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Fork-tailed caterpillars bite off their long anal prolegs to pupate in fallen branches
Daichi Funamoto,Shinji Sugiura 한국응용곤충학회 2017 Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology Vol.20 No.2
Some insects autotomise appendages such as legs to escape from predator attacks. Similar behaviour can be observed in other situations. Here, we report that Shachia circumscripta (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae) larvae bite off their long anal prolegs to facilitate pupation in fallen branches. Larvae of S. circumscripta have extremely long anal prolegs, comprising one half of their body length.When disturbed, S. circumscripta larvae use their anal prolegs in defensive posturing. Final instar larvae use theirmandibles to tunnel into fallen branches and form a pupal chamber inside. Just before closing the entrances of pupal chambers, larvae bite off their anal prolegs with their mandibles and eject the severed prolegs through the chamber entrance. The extremely long anal prolegs can hinder the larvae from turning in the tunnels before closing the chamber entrance; leg cutting in S. circumscripta larvae may therefore be an adaptive behaviour that allows the insect to pupate within the limited space of fallen branches.
Effects of shaft angle on cutting tool parameters in internal gear skiving
Koichiro Uriu,Tsukasa Osafune,Takanori Murakami,Morimasa Nakamura,Daisuke Iba,Masami Funamoto,Ichiro Moriwaki 대한기계학회 2017 JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Vol.31 No.12
Gear skiving has received considerable attention because of its high productivity, particularly in internal gear cutting, and skiving cutter design methods have been widely investigated. At the beginning of a cutter design process, a shaft angle, a center distance, and the number of teeth are examined as basic parameters for cutting gears. In current gear skiving, a shaft angle is generally set to be approximately 20°; however, the reason for selecting this value has not been clarified. In the present study, the validity of the value of shaft angle is discussed by calculating the cutting tool parameters, such as instantaneous rake angles, clearance angles, cut depths, and cutting speeds at continuously moving cutting points against various shaft angles. Therefore, the widely used value of shaft angle would result in moderate cutting tool parameters. In addition, the cutting force and cutter wear would be low when a cutter axis inclines opposite to the gear helix to be cut.
Yasufumi Katanasaka,Naoki Yoshida,Hirotaka Naitou,Ryuya Naruta,Yusuke Miyazaki,Yoichi Sunagawa,Masafumi Funamoto,Kana Shimizu,Satoshi Shimizu,Numila Sari,Hajime Yamakage,Noriko Satoh-Asahara,Koji Hase 한국식품영양과학회 2021 Journal of medicinal food Vol.24 No.11
Black tea is a popular beverage worldwide. Theaflavins (TFs), which are active functional components of black tea, are potentially valuable for preventing and/or treating the progression of periodontal diseases. Our previous pilot study showed that TF intake decreases the number of Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) bacteria in the saliva. In this study, we aimed to determine whether TF intake improves periodontal disease attributed to oral bacteria in a randomized, placebo-controlled, and double-blind study. A total of 56 healthy subjects without periodontal diseases were enrolled and assigned to the placebo and TF groups (n = 28). TF intake for 6 weeks did not significantly alter the clinical evaluation of subjects. There was no significant adverse effect among the subjects. The number of P. gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum (F. nucleatum) bacteria, which was the primary endpoint in this study, was not impacted by TF intake. The change ratio of Prevotella intermedia was significantly decreased by TF intake (P = .043) when compared with the placebo group. Collectively, our findings suggest that TFs have beneficial effects on oral bacteria for the prevention of periodontal disease. The study protocol was registered in the University Hospital Medical Information Network (UMIN000020049).
Kang, Min Suk,Baek, Seung-Hoon,Chun, Yoon Sun,Moore, A. Zenobia,Landman, Natalie,Berman, Diego,Yang, Hyun Ok,Morishima-Kawashima, Maho,Osawa, Satoko,Funamoto, Satoru,Ihara, Yasuo,Di Paolo, Gilbert,Par American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Bi 2013 The Journal of biological chemistry Vol.288 No.29
<P>Amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) pathology is an invariant feature of Alzheimer disease, preceding any detectable clinical symptoms by more than a decade. To this end, we seek to identify agents that can reduce Aβ levels in the brain via novel mechanisms. We found that (20<I>S</I>)-Rg3, a triterpene natural compound known as ginsenoside, reduced Aβ levels in cultured primary neurons and in the brains of a mouse model of Alzheimer disease. The (20<I>S</I>)-Rg3 treatment induced a decrease in the association of presenilin 1 (PS1) fragments with lipid rafts where catalytic components of the γ-secretase complex are enriched. The Aβ-lowering activity of (20<I>S</I>)-Rg3 directly correlated with increased activity of phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase IIα (PI4KIIα), a lipid kinase that mediates the rate-limiting step in phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate synthesis. PI4KIIα overexpression recapitulated the effects of (20<I>S</I>)-Rg3, whereas reduced expression of PI4KIIα abolished the Aβ-reducing activity of (20<I>S</I>)-Rg3 in neurons. Our results substantiate an important role for PI4KIIα and phosphoinositide modulation in γ-secretase activity and Aβ biogenesis.</P>