‘視’ 비교 구문에 대한 통시적 연구

나의강(Luo, Yi-gang) 한국중어중문학회 2022 中語中文學 Vol.- No.90

『중한성어사전』 편찬 방안 연구

나의강(Luo, Yi-gang) 한국중어중문학회 2023 中語中文學 Vol.- No.92

성어는 중국어 공부에서 반드시 넘어가야 하는 고비이다. 그러나 시중 중국어 교재만으로 성어를 습득하는 데 한계가 있고 기존 성어 사전은 표제어의 선정 기준이 모호하다는 점, 성어와 기타 관용 표현을 뭉뚱그려 수록했다는 점, 뜻풀이가 불완전·부정확하다는 점, 용례가 부족하다는 점, 문법 정보가 결여되어 있다는 점, 화용 정보가 체계적이지 못하다는 점 등 문제점을 지니고 있다. 이에 본고는 중국어 성어를 학습하려고 하는 한국인을 위한 『중한성어사전』의 편찬 방안을 거시 구조와 미시 구조로 나누어 기술하였는데 논의한 결과는 다음과 같다. 우선 거시 구조와 관련하여 현대 중국어에서 사용되는 모든 성어를 수록하고 사용 빈도에 따라 등급을 매겨 상용 성어를 따로 전자책의 형식으로 이용자에게 제공해야 한다. 『중한성어사전』은 전자사전의 형태로 개발하는 것이 바람직하며, 일반적인 입력 검색 기능 외에 학습자의 성어 사용 능력을 향상시키는 차원에서 표제어를 주제별로 분류할 필요가 있음을 제안하였다. 미시 구조에 있어서 첫째, 성어의 발음은 표준 발음과 현실 발음을 적실히 반영해야 하고 전자사전의 장점을 살려 실제 음성을 들을 수 있도록 해야 한다. 둘째, 뜻풀이는 구성 한자의 석의, 기본 의미, 파생 의미의 순으로 풀어서 설명해야 한다. 셋째, 문법 정보는 성어의 품사와 문장 층위에서 기능하는 성분에 대한 정보가 있어야 한다. 넷째, 화용 정보는 성어의 감정적 색채, 존대어와 겸사의 구분, 문어체와 구어체에 대한 정보, 그리고 사용역(register)에 따른 변이 정보 등이 포함되어야 한다. 다섯째, 용례는 표제어의 의미와 문법적 특징을 충분히 드러낼 수 있도록 풍부하게 제시할 필요가 있다. 여섯째, 관련어는 표제어의 유의어와 반의어만 제시하면 안 되고 유의 성어의 차이점에 대한 분석도 진행해야 한다. 일곱째, 모국어의 간섭을 줄이기 위해서는 중·한 동형이의 성어 간의 비교를 세심하게 이루어야 한다. 여덟째, 한국인 학습자가 범하기 쉬운 오류에 대한 주의 정보를 제시할 필요가 있다. In Chinese language studies, understanding idioms poses a formidable challenge. Current pedagogical resources, such as Chinese textbooks and idiom dictionaries, present numerous obstacles. These include ambiguous headword selection criteria, incorrect conflation of idioms with other idiomatic expressions, imprecise or incomplete definitions, inadequate exemplification, insufficient grammatical detail, and poorly structured pragmatic information. In response to these issues, we propose a structured Chinese-Korean Idiom Dictionary specifically designed for Korean learners. The dictionarys structure is bifurcated into macro and micro categories. Regarding the macro structure, we recommend a comprehensive inclusion and classification of modern Chinese idioms based on usage frequency. High-frequency idioms should be separately provided to learners via e-books. We also suggest developing the Chinese-Korean Idiom Dictionary as an electronic resource, integrating a thematic classification of headwords to improve learners idiom application skills. Concerning the micro structure, we highlight several considerations. Firstly, idiom pronunciation should accurately mirror both standard and actual usages, capitalizing on the audio capabilities of an electronic dictionary. Secondly, explanations should unravel from the etymology of constituent characters to basic meanings and subsequently derived meanings. Thirdly, grammatical details need to encompass the idioms part of speech and its functional components within a sentence context. Fourthly, pragmatic details should extend to emotional connotations, distinctions between honorific and humble expressions, literary and colloquial styles, and regional variations. Fifthly, ample examples are needed to elucidate the headwords meaning and grammatical properties. Sixthly, related words should not only present synonyms and antonyms but also analyze the differences among synonymous idioms. Seventhly, to mitigate interference from the mother tongue, careful comparisons between Chinese and Korean homonymous idioms are essential. Lastly, common errors Korean learners tend to make should be addressed.

激進與保守 : 兩個"世紀末"的對望與想象 : "八十年代"的"五四"之一章

羅崗(Luo Gang) 중국문화연구학회 2011 중국문화연구 Vol.0 No.19

본 논문은 리저후(李澤厚)의 <계몽과 구국의 이중 변주啓蒙與救亡的雙重變揍>와 위잉스(余英時)의 <중국근대사상사 속의 진보와 보수中國近代思想史上的激進與保守> 문장을 주목하며, 두 글이 1980년대와 90년대 중국 사상계에 일으켰던 영향을 탐색하였다. 중국 사회에서의 계몽과 구국, 진보와 보수의 개념으로 6.4신문화운동에서 "89"역사까지의 문화정치현상을 정리 논술하였는데, 특히 위잉스가 1988년 9월에 강연 발표했던 <중국근대사상사 속의 진보와 보수>를 중심으로 중국 사상계에서 일었던 진보와 보수 논쟁을 분석하였다. <하상>을 둘러싼 중국 국내외 문화 정체성 논의는 고도의 정치성을 담보하고 있으며, 이런 문화사조의 발흥과 동시에 정치사조로서의 "신권위주의新權威主義"가 출현하였으며, 이는 경제발전과 결합해 신자유주의, 전지구화 현상을 가져왔고, 전지구화에 따른 문화부흥을 지향하며 초기 현대화 담론 중의 유럽중심주의 가설에 도전하였다. <하상>과 신권위주의의 각기 다른 문화와 정치 경향은 "진보와 보수" 논제와 공모 가능성을 가지고 있었다. 89년 이후 실어증 상태에 빠져 있었던 중국 지식계는 1992년 덩사오핑의 남순강화 이후 신좌파와 자유주의 논쟁을 진행했고, 이는 지식인의 분회를 초래했다. 이를 배경으로 중국 사상학술계에서는 "진보와 보수"의 토론이 전개되었다. 논문은 위잉스가 논술하는 청말에서 89년에 이르기까지 중국 정치문화계의 진보와 보수를 구분하는 기준으로 중국 사회현실과 그에 대한 태도를 설명하며, 중국역사 속 "두 차례의 순환"과 그의 문화정치성, 89년 이후의 사상계 특징과 사회정치현실을 분석하였다.

G-protein Coupled Estrogen Receptor 1 Expression in Primary Breast Cancers and Its Correlation with Clinicopathological Variables

Hao-jun Luo,Ping Luo,Guang-lun Yang,Qiong-le Peng,Man-ran Liu,Gang Tu 한국유방암학회 2011 Journal of breast cancer Vol.14 No.3

Purpose: G-protein coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER) probably play important roles in the progression of breast cancer including endocrine therapeutic resistance. We evaluated GPER in primary breast cancers. Methods: Immunohistochemistry was used to detect GPER in paraffin-embedded tissues of primary breast cancers from 423 patients and GPER expression was correlated with clinicopathological factors. Results: GPER was expressed in 63.8% of specimens, coexpressed with estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) in 36.6% of tumors and was positive in 62.5% of the ERα-negative tumors. The expression of GPER had no relationship with the status of ERα, progesterone receptor and HER2. Although the expression of GPER was significantly inversely related with nodal status (p=0.045), no correlation between GPER expression and other clinicopathological variables (age, menstruation status, tumor size, stage, histologic grade, Nottingham Prognostic Index or pathological type) was found. Conclusion: GPER and ERα exhibited independent expression pattern of distribution in primary breast cancers. A long-term follow-up and a more definite molecular phenotype for ER are necessary in confirming studies.

MicroRNA-203 As a Stemness Inhibitor of Glioblastoma Stem Cells

Gang Zhu,Yifan Deng,Honghai Luo,Shiguang Zhao 한국분자세포생물학회 2016 Molecules and cells Vol.39 No.8

Glioblastoma stem cells (GBM-SCs) are believed to be a subpopulation within all glioblastoma (GBM) cells that are in large part responsible for tumor growth and the high grade of therapeutic resistance that is so characteristic of GBM. MicroRNAs (miR) have been implicated in regulating the expression of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in cancer stem cells, including GBM-SCs, and they are a potential target for cancer therapy. In the current study, miR-203 expression was reduced in CD133+ GBM-SCs derived from six human GBM biopsies. MicroRNA-203 transfected GBM-SCs had reduced capacity for self-renewal in the cell sphere assay and increased expression of glial and neuronal differentiation markers. In addition, a reduced proliferation rate and an increased rate of apoptosis were observed. Therefore, miR-203 has the potential to reduce features of stemness, specifically in GBM-SCs, and is a logical target for GBM gene therapy.

Low Temperature Heat Assisted Magnetization Reversal and Its Application to MRAM

Jian-Gang (Jimmy) Zhu,Yi Luo 한국자기학회 2008 한국자기학회 학술연구발표회 논문개요집 Vol.- No.-

Effect of Initial Oxygen Concentration and Film Oxygen Transmission Rate on the Quality of Fresh-cut Romaine Lettuce

Ji Gang Kim(김지강),Yaguang Luo,Robert A. Saftner,Kenneth C. Gross 한국원예학회 2004 한국원예학회 학술발표요지 Vol.2004 No.10

Laboratory Confirmation of A Suspicious Meningococcal Meningitis Death Case

Tie-gang Zhang,Li-juan Chen,Jie Yang,Zhu-jun Shao,Xiong He,Jing-guo He,Ming Luo,Mei-ping Sun 한국미생물학회 2006 The journal of microbiology Vol.44 No.4

A suspicious meningococcal meningitis death case was reported to the Beijing CDC. The blood specimen was analyzed via multi-PCR and MLST. 6 isolates from close contacts were analyzed via PFGE and MLST. According to the results of the above analyses, the cause of this case was identified as a serogroup A Neisseria meningitidis, which, in terms of sequence typing, belonged the ST7 group.

Suboptimal Relational Tree Configuration and Robust Control Based on the Leader-follower Model for Self-organizing Systems Without GPS Support

Zhi-gang Xiong,Ya-Song Luo,Zhong Liu,Zhi-kun Liu 제어·로봇·시스템학회 2024 International Journal of Control, Automation, and Vol.22 No.4

This paper surveys the formation acquisition and maintenance of multi-agent systems, while the communication graph is obtained without human designations. Given that all agents move along unpredictable paths during formation acquisition, the systems adopt the leader-follower model. For better expression of the graph construction, a relational tree is introduced to describe the follower-leader pairs. Then, a distributed method is proposed for suboptimal relational tree configuration. By utilizing particle swarm optimization (PSO), the search for follower-leader pairs is converted to permutation optimization. Based on principal component analysis (PCA), the entire group is divided into several small groups, and the optimization can be implemented in each group, thus releasing the computation burden. To acquire the formation defined by the suboptimal relational tree, a second nonlinear controller subject to the loss of GPS information is established. The controller takes the reference in the local velocity frame as inputs, and proportional and differential components are introduced to provide a soft control. In addition, adaptive parameters are designed for robust control. By tuning the parameters autonomously, self-organized systems can work well in various scenarios even without manual adjustment of parameters. Mathematical and numerical analyses are conducted to prove the feasibility of the proposed strategy.

PD-L1 inhibits acute and chronic pain by suppressing nociceptive neuron activity via PD-1

Chen, Gang,Kim, Yong Ho,Li, Hui,Luo, Hao,Liu, Da-Lu,Zhang, Zhi-Jun,Lay, Mark,Chang, Wonseok,Zhang, Yu-Qiu,Ji, Ru-Rong NATURE AMERICA 2017 NATURE NEUROSCIENCE Vol.20 No.7

<P>Programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) is typically produced by cancer cells and suppresses immunity through the receptor PD-1 expressed on T cells. However, the role of PD-L1 and PD-1 in regulating pain and neuronal function is unclear. Here we report that both melanoma and normal neural tissues including dorsal root ganglion (DRG) produce PD-L1 that can potently inhibit acute and chronic pain. Intraplantar injection of PD-L1 evoked analgesia in naive mice via PD-1, whereas PD-L1 neutralization or PD-1 blockade induced mechanical allodynia. Mice lacking Pd1 (Pdcd1) exhibited thermal and mechanical hypersensitivity. PD-1 activation in DRG nociceptive neurons by PD-L1 induced phosphorylation of the tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1, inhibited sodium channels and caused hyperpolarization through activation of TREK2 K+ channels. PD-L1 also potently suppressed nociceptive neuron excitability in human DRGs. Notably, blocking PD-L1 or PD-1 elicited spontaneous pain and allodynia in melanoma-bearing mice. Our findings identify a previously unrecognized role of PD-L1 as an endogenous pain inhibitor and a neuromodulator.</P>