Chemical Properties and Fiber Dimension of Eucalyptus pellita from The 2nd Generation of Progeny Tests in Pelaihari, South Borneo, Indonesia

Ganis Lukmandaru,Umi Farah Zumaini,Djoko Soeprijadi,Widyanto Dwi Nugroho,Mudji Susanto 한국목재공학회 2016 목재공학 Vol.44 No.4

Eucalyptus pellita F. Muell is one of pulp woods that is being developed through breeding plantation programs in Indonesia. The research aimed at exploring the chemical and morphological characteristics of fiber, and to determine the rank of plus trees from 4 provenances based on the suitability for pulps. The materials included the plus trees of E. pellita (9 years) from the 2nd generation of progeny tests in Pelaihari, South Borneo. Wood properties under investigation included the chemical properties and morphological fiber characteristics (fiber dimensions and its derived properties). In the present study, data were analyzed using descriptive statistic, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Pearson``s correlation. Results showed that the chemical properties of E. pellita, i.e. the contents of ethanol-toluene extractives, hot water soluble extractives, holocellulose, alphacelullose, and lignin were 3.08 ± 1.00%, 1.41 ± 0.38%, 75.26 ± 2.58%, 49.02 ± 2.88%, and 29.49 ± 1.86%, respectively. The average values of wood fiber morphology were 1.02 ± 0.08 mm (fiber length), 13.25 ± 1.64 μm (fiber diameter), of 6.94 ± 1.70 μm (lumen diameter), 3.15 ± 0.52 μm (fiber wall thickness), 0.97 ± 0.30 (Runkel ratio), 0.57 ± 0.10 (Luce``s shape factor), 78.21 ± 10.34 (slenderness ratio) and 130.91 ± 33.77 × 10³ μm³ (solids factor). The AHP scoring rank indicated that the best individuals were 28.4.3.28 (Kiriwo Utara), 12.1.5.28 (North Kiriwo), 19.11.5.45 (Serisa Village), 3.8.4.9 (South Kiriwo), and 6.6.3.15 (South Kiriwo). Pearson correlation analysis showed significant correlations between the levels of fiber length with alpha-cellulose content (r = 0.39) as well as the fiber length with ethanol-toluene extractive contents (r = -0.41).

Variation in Tree Growth Characteristics, Pilodyn Penetration, and Stress-wave Velocity in 65 Families of Acacia mangium Trees Planted in Indonesia

( Fanny HIDAYATI ),( Ganis LUKMANDARU ),( Sapto INDRIOKO ),( Sri SUNARTI ),( Arif NIRSATMANTO ) 한국목재공학회 2019 목재공학 Vol.47 No.5

Growth characteristics [stem diameter (D), tree height (H)] and wood properties [Pilodyn penetration (P) and stress-wave velocity (SWV)] were measured for 65 families of 6-year-old Acacia mangium trees planted in Indonesia, in order to characterize their variation in D, H, P, and SWV. Therefore, the correlations between the measured characteristics were also determined, and their significant differences observed. Furthermore, their low to moderate values of narrow-sense heritability was obtained, and the results indicated the characteristics to be genetically controlled in A. mangium. In addition, highly significant positive correlations were observed among the growth characteristics, suggesting a close relationship, while there was no significant association between the growth characteristics and P, as well as SWV, indicating their independent. Therefore, these results demonstrate a potential for the improvement of both growth and wood properties of A. mangium trees, using the appropriate breeding programs. In addition, 18 families showed good performance in D and SWV, signifying their positive prospect of being considered as plus trees for the next generation breeding cycles.

Utilization of Sapwood Waste of Fast-Growing Teak in Activated Carbon Production and Its Adsorption Properties

Johanes Pramana Gentur SUTAPA,Ganis Lukmandaru,Sigit SUNARTA,Rini PUJIARTI,Denny Irawati,Rizki ARISANDI,Riska DWIYANNA,Robertus Danu PRIYAMBODO 한국목재공학회 2024 목재공학 Vol.52 No.3

The sapwood portion of fast-growing teak is mostly ignored due to its inferior quality. One of the possibilities for utilizing sapwood waste is to convert it into activated carbon that has good adsorption capabilities. The raw materials used in this research were sapwood of 14-year-old fast-growing teak sapwood (FTS) waste, which was taken from three trees from community forests in Wonosari, Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta Special Region. FTS waste was taken from the bottom of the tree up to a height of 1.3 m. The activation process is conducted with an activation temperature of 750℃, 850℃, and 950℃. The heating duration consists of three variations: 30 min, 60 min, and 90 min. The quality evaluation parameters of activated carbon include yield, moisture content, volatile matter content, ash content, fixed carbon content, adsorption capacity of benzene, adsorption capacity of methylene blue, and adsorption capacity of iodine. The results showed that the activated carbon produced had the following quality parameters: yield of 75.61%; moisture content of 1.27%; volatile matter content of 9.98%; ash content of 5.43%; fixed carbon content of 84.58%; benzene absorption capacity of 8.58%; methylene blue absorption capacity of 87.73 mg/g; and iodine adsorption capacity of 948.19 mg/g. It can be concluded that activated carbon from FTS waste has good iodine adsorption, which fulfilled the SNI 06-3730-1995 quality standard. Due to the iodine adsorption ability of FTS waste activated carbon, the conversion of FTS waste to activated carbon is categorized as a potential method to increase the value of this material.

Utilization of Sapwood Waste of Fast-Growing Teak in Activated Carbon Production and Its Adsorption Properties

( Johanes Pramana Gentur Sutapa ),( Ganis Lukmandaru ),( Sigit Sunarta ),( Rini Pujiarti ),( Denny Irawati ),( Rizki Arisandi ),( Riska Dwiyanna ),( Robertus Danu Priyambodo ) 한국목재공학회 2024 목재공학 Vol.52 No.2

The sapwood portion of fast-growing teak is mostly ignored due to its inferior quality. One of the possibilities for utilizing sapwood waste is to convert it into activated carbon that has good adsorption capabilities. The raw materials used in this research were sapwood of 14-year-old fast-growing teak sapwood (FTS) waste, which was taken from three trees from community forests in Wonosari, Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta Special Region. FTS waste was taken from the bottom of the tree up to a height of 1.3 m. The activation process is conducted with an activation temperature of 750℃, 850℃, and 950℃. The heating duration consists of three variations: 30 min, 60 min, and 90 min. The quality evaluation parameters of activated carbon include yield, moisture content, volatile matter content, ash content, fixed carbon content, adsorption capacity of benzene, adsorption capacity of methylene blue, and adsorption capacity of iodine. The results showed that the activated carbon produced had the following quality parameters: yield of 75.61%; moisture content of 1.27%; volatile matter content of 9.98%; ash content of 5.43%; fixed carbon content of 84.58%; benzene absorption capacity of 8.58%; methylene blue absorption capacity of 87.73 mg/g; and iodine adsorption capacity of 948.19 mg/g. It can be concluded that activated carbon from FTS waste has good iodine adsorption, which fulfilled the SNI 06-3730-1995 quality standard. Due to the iodine adsorption ability of FTS waste activated carbon, the conversion of FTS waste to activated carbon is categorized as a potential method to increase the value of this material.

Hydrophilic Extracts of the Bark from Six Pinus Species

( Masendra ),( Tatsuya Ashitani ),( Koetsu Takahashi ),( Mudji Susanto ),( Ganis Lukmandaru ) 한국목재공학회 2019 목재공학 Vol.47 No.1

Pine barks are important biomass resources because they are utilised in the production of pine wood and rosins. However, no chemical study has been conducted on the hydrophilic status of pine barks in Indonesia. This aim of this study is to explore the hydrophilic extracts of the barks from six Pinus species (P. elliotii, P. caribeae, P. oocarpa, P. merkusii P. montezumae, and P. insularis). The hydrophilics of pine barks were analysed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The presence of polyphenol contents in the ethanol extracts obtained from the barks of six Pinus species was determined using the tannin-formaldehyde method, Folin-Cioucalteu assay, and vanillin-HCl assay. The ethanol and hot water soluble extractives derived from inner barks were higher in quantity when compared to those derived from the outer bark samples. The polyphenol measurement showed that the highest value of total phenol content was derived from the outer bark of P. montezumae whereas those of the total phenol and tannin- formaldehyde contents were derived from the inner and outer barks of P. oocarpa. GC-MS analysis revealed that nitrogenous compounds are dominant constituents in the inner and outer barks of the six species, followed by sugars and monophenolics, respectively.

Properties of a New Adhesive Composed of Gambir-Sucrose

( Tito Sucipto ),( Ragil Widyorini ),( Tibertius Agus Prayitno ),( Ganis Lukmandaru ) 한국목재공학회 2020 목재공학 Vol.48 No.3

Gambir is a non-wood forest product with a potential of being used as wood adhesive, due to about 33% catechin in it. Meanwhile, catechins and sucrose have not been studied as adhesives. Therefore, basic characteristics of gambir-sucrose adhesives were investigated. In this research, adhesives were prepared by dissolving gambir and sucrose in distilled water, at different blending ratios of the gambir/sucrose such as 100/0, 75/25, 50/50, and 25/75 wt%. Furthermore, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was employed to determine the gambir chemical compositions, and Fourier transform-infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was carried out to identify chemical bonds. Particleboards with a target density of 0.8 g/cm3 were then manufactured by hot-pressing for 10 min at 200℃. The internal bond (IB) strength of particleboard was subsequently measured. Based on the GC-MS analysis, 31.11% of catechin was identified. In addition, the viscosity, density, solid content, and gelation time of the adhesives, and insoluble matter content (IMC) in boiling water were 7.30~33.24 mPa.s, 1.2~1.3 g/cm3, 25.56~28.44%, 73~420 min, and 29.75~62.10%, respectively. Adding sucrose to the adhesive was observed to raise the IMC from 49.05 to 62.10%, at 180℃ and 200℃. FT-IR analysis showed that the gambir absorption peaks occurred at approximately 1620 cm-1, assigned to the C=O stretching of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, which tended to increase with the addition of sucrose. The reaction between gambir and sucrose was observed in the form of the dimethylene ether bridge. The 25/75 wt% gambir-sucrose adhesives and 200℃ hot-pressed temperature resulted in the highest IB strength (0.89 MPa), and met the requirement of JIS A5908-2003 type 18. Consequently, the gambir-sucrose adhesive could be used as a particleboard adhesive.

< 구두-C-01 > Effect of Girdling Treatment on Durability and Mechanical Properties of 12 Years-Old Fast Growing Teak

( Tomy Listyanto ),( Hanan Purana Putra ),( Ganis Lukmandaru ),( Joko Sulistyo ),( Sugi Purwanto ),( Nam Hun Kim ) 한국목재공학회 2018 한국목재공학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.2018 No.1

The aim was to investigate the effect of girdling duration on durability and mechanical properties of 12 years old fast growing teak. Samples were obtained from 12- years old fast growing teak. Four girdling durations, which were 0 month, 3 months, 9 months and 12 months, were applied before harvesting Samples from heartwood and sapwood were tested against dry wood termites for four weeks. The observed parameters were mortality and mass losses. Modulus of Rupture (MoR) and Modulus of elasticity (MoE) were measured to examine the mechanical properties. The data were then tested using variance analysis with significantly level of 5 % and continued by Honestly Significant Difference Tukey to find the difference. The result showed that the durability class against dry wood termites of heartwood among girdling duration of 0 month, 3 months, 9 months and 12 months were class V, IV, II and II, respectively, while the sapwood one were class V, V, V and IV, respectively. The value of MoR and MoE increased slightly as the duration of girdling increased.

Analysis of Lipophilic Constituents Related to Heartwood Formation in Young Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq Trees

Rizki ARISANDI,Koetsu Takahashi,Arif NIRSATMANTO,Sri SUNARTI,Anto RIMBAWANTO,Asri Insiana PUTRI,Noor Khomsah KARTIKAWATI,Liliek HARYJANTO,Toni HERAWAN,Fajar LESTARI,Ganis Lukmandaru 한국목재공학회 2024 목재공학 Vol.52 No.1

Swietenia mahagoni is one of the commercial timbers in Indonesia. Mahogany heartwood is an important characteristic as it relates to the natural durability and aesthetics of the wood. Lipophilic extractives are known to be involved in the heartwood formation process. Therefore, this study aims to determine the lipophilic compounds associated with heartwood formation. The n-hexane extract from sapwood and heartwood samples (1 to 5 years) was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results showed that the content of n-hexane extract ranged from 0.76% to 2.45% based on dry wood. The main group of compounds identified in the lipophilic fraction consisted of sterols (β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, campasterol, and cyclolaudenol), fatty acids (palmitic, oleic, linoleic, and stearic acid), and hydrocarbons (pentadecane, 1-octadecane, hexadecane, cyclotetracosane, cycloeicosane, and cyclooctacosane) after heartwood formation. In addition, the hydrocarbon fraction was the largest, followed by sterols, fatty acids, and 1-heneicosanol. In the radial variation, the distribution of fatty acids was greater in the sapwood than in the heartwood (4-year-old). However, the reverse pattern was found at the age of 5 years. The lipophilic fraction was generally more abundant in the heartwood compared to the sapwood, especially at 5 years of age, with much higher levels than when the heartwood was forming (4 years). These findings show that when the heartwood formation begins, the lipid composition was not fully metabolized at the beginning of heartwood formation compared to 5-year-old trees.