD CH<sub>4</sub> concentrations (x, ppm m) was y = 0.4259x+38.61. Daily CH<sub>4</sub> emissions of Fogera cows estimated by using the equation did not differ among the three groups; however, a numerically greater milk yield was obtained from the CG2 cows than from the GG cows, suggesting that Napier-grass hay might be better than natural-grassland hay for indoor feeding. The CG1 cows had higher CH<sub>4</sub> emissions per feed intake than the other groups, without significant increases in milk yield and body-weight gain, suggesting that natural-grassland hay cannot be recommended for indoor-fed cows. Conclusion: These findings demonstrate the potential of using LMDs to valuate feeding regimens rapidly and economically for dairy cows in areas under financial constraint, while taking CH<sub>4</sub> emissions into consideration.
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Jakub Mesinovic,Jackson J. Fyfe,Michael J. Wheeler,Michael J. Wheeler,Gloria K.W. Leung,Elena S. George,Melkamu T. Hunegnaw,Costas Glavas,Paul Jansons,Robin M. Daly,David Scott 대한당뇨병학회 2023 Diabetes and Metabolism Journal Vol.47 No.6
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and sarcopenia (low skeletal muscle mass and function) share a bidirectional relationship. The prevalence of these diseases increases with age and they share common risk factors. Skeletal muscle fat infiltration, commonly referred to as myosteatosis, may be a major contributor to both T2DM and sarcopenia in older adults via independent effects on insulin resistance and muscle health. Many strategies to manage T2DM result in energy restriction and subsequent weight loss, and this can lead to significant declines in muscle mass in the absence of resistance exercise, which is also a first-line treatment for sarcopenia. In this review, we highlight recent evidence on established treatments and emerging therapies targeting weight loss and muscle mass and function improvements in older adults with, or at risk of, T2DM and/or sarcopenia. This includes dietary, physical activity and exercise interventions, new generation incretin-based agonists and myostatin-based antagonists, and endoscopic bariatric therapies. We also highlight how digital health technologies and health literacy interventions can increase uptake of, and adherence to, established and emerging treatments and therapies in older adults with T2DM and/or sarcopenia.
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