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Poverty and Poverty Reduction in Ethiopia
Tegegne Gebre-Egziabher 연세대학교 빈곤문제국제개발연구원 2010 Journal of Poverty Alleviation and International D Vol.1 No.1
The pervasiveness and widespread nature of poverty in many developing countries has made countries to focus on poverty reduction as one of their pre-occupations. The different dimension of poverty in Ethiopia shows that it is one of the poorest countries in the world. The low level of income and calorie intake signifies the depth of poverty. Similarly, the low level of nutrition, low access to education and health compounds the problem. Trends in the different indicators of poverty, however, show that Ethiopia is in the trajectory of progress in terms of poverty reduction. In this regard, the formulation and implementation of poverty reduction strategy papers (PRSPs) have played a role towards betterment of income, health and education. Moreover the country has implemented specific poverty reduction measures that are aimed at direct and indirect attacks of poverty. The direct attacks are those which focus on food security and rural employment creation, urban employment creation and provision of low cost housing while the indirect attacks deal with economic growth and social service provision. Ethiopia needs to strengthen its pro-poor growth policy in order to succeed in reducing poverty.
Teklie Lissanu Tegegne,Gebregziabher Kahsay 한국자기학회 2021 Journal of Magnetics Vol.26 No.3
In this study, the mathematical expression of temperature dependence upper critical magnetic field (Hc2), angle dependence of upper critical magnetic field (Hc2), and temperature dependence of Ginzburg-Landau (GL) characteristics were investigated. The parameters were computed by using two band Ginzburg-Landau (GL) phenomenological model for Ba(Fe1-xNix)₂As₂ iron based superconductor. Application of very small external magnetic field at low temperature to nickel doped BaFe₂As₂ changes to Ba(Fe1-xNix)₂As₂ iron based superconductor at a critical temperature of 19.5 K. The phase diagrams of the two upper-critical field and GL characteristics length were plotted as a function of angle and temperature for Ba(Fe1-xNix)₂As₂ iron based superconductor using the experimental values. The phase diagram shows the linear dependence of upper critical magnetic field parallel H<SUP>∥c</SUP>c2 and perpendicular (H<SUP>⊥c</SUP>c2) with temperature (T). Correspondingly, the phase diagrams of the upper critical field (Hc2(θ)) versus the angle (θ) were plotted. The parallel and perpendicular to the symmetry axis of coherence length (ξGL(T)) and penetration depth (λGL(T)) versus temperature were plotted. In these plots both parameters are increased with increasing temperature and diverges at the critical temperature for the superconductor Ba(Fe1-xNix)₂As₂. This theoretical investigation was found to be in agreement with the obtained experimental results.
Gemechu Ordofa,Lemma Zemedu,Bosena Tegegne 중앙대학교 경제연구소 2021 Journal of Economic Development Vol.46 No.2
The main objective of this study was to examine smallholder farmers’ milk and butter market participation decision and level of participation in the Ada’a Berga district. A multi-stage sampling technique employed to select 123 respondents. Heckman two stage model was used. The result of the Heckamn first stage show that breed type, income from dairy, membership of dairy cooperative and milking cows have a positive and statistically significant effect on milk market participation. While, the distance from market, number milking cows, market information and non-dairy income has a positive and statistically significant effect on the farmers’ decision to participate in the butter market. The second stage Heckman model result shows education, number milking cows, credit and membership of dairy cooperative have a positive and statistically significant effect on the level of milk market participation. Also, factors such as number milking cows, access to credit, dairy income and volume of milk produced have a positive and statistically significant effect on level of butter market participation. Therefore, improving breeding, education, market information, strengthening cooperative and extension and credit service can increase farmers' participation in output market.
Laser methane detector-based quantification of methane emissions from indoor-fed Fogera dairy cows
Kobayashi, Nobuyuki,Hou, Fujiang,Tsunekawa, Atsushi,Yan, Tianhai,Tegegne, Firew,Tassew, Asaminew,Mekuriaw, Yeshambel,Mekuriaw, Shigdaf,Hunegnaw, Beyadglign,Mekonnen, Wondimeneh,Ichinohe, Toshiyoshi Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2021 Animal Bioscience Vol.34 No.8
Objective: Portable laser methane detectors (LMDs) may be an economical means of estimating CH<sub>4</sub> emissions from ruminants. We validated an LMD-based approach and then used that approach to evaluate CH<sub>4</sub> emissions from indigenous dairy cows in a dryland area of Ethiopia. Methods: First, we validated our LMD-based approach in Simmental crossbred beef cattle (n = 2) housed in respiration chambers and fed either a high- or low-concentrate diet. From the results of the validation, we constructed an estimation equation to determine CH<sub>4</sub> emissions from LMD CH<sub>4</sub> concentrations. Next, we used our validated LMD approach to examine CH<sub>4</sub> emissions in Fogera dairy cows grazed for 8 h/d (GG, n = 4), fed indoors on natural-grassland hay (CG1, n = 4), or fed indoors on Napier-grass (Pennisetum purpureum) hay (CG2, n = 4). All the cows were supplemented with concentrate feed. Results: The exhaled CH<sub>4</sub> concentrations measured by LMD were linearly correlated with the CH<sub>4</sub> emissions determined by infrared-absorption-based gas analyzer (r<sup>2</sup> = 0.55). The estimation equation used to determine CH<sub>4</sub> emissions (y, mg/min) from LMD CH<sub>4</sub> concentrations (x, ppm m) was y = 0.4259x+38.61. Daily CH<sub>4</sub> emissions of Fogera cows estimated by using the equation did not differ among the three groups; however, a numerically greater milk yield was obtained from the CG2 cows than from the GG cows, suggesting that Napier-grass hay might be better than natural-grassland hay for indoor feeding. The CG1 cows had higher CH<sub>4</sub> emissions per feed intake than the other groups, without significant increases in milk yield and body-weight gain, suggesting that natural-grassland hay cannot be recommended for indoor-fed cows. Conclusion: These findings demonstrate the potential of using LMDs to valuate feeding regimens rapidly and economically for dairy cows in areas under financial constraint, while taking CH<sub>4</sub> emissions into consideration.
Development of a Mushroom Powder Certified Reference Material for Element Analysis
( Tegegn Gizachew Betru ),( Yong-hyeon Yim ),( Kyoung-seok Lee ) 한국질량분석학회 2020 Mass spectrometry letters Vol.11 No.4
A certified reference material (CRM) for the analysis of nutrient elements in an edible mushroom (Ganoderma lyceum) powder has been developed (KRISS CRM 108-10-011). The mass fractions of calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn) were measured by isotope dilution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ID ICP/MS). To dissolve the fungi cell wall of mushroom consisted of chitin fibers, sample preparation method by single reaction chamber type microwave-assisted acid digestion with acid mixtures was optimized. The mean measurement results obtained from 12 sample bottles were used to assign as the certified values for the CRM and the between-bottle homogeneities were evaluated from the relative standard deviations. The certified values were metrologically traceable to the definition of the kilogram in the International System of Units (SI). This CRM is expected to be used for validation of analytical methods or quality control of measurement results in analytical laboratories when they determine the mass fractions of elements in mushroom or other similar samples.
Three-Dimensional Mapping of Indoor and Outdoor Environment Using LIO-SAM
Henok Tegegn Warku,Nak Yong Ko,Hong Gi Yeom,Woong Choi 제어로봇시스템학회 2021 제어로봇시스템학회 국제학술대회 논문집 Vol.2021 No.10
This paper uses Velodyne Puck (VLP-16) 3D lidar sensor and Xsens MTI-G-700 to get inertial measurement unit (IMU) data to build a three-dimensional mapping of the indoor and outdoor environment and to visualize the constructed map using Lidar Inertia Odometry via Smoothing and Mapping (LIO-SAM) algorithm. The lidar sensor, Velodyne Puck (VLP-16) is used for obstacle detection of the environment and forms a three-dimensional point cloud, while Xsens MTI-G-700 is used to perform point cloud deskew. We have tested both indoor and outdoor environment experimentally and obtain the three-dimensional map of the environment and visualize it on Robot Operating System Visualization (Rviz) tool. The robot setup is teleoperated twice, once from its starting position to its end position and then move the robot back again to its initial position during the indoor mapping experiment, and moving the robot once during the outdoor mapping experiment. The experimental result shows that the system can create a compatible 3D mapping with the detailed information of the objects of the real environment.