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Hwang, Soomee,Kim, Choil,Lee, Jeeyeon,Park, Hyunmee,Lee, Gaeho,Lee, Kwang-Geun,Shin, Hanseung,Kwon, Hoonjeong Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam. 2019 Vol. No.
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Cooking-related carcinogens are formed during the heating or processing of foods. To date, numerous studies analyzing carcinogens present in cooking ingredients or formed through different cooking methods have been conducted. However, combined risk assessment is important for practical reasons. The purpose of this study was to conduct a combined risk assessment of five cooking-related genotoxic carcinogens encompassing 25 chemicals: heterocyclic amines, acrylamide, furan, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and nitrosamines. Oral Slope Factor (OSF) and benchmark dose lower-bound confidence limit 10% (BMDL<SUB>10</SUB>) of the compounds were obtained from public databases, and the values for the compounds that did not have published reference values were approximated using related toxicity values. The high-risk contributing food items and cooking methods for each carcinogen were selected for the study based on the Korean Total Diet Study (TDS) and Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Exposure to the carcinogens from selected dishes per serving was estimated based on concentrations determined in TDS and consumption data gathered from 24-h recalls in the 2014 to 2016 KNHANES. The combined cancer risks were obtained by summing the risks of individual compounds in a dish, which were calculated by multiplying the OSF values by the concentrations of carcinogens per serving. The combined risks were used to compare the risk of different dishes, not to calculate the lifetime risk from the individual dishes. The risks of the dishes prepared with potatoes were found to be high, whereas namul (vegetable dish) had the lowest risk. Soup or stew dishes exhibited relatively high risks. Estimated combined risks based on BMDL<SUB>10</SUB> showed similar trends, except for fried potatoes and roasted or fried meat dishes. Combined risks of cooking-related carcinogens may vary based on the major contributors of individual carcinogens. The results of this study could provide an insightful guideline for selecting menus for consumers.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> OSF and BMDL<SUB>10</SUB> for five cooking related carcinogens were listed. </LI> <LI> The combined risk estimated using OSF and BMDL<SUB>10</SUB> were calculated for the menu items. </LI> <LI> Combined risk of dishes made with potato showed generally higher risk. </LI> <LI> In terms of the cooking method, soup and stew dishes had relatively high risk. </LI> <LI> The result can provide intuitive information for consumers when selecting the menu. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>
Lee Young Joo,Kang Tae Seok,Kim Tae Sung,Moon Hyun Ju,Kang Il Hyun,Oh Ji Young,Kwon Hoonjeong,Han Soon Young Korean Society of ToxicologyKorea Environmental Mu 2005 Toxicological Research Vol.21 No.1
Cadmium is an environmental pollutant exposed from contaminated foods or cigarette smoking and known to cause oxidative damage in organs. We investigated the cadmium-induced apoptosis and cell arrest in human breast cancer cells, MCF-7 cells and MDA-MB-231 cells. Obvious apoptotic cell death was shown in CdCl₂ 100 μM treatment for 12 hr, which were determined by DAPI staining and flow cytometric analysis. In cell cycle analysis, MCF-7 cells and MDA-MB-231 cells were arrested in S phase and G2/M phase respectively. These could be explained by the induction of cell cycle inhibitory protein, p21/sup Waf1/Cip1/ and p27/sup Kip1/, expression and reduction of cyclin/Cdk complexes in both cell lines. The decreased expression of cyclin A and Cdk2 in MCF-7 cells and cyclin B1 and Cdc2 in MDA-MB-231 cells were consistent with the flow cytometric observation. p-ERK expression was increased dose-dependent manner in both cell lines. It suggests that ERK MAPK pathway are involved in cadmium-induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Moreover, cotreatment of zinc (100 μM, 12 hr) recovered the cadmium-induced cell arrest in both cells, which shows cadmium-induced oxidative stress mediates apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in human breast cancer cells.
Conversion of Apricot Cyanogenic Glycosides to Thiocyanate by Liver and Colon Enzymes
Jiyeon Lee,Hoonjeong Kwon 한국독성학회 2009 Toxicological Research Vol.25 No.1
Some of the edible plants like apricot kernel, flaxseed, and cassava generate hydrogen cyanide (HCN) when cyanogenic glycosides are hydrolyzed. Rhodanese (thiosulfate: cyanide sulfurtransferases of TSTs; EC: 2.8.1.1) is a sulfide-detoxifying enzymes that converts cyanides into thiocyanate and sulfite. This enzyme exists in a liver and kidneys in abundance. The present study is to evaluate the conversion of apricot cyanogenic glycosides into thiocyanate by human hepatic (HepG2) and colonal (HT-29) cells, and the induction of the enzymes in the rat. The effects of short term exposure of amygdalin to rats have also been investigated. Cytosolic, mitochondrial, and microsomal fractions from HepG2 and HT-29 cells and normal male Spraque-Dawley rats were used. When apricot kernel extract was used as substrate, the rhodanese activity in liver cells was higher than the activity in colon cells, both from established human cell line or animal tissue. The cytosolic fractions showed the highest rhodanese activity in all of the cells, exhibiting two to three times that of microsomal fractions. Moreover, the cell homogenates could metabolize apricot extract to thiocyanate suggesting cellular hydrolysis of cyanogenic glycoside to cyanide ion, followed by a sulfur transfer to thiocyanate. After the consumption of amygdalin for 14 days, growth of rats began to decrease relative to that of the control group though a significant change in thyroid has not been observed. The resulting data support the conversion to thiocyanate, which relate to the thyroid dysfunction caused by the chronic dietary intake of cyanide. Because Korean eats a lot of Brassicaceae vegetables such as Chinese cabbage and radish, the results of this study might indicate the involvement of rhodanese in prolonged exposure of cyanogenic glycosides.
Young Joo Lee,Tae Seok Kang,Tae Sung Kim,Hyun Ju Moon,Il Hyun Kang,Ji Young Oh,Hoonjeong Kwon,Soon Young Han 한국독성학회 2005 Toxicological Research Vol.21 No.1
Cadmium is an environmental pollutant exposed from contaminated foods or cigarette smoking and known to cause oxidative damage in organs. We investigated the cadmium-induced apoptosis and cell arrest in human breast cancer cells, MCF-7 cells and MDA-MB-231 cells. Obvious apoptotic cell death was shown in CdCl₂ 100 μM treatment for 12 hr, which were determined by DAPI staining and flow cytometric analysis. In cell cycle analysis, MCF-7 cells and MDA-MB-231 cells were arrested in S phase and G2/M phase respectively. These could be explained by the induction of cell cycle inhibitory protein, p21^(Waf1/Cip1) and p27^(Kip1), expression and reduction of cyclin/Cdk complexes in both cell lines. The decreased expression of cyclin A and Cdk2 in MCF-7 cells and cyclin B1 and Cdc2 in MDA-MB-231 cells were consistent with the flow cytometric observation. p-ERK expression was increased dose-dependent manner in both cell lines. It suggests that ERK MAPK pathway are involved in cadmium-induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Moreover, cotreatment of zinc (100 μM, 12 hr) recovered the cadmium-induced cell arrest in both cells, which shows cadmiuminduced oxidative stress mediates apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in human breast cancer cells.
Kim, MeeKyung,Lee, Gunyoung,Lim, Ho Soo,Yun, Sang Soon,Hwang, Myungsil,Hong, Jin-Hwan,Kwon, Hoonjeong Informa UK (TaylorFrancis) 2017 Food additives & contaminants. Part A. Chemistry, Vol.34 No.9
<P>A sweetener is a food additive that imparts a sweet taste to food products. Sweeteners have been increasingly used in Korea since the approval of sodium saccharin and d-sorbitol in 1962. Unlike food contaminants, humans are exposed to food additives only through the consumption of processed food products. For exposure assessments of sweeteners, the dietary intakes of food products containing acesulfame-K, aspartame, saccharin-Na, and sucralose were determined, and the resulting calculated estimated daily intake (EDI) values were compared directly with each additive's ADI. The poundage method was used to calculate the daily intake per capita for 12 additional sweeteners, such as lactitol, for which appropriate analytical methods for food products do not exist. The risk, as evaluated by comparing the EDI with the ADI, was determined to be 2.9% for acesulfame-K, 0.8% for aspartame, 3.6% for saccharin-Na, 4.3% for steviol glycosides, and 2.1% for sucralose. No hazardous effect was predicted for the other 11 sweeteners, including lactitol.</P>
Jeong-HoonOh,HoonJeong,J.M.Park,J.Y.Park,K.H.Hong,Y.J.Choi,K.H.Lee,T.Y.Chung,Y.J.Park,KinamKim 한국물리학회 2002 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.41 No.6
The robust stack storage node structure for a gigabit-density DRAM device requires improvements in the process structure and the process conditions to avoid the electrical failure during DRAM-cell operation. First of all, the thermo-mechanical stress between the storage nodes, the stable node frame property, and the wet etching process should be improved. We show that optimized process conditions are essential to making a robust storage node structure. Furthermore, in this paper, a novel double mold oxide (DMO) technology is proposed to eliminate the electrical short failure between storage nodes. With the DMO structure, the surface area of the stack cell storage node can be enlarged without electrical short failure between the storage nodes.