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柳東春 한국중국학회 2002 中國學報 Vol.46 No.-
本論文主要探討甲骨文偏旁"阜"的意味分化功能. 包括偏旁"阜"的甲骨支, 到目前爲止所發現的共有31個. 據本文的考察, 在每個甲骨文合體宇裏偏旁"阜"的功能不盡相同. 包括偏旁"阜"的甲骨文按照其加入偏旁的時期可分爲固有偏旁和追加偏旁兩大類. 據偏旁的性質, 固有偏旁再可分爲象形符號和象徵符號兩種類型. 從本文的探討中我們可以發現甲骨文時期的偏旁已經開始擔任文字分化功能. 而且這些功能已不單純, 所以文字學界所分的"意符"也需要進一步的分析.
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Diachronic Development of the Chinese Negative 沒 from a Typological Perspective
Eunhee Paek,Byeongkwu Kang,Dongchoon Ryu,Asa Synn,Jungku Park,Yunhui Dang 한국중어중문학회 2014 中語中文學 Vol.58 No.-
Two factors contributed to the emergence of mei 沒 in the course of diachronic development of Chinese. The first factor is semantic and functional in its nature. By the mechanism of metonymy, the meaning of mei 沒 as a main predicate was extended from “to sink” and “to disappear” to “not to exist.” The second factor is phonological. Wu 無 and wei 未, which had been used as an existential negative and a perfective negative respectively, lost the [m]-initial, and consequently their status as m-negatives as well. This caused mei 沒, which semantically was undergoing grammaticalization into an existential negative, to substitute for the pre-existing existential negative wu 無 first. After the property of boundedness is firmly established in Chinese predicates later on, mei 沒 extended its meaning and function to become a perfective negative, finally attaining the status as a new m-negative. However, the substitution of existential and perfective negatives by mei 沒 mainly occurred in the Northern dialects only. In many of the Southern dialects in which the [m]-initial of wu 無 and wei 未 was retained, an existential negative and a perfective negative are still distinct, and no substitution by mei 沒 has occurred. Another noteworthy aspect of the development of the negatives in Chinese is that it reflects the development of Chinese from a synthetic to analytic language. A negative with a complex function developed into a negative with the sole function of negating, as illustrated by the development of mei 沒, meiyou 沒有, and mei 沒 V. The development of the negative pairs such as wei 未 vs. weiceng 未曾, wu 無 vs. wuyou 無有, fei 非 vs. feishi 非是 can be viewed in the same vein. The analyticization process resulted in the reduction of the multitude of negatives to just two, namely, bu 不 and mei 沒.
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조영만,류동춘,유평종,Cho, Youngman,Ryu, Dongchoon,Yoo, Pyungjong 대한상하수도학회 2015 상하수도학회지 Vol.29 No.5
Distribution basins are used widely in the water treatment process. Uniform distribution at the distribution basin is an important because it affect precipitation efficiency of sedimentation basin. Generally distribution basin has a free surface water and is consisted of a weir. Study result, when inflow of distribution basin is less, amount of overflow is much at the nearest weir from the inlet. But when inflow is much, amount of overflow is much at the far weir from the inlet. The difference of distribution amount at the pipe is affected by the curvature and length of the pipe. The magnitude of the effect is determined by the relative energy loss and the flow state of the distribution basin. Optimization of the response surface method for minimizing an amount of deviation of the distribution is a very useful technique to determine the optimal ratio of the valve opening.
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Yoom, Hoonsik,Shin, Jaedon,Ra, Jiwoon,Son, Heejong,Ryu, Dongchoon,Kim, Changwon,Lee, Yunho Elsevier BV 2018 Science of the Total Environment Vol.634 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>The reaction kinetics, products, and pathways of methylparaben (MeP) during water chlorination with and without bromide (Br<SUP>−</SUP>) were investigated to better understand the fate of parabens in chlorinated waters. During the chlorination of MeP-spiked waters without Br<SUP>−</SUP>, MeP was transformed into mono-Cl-MeP and di-Cl-MeP with apparent second-order rate constants (<I>k</I> <SUB>app</SUB>) of 64M<SUP>−1</SUP> s<SUP>−1</SUP> and 243M<SUP>−1</SUP> s<SUP>−1</SUP> at pH7, respectively, while further chlorination of di-Cl-MeP was relatively slower (<I>k</I> <SUB>app</SUB> =1.3M<SUP>−1</SUP> s<SUP>−1</SUP> at pH7). With increasing Br<SUP>−</SUP> concentration, brominated MePs, such as mono-Br-MeP, Br-Cl-MeP, and di-Br-MeP, became major transformation products. The di-halogenated MePs (di-Cl-MeP, Br,Cl-MeP, and di-Br-MeP) showed relatively low reactivity to chlorine at pH7 (<I>k</I> <SUB>app</SUB> =1.3–4.6M<SUP>−1</SUP> s<SUP>−1</SUP>) and bromine (<I>k</I> <SUB>app</SUB> =32–71M<SUP>−1</SUP> s<SUP>−1</SUP>), which explains the observed high stability of di-halogenated MePs in chlorinated waters. With increasing pH from 7 to 8.5, the transformation of di-halogenated MePs was further slowed due to the decreasing reactivity of di-MePs to chlorine. The formation of the di-halogenated MePs and their further transformation become considerably faster at Br<SUP>−</SUP> concentrations higher than 0.5μM (40μg/L). Nonetheless, the accelerating effect of Br<SUP>−</SUP> diminishes in the presence of dissolved organic matter (DOM) extract (Suwannee River humic acid (SRHA)) due to a more rapid consumption of bromine by DOM than chlorine. The effect of Br<SUP>−</SUP> on the fate of MeP was less in the tested real water matrices, possibly due to a more rapid bromine consumption by the real water DOM compared to SRHA. A kinetic model was developed based on the determined species-specific second-order rate constants for chlorination/bromination of MeP and its chlorinated and brominated MePs and the transformation pathway information, which could reasonably simulate the transformation of MePs during the chlorination of water in the presence of Br<SUP>−</SUP> and selected DOM.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Transformation kinetics and pathways of methylparaben during chlorination are studied. </LI> <LI> Second-order rate constants for chlorine/bromine with methylparabens are reported. </LI> <LI> Brominated methylparabens are dominant over chlorinated ones with increasing bromide. </LI> <LI> Bromide effect on methylparaben transformation diminishes by dissolved organic matter. </LI> <LI> The developed kinetic model can simulate the paraben transformation in chlorination. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>
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