Diachronic Development of the Chinese Negative 沒 from a Typological Perspective

Eunhee Paek,Byeongkwu Kang,Dongchoon Ryu,Asa Synn,Jungku Park,Yunhui Dang 한국중어중문학회 2014 中語中文學 Vol.58 No.-

Two factors contributed to the emergence of mei 沒 in the course of diachronic development of Chinese. The first factor is semantic and functional in its nature. By the mechanism of metonymy, the meaning of mei 沒 as a main predicate was extended from “to sink” and “to disappear” to “not to exist.” The second factor is phonological. Wu 無 and wei 未, which had been used as an existential negative and a perfective negative respectively, lost the [m]-initial, and consequently their status as m-negatives as well. This caused mei 沒, which semantically was undergoing grammaticalization into an existential negative, to substitute for the pre-existing existential negative wu 無 first. After the property of boundedness is firmly established in Chinese predicates later on, mei 沒 extended its meaning and function to become a perfective negative, finally attaining the status as a new m-negative. However, the substitution of existential and perfective negatives by mei 沒 mainly occurred in the Northern dialects only. In many of the Southern dialects in which the [m]-initial of wu 無 and wei 未 was retained, an existential negative and a perfective negative are still distinct, and no substitution by mei 沒 has occurred. Another noteworthy aspect of the development of the negatives in Chinese is that it reflects the development of Chinese from a synthetic to analytic language. A negative with a complex function developed into a negative with the sole function of negating, as illustrated by the development of mei 沒, meiyou 沒有, and mei 沒 V. The development of the negative pairs such as wei 未 vs. weiceng 未曾, wu 無 vs. wuyou 無有, fei 非 vs. feishi 非是 can be viewed in the same vein. The analyticization process resulted in the reduction of the multitude of negatives to just two, namely, bu 不 and mei 沒.

언어유형론적 관점에서 본 중국어 타동성의 구현 방식

白恩姬 ( Paek Eunhee ) 중국어문학회 2020 中國語文學誌 Vol.0 No.72

Transitivity is traditionally understood as a property of verbs, and a dichotomous concept of transitive verb and intransitive verb. The presence or absence of an object is known as the criteria for dividing verbs into transitive verbs and intransitive verbs. But transitivity is a property of an entire clause, such that an activity is transferred from an agent to a patient. It is a continuous concept, so a clause can be characterized as more or less transitive, The clause type defined by the transitivity prototype represents a marked kind of structure compared to other two-participant clause types. SVO clause is a unmarked clause type in Chinese, but it is not a prototypical transitive clause type, but a two-participant clause type, because subject and object are not restricted to the agent and patient respectively, and the individuation of the object is low. “BA(把)” construction can be seen as a transitive clause in Chinese. “BA(把)” construction which is made up of agent, patient, activity and its result is the prototypical transitive clause. “BA(把)” construction has many uses which can be judged as good or less good members of the transitive clauses on the basis of their degree of similarity to the prototypical transitive clause.

정보구조 관점에서 본 중국어 관계절 구조의 특징

백은희 ( Paek Eunhee ) 한국중국언어학회 2021 중국언어연구 Vol.0 No.92

The relative structure is the one in which the relative clause is backgrounded and the head noun is foregrounded to be promoted to the matrix sentence. Therefore, the relative structure in which the relative clause includes the subject - old information, and the head noun is relativised object - new information is the unmarked information structure of the Chinese sentence. On the other hand, the relative structure in which the relative clause includes the object - new information, and the head noun is relativised subject - old information is the marked information structure. This explains why the frequency of emergence of relative structures with relativised objects is much higher than that of relative structures with relativised subjects. The relative structure is rarely used as the subject of a transitive verb, and is mainly used as the object of a transitive verb or the subject of an intransitive verb. This can be explained in that the object of the transitive verb and the subject of the intransitive verb are generally new information, and the subject of the transitive verb is mainly old information. While old information is mainly expressed by pronouns, new information is introduced by lexical nouns, so the relative structure that adds lexical information about head nouns is suitable for delivering new information. Therefore, it appears mainly in locations that require new information, such as the object of a transitive verb or the subject of the intransitive verb, and is rarely used as the subject of the transitive verb.

우리나라 유아들의 시력이상 현황과 그 원인

이은희,이경민,이미선,엄기두,공정옥,민경복,백도명,박강원 서울대학교 보건대학원 2001 서울大學校 保健環境硏究所論叢 Vol.11 No.1

Visual acuity impairment among children can lead to learning and behavioral disabilities. This study was carried out to describe the prevalence and risk factors of visual acuity impairment in Korean preschool children. Subject of this study was aged 4-6 children (n=2179) attending nursery and day-care centers of one district of Seoul City. The children were examined with Standard Visual Chart with diagrams familiar to children. If the visual acuity was equal to or less than 0.6, then it was described as impaired visual acuity. Age and sex were examined as for their associations with impaired visual acuity together with indicators of physical developments such as height, weight, and hemoglobin concentration. Based on the multiple logistic regression using SAS v 8.02, age and low birth weight were significant risk factors for impaired visual acuity, while other factors including parent's smoking history, housing environment, breast feeding history or diet habit were not. The results of this study indicate the importance of fetal environment/experiences in preventing impaired visual acuity. Possible role of incubators for low birth weight babies should also be considered.

Paired Carceroisomers

Ihm, Chaesang,Jo, Eunhee,Kim, Jaheon,Paek, Kyungsoo WILEY-VCH Verlag 2006 Angewandte Chemie Vol.118 No.13

<B>Graphic Abstract</B> <P>Paare von Carceroisomeren eines Resorcin[4]aren-basierten C<SUB>4v</SUB>-Carceplexes mit eingeschlossenem DMF-Molekül entstehen, wenn ein nichtwechselwirkender zweiter Gast (CH<SUB>3</SUB>CN) im Überschuss vorhanden ist. Die beiden stabilsten Carceroisomere, die sowohl ein DMF- als auch ein CH<SUB>3</SUB>CH-Molekül enthalten (siehe Bild), lagen laut <SUP>1</SUP>H-NMR-Spektroskopie in CDCl<SUB>3</SUB> bei 25 °C in einem 2:1-Verhältnis vor; ihre räumliche Anordnung wurde mit <SUP>1</SUP>H-<SUP>1</SUP>H-ROESY-Experimenten untersucht. <img src='wiley_img/00448249-2006-118-13-ANGE200503441-content.gif' alt='wiley_img/00448249-2006-118-13-ANGE200503441-content'> </P>

서울시 一部 地域 어린이 安全事故 實態 調査

이미선,엄기두,이은희,이경민,민진영,하태규,손미아,김상섭,백도명,박강원 서울大學校 保健大學院 2001 보건학논집 Vol.38 No.1

OBJECTIVES: This study was done to describe the pattern of childhood injury among general population and examine the risk factors. METHODS: The data were collected from 1870 children aged 5-6 years attending daycare centers in Seoul city. RESULTS: We found that the accident rate of participants aged 5-6 years was 29.9% and male to female accident ratio 1.6: 1. We could confirm that sex significantly associated with injury occurrence(p<0.0001). The mother and kindergarden as being a main protector were significantly associated with lower risk of injury. The injury was higher in summer. CONCLUSIONS: The results from this study provide evidence that the presence of certain home hazards is more important in predicting child injury. To tackle the problem of child injuries, a holistic approach is suggested. This includes the pruvision of a safe environment, supervision by parents, education of children and detailed data collection.