왕충의 인성론(人性論)은 모순을 범하고 있는가?

박동인 ( Park Dong-in ) 퇴계학연구원 2021 退溪學報 Vol.149 No.-

이 글은 ‘왕충의 인성론은 모순을 범하고 있다’고 한 주장에 의문을 품고, 그 주장의 타당성을 검증하기 위해 시도되었다. 그리고 그 검증 과정을 통해 왕충 인성론의 참된 모습을 찾는 것을 목적으로 한다. 연구결과, 얼핏 보기에 왕충의 인성론은 모순을 범하고 있는 것처럼 보였다. 「본성」편에서는 주로 인성의 변화 불가능성을 말하고 있는 것처럼 보이고, 「솔성」편에서는 인성의 변화 가능성을 말하고 있는 것처럼 보이기 때문이다. 그러나 필자가 「본성」편과 「솔성」편 전체를 재검토해 본 결과 왕충의 인성론은 모순을 범하고 있는 것이 아니었다. 왜냐하면 왕충이 인간의 본성을 氣적으로 풀고 있기 때문이다. 인간이 태어날 때 우주자연으로부터 품부 받은 氣의 厚薄ㆍ多少의 정도에 따라 인간 본성의 善과 惡이 결정된다는 것이 그것이다. 왕충에 따르면 그 사람이 우주자연으로부터 어떤 성질의 기를 품부 받았는가에 따라 본성이 선하기도, 악하기도 하다. 그 중 지극히 두텁고[厚] 풍부한 기[多]를 품부 받은 사람은 지극히 선[極善]하여 그 자체로 변화가 필요 없고, 지극히 엷고[薄] 적은 기[少]를 품부 받은 사람은 그 자체로 악하여 선으로의 변화가 불가능하다. 전자는 그 자체로 선하니 더 이상 말할 것이 없고, 후자가 바로 왕충이 인성의 변화 불가능성을 말한 부분이다. 그런데 이 두 영역에 속한 사람은 1~2퍼센트 정도의 극히 일부분에 불과하고, 98~9퍼센트에 속하는 나머지 대부분은 악과 선을 동시에 가지고 있어서 교화와 교육을 통해 선으로 변화시킬 수 있는 존재들이다. 왕충이 인성의 변화 가능성을 말한 것이 이 영역에 속한 사람이다. 그래서 왕충은 이들 중간 등급의 일반백성들을 교화하고 교육하는 것을 목적으로 삼았다. 그리고 그 교화 혹은 교육의 도구로 예와 악을 제시했다. 예는 도덕적 일탈을 미연에 방지하는 것이고(교화), 악은 감정을 절제하는 것이다(교화). 그런데 왕충은 이에 그치지 않고 법의 기능을 이용하여 극단적으로 악한 사람조차 교화하고자 했다. 법의 사후처벌 기능뿐만 아니라 사전 예방기능을 설정한 것이 그것이다. 왕충이 법의 사전예방 기능을 설정한 측면에서 우리는 그가 얼마나 교육 혹은 교화를 중시했는지 알 수 있다. 이상과 같이 볼 때 왕충의 인성론은 모순을 범하는 것이 아니라 품부 받은 기의 정도에 따라 변화 가능성 여부를 다르게 규정한 것이라 평가할 수 있다. 그리고 왕충이 동중서처럼 性三品說을 채택하는 대신 ‘性有善有惡說’을 선택한 것은 그것이 인간의 본성을 보다 포괄적으로 다루는 방법이요, 인간 본성의 선과 악의 스펙트럼을 더 넓게 조망할 수 있다고 보았기 때문이다. 왕충이 기의 후박ㆍ다소로 인성을 말한 이유도 여기에 있다. 그리고 이를 통해 왕충이 의도한 것은 교화 혹은 교육이었음을 알 수 있다. This article attempted to validate the claim, questioning the claim that “Wang Chong's Theory of Human Nature is in contradiction.” And through the verification process, the aim is to find the true appearance of Wang Chong's Theory of Human Nature. As a result of the research, at first glance, Wang Chong's Theory of Human Nature seemed to violate a contradiction. This is because in the 'Benxing' section it seems to be mainly referring to the immutability of Human Nature, and in the 'Shuaixing' section it seems to be talking about the possibility of change in Human Nature. However, as a result of my review of the entire ‘Benxing’ and ‘Shuaixing’ sections, Wang Chong's Theory of Human Nature was not in contradiction. This is because Wang Chong is solving human nature as a Qi. It is that the good and evil of human nature is determined by the degree of Hou-Bo·Duo-Shao of Qi received from cosmic nature when humans are born. According to Wang Chong, the nature of the person is either good or evil, depending on what kind of Qi he received from the universe nature. Among them, those who are extremely thick and rich Qi are extremely good and do not need change in themselves, and those who are extremely thin and receiving little Qi are evil in themselves, making it impossible to change to good. The former is good in itself, so there is nothing more to say, and the latter is the part where Wang Chong spoke of the nature of the person's unchangeability. However, those in these two areas are only a fraction of 1-2 percent, and most of the rest, 98-99 percent, have both evil and good, which can be transformed into good through edification and education. So Wang Chong aimed to edify and educate these middle-class general people. And Li(禮) and Le(樂) were suggested as tools for edification or education. Li (禮) is to prevent moral deviations in advance(edification), Le(樂) is to restrain emotions(edification). Wang Chong, however, attempted to refine even the extremely evil by using the functions of the law. It is the addition of preventive functions as well as the post-punishment functions of the law. In terms of Wang Chong's added precautionary function of the law, we can see how much he valued education or edification. From the above, it can be evaluated that Wang Chong's nature of the person does not violate contradictions, but rather defines the possibility of change depending on the degree of Qi received. And Wang Chong chose 'Xing-You-Shan-You-e-Shuo' instead of adopting 'Xing-San-Pin-Shuo' like Dong-Zhong-Shu, because it deals with the nature of the person more comprehensively. It is because I saw that the spectrum of good and evil of the nature of the person could be viewed more broadly. This is why Wang Chong said the nature of the person as Qi's Hou-Bo and Duo-Shao. And through this, we can see that what Wang Chong intended was edification or education.

『여사서』에 나타난 중국 전통시대의 여성담론과 그 사회·정치적 의미

박동인 ( Dong-in Park ) (사)율곡연구원(구 사단법인 율곡학회) 2019 율곡학연구 Vol.38 No.-

이 논문의 목적은 『여사서』를 통해 중국 전통시대의 여성관과 그 사회·정치적 의미를 찾는 것이다. 그것도 특히 여훈서 최초의 여성 작자인 반소의 『여계』가 이후 여훈서에 미친 영향을 중심으로 살펴보는 것이다. 사실 반소는 유향이 그의 『열녀전』 속에 의도적으로 심어놓은 서한 금문경학자들의 이상적인 여성관을 거의 그대로 『여계』에 수용함과 동시에 그것을 강화했다. 그 여성관은 전국말에서부터 진·한대에 걸쳐 봉건 전제군주들이 그들의 미약한 권력을 강화시키기 위해 요청한 도그마들이었다. 황제-향장-가장이라는 일원화된 통치시스템을 구축하기 위해 구성한 이데올로기였던 것이다. 그런데 필자는 본 연구를 통해 반소가 그것을 『여계』에 받아들이면서 그 논리가 그 이후에 저작된 『여논어』와 『내훈』 및 『여범첩록』에도 그대로 관철됨을 확인했다. 그 각각의 여훈서를 읽는 대상이나 저작된 시대상황과 그 필요에 따라 특정부분이 강화되거나 첨가되기는 하지만 그 기본 틀에서는 일치했던 것이다. 그 모습은 다음 네 가지 봉건 여성의 공통된 중심사상에서 그러했다. 첫째는 ‘봉건 여성의 정체성’ 부분인데, 반소가 기존의 건(乾)-양(陽)-남(男)-강(剛), 곤(坤)-음(陰)-녀(女)-유(柔)의 관점을 그녀의 여계에 받아들임으로써 그 이후의 세 여훈서에서도 결국 여성의 존재를 남성 아래에 두게 되었음을 알게 되었다. 이 때문에 ‘아내는 남편을 하늘같이 섬긴다’는 남존여비사상과 남편은 바깥일, 여자는 가정 내의 일을 한다는 관념 및 여자는 제 마음대로 일 처리해서는 안 된다는 생각이 일반화되었다. 둘째는 ‘봉건 여성의 미덕과 태도’ 부분인데, 바로 여성의 정체성이 이렇게 규정됨으로써 여성이 지녀야 할 미덕과 태도를 『여사서』 전체가 그것에 맞게 구성하였음을 발견했다. 여성의 상징인 ‘음’의 특성에 따라 겸양과 공경과 순종 등의 미덕을 가지고 자신을 낮추고 다른 사람을 앞세우는 등의 태도를 견지하도록 된 것이다. 셋째는 ‘봉건 여성의 노동과 역할’ 부분인데, 여성의 정체성이 여성의 일을 가정사로 한정하면서 네 여훈서 모두 부지런함과 검소함을 토대로 음식을 만들고 옷을 짓고 조상에게 제사하는 것을 돕는 것이 기본적인 것이 되었다는 것을 알게 되었다. 그러나 그 독자가 누구냐와 그것이 지어진 시대상황이 어떠했느냐에 따라 여성의 역할이 다소 달라지기도 했다. 그리고 넷째는 ‘봉건 여성의 윤리’ 부분인데, 반소가 유향 『열녀전』의 이상적 여성윤리, 즉 ‘정조’와 ‘일부종사’와 ‘삼종지도’를 받아들임으로써 그것이 이후에 지대한 영향을 미쳤음을 발견했다. 물론 각 여훈서의 시대적 상황에 따라 강조점이 달라지기는 하지만 정절을 강조하는 점에서는 같았다. 그런데 그것은 성리학적 이데올로기와 황제의 정절 선양 및 남성의 취향에 의해 그 무늬가 결정되는 것이었다. 이런 측면에서 보면 봉건 여성의 정체성이나 미덕과 태도, 그리고 노동과 역할 및 여성윤리도 여성 자신들에 의해 결정되었다기보다 남성에 의해 좌지우지 되었다고 말할 수 있을 것이다. The purpose of this paper is to find women's views of traditional Chinese period and their social and political meanings through nǚsìshu(女四書). In particular, this paper is to explore focusing on the influence of Ban Zhao's nǚjè, the first female writer of nǚxùnshu(女訓書), on subsequent nǚxùnshu. In fact, Ban Zhao accommodated and strengthened the ideal female view of XuHà’s the New-Text Scholarship’s scholars, which Liú xiàng deliberately planted in his LièNǚChuán(列女傳), almost literally in nǚjiè. It was the dogmas that the feudal Lords from the end of the age of civil wars to Qin-Hān dynasty had demanded to strengthen their feeble power. It was an ideologue that was constructed to establish a unified system of government, called the Emperor, Village foreman(鄕長) and Patriarch(家父長). In this study, however, I confirmed that Ban Zhao accepted it in her nǚjiè, and that the logic also applies to nǚlùnyu, nèixùn and nǚfànjielù, which were later written. Although certain parts were enhanced or added according to the object of reading each nǚxùnu and the circumstances of the period in which it was written and its needs, they were consistent in their basic framework. Such figures were in the common central thought of the following four feudal women. The first is the identity of a feudal woman. By Ban Zhao was accepting the point of view of a China traditional qián(乾)-yáng(陽)-nán(男)-gāng(剛) and kun(坤)-yīn(陰)-nǚ(女)-róu(柔) to her nǚjiè, I found that the three subsequent nǚxùnshu eventually placed women's presence under men. For this reason, the notion that "a wife serves her husband like heaven", that "husband works outside, and that women work in the home", and that "women should not do things as they please", has become common. The second is the virtue and attitude of women in a feudal woman. As the identity of women was thus defined, I found that the virtues and attitudes that women should possess were shaped accordingly by the whole of nǚsìshu. According to the "yun," a symbol of women, women are forced to lower themselves, and stand others ahead of themselves by virtue of such as modesty, respect and obedience. The third is the work and role of women in a feudal woman. As women's identity limited women's work to domestic affairs, I found that all four nǚxùnshu had become the basic work of women to make food, dress and sacrifice to their ancestors based on diligence and frugality. However, the role of women has changed somewhat depending on who the reader is and what the times the book was written in. And the fourth is the ethics of women in a feudal woman. I found that it had a profound effect on later times by Ban Zhao's acceptance of Liú xiàng’s the ideal female ethics of LièNǚChuán's, namely "chastity" and "serving but a single husband(一夫從事)" and "SānCóngZhīDào(三從之道)". Of course, although the emphasis on each of nǚxùnshu changed depending on the times, it was the same in that they emphasized chastity. But it was that the pattern was determined by Neo-Confucianism’s ideologues, the emperor's policy of strengthening chastity and the taste of men. From this aspect, it may be said that the identity, virtue and attitude, labor and role, and female ethics of feudal women were controlled by men rather than by women themselves.

만성 궤양성 대장염의 추적관찰 - 단기적 치료 반응 및 재발율을 중심으로

장동경(Dong Kyung Chang),이국래(Kook Lae Lee),김재규(Jae Gyu Kim),김용태(Yong Tae Kim),정현채(Hyun Chae Jung),송인성(In Sung Song),최규완(Kyoo Wan Choi),김정룡(Chung Young Kim),박재갑(Jae Gahb Park),이풍렬(Poong Lyul Rhee),최상운(Sa 대한소화기학회 1994 대한소화기학회지 Vol.26 No.6

N/A Our retrospective study on 240 cases with chronic ulcerative colitis in Seoul National Uni- versity Hospital spanning from January,1975 to December,1993 revealed the following results. According to the extent of disease, there was 27.5% in proctitis, which was more frequent than that of the previous domestic reports, 15.8% in distal, 22.9% in left and 31.7% in exten- sive colitis. According to the severity of disease, there was 47.5% in mild, 32.9% in moderate and 19.6% in severe disease. There was a positive correlation between severity and extent of disease. The extraintestinal complications were not related with the extent, or severity. Howev- er 3 cases(1.3%) of toxic megacolon appeared in moderate or severe extensive colitis, one of which progressed to perforation. Two cases(0.8%) of mortality were noticed, one caused by perforation, the other by operation related complication. There was not a single case of colon cancer developed during follow up period. Most cases showed excellent short term response to medical treatment; the symptomatic remission rates were 90.3%, 85.7%, 72.9% and 58.9% in order of proctitis, distal, left and extensive colitis, and the endoscopic remission rates were 78.8%, 50.0%, 59.1% and 30.0% respectively. Higher remission rates corresponded with lower extent of the disease. According to the severity, the symptomatic remission rates of milder dis- ease were significantly higher. The cumulative relapse rates were 38.7% in 1 year, 62.4% in 2 years, 73.3% in 3 years and 81.9% in 5 years, which were not related to the extent but in- creased according to the severity. The cumulative operation rates were 5.0% in 1 year, 7.6% in 2 years, 10.2% in 3 years and 15.9% in 6 years. The emergency operation accounted for only 22.2% of all operation and the others were elective ones. The most frequent indication of surgery was medical intractability which was determined after mean 35 days of intensive med- ical therapy. We concluded that severity and extent of ulcerative colitis had predictive value of the responses to medical treatment or relapses, furthermore despite the high relapse rates, medical therapy was the first line treatment because of its high remission rates on a short- term base. (Korean J Gastroenterol 1994; 26: 907 918)

Engineering of AlON interlayer in Al₂O₃/AlON/In_0.53Ga_0.47As gate stacks by thermal atomic layer deposition

Lee, Woo Chul,Cho, Cheol Jin,Park, Suk-In,Jun, Dong-Hwan,Song, Jin Dong,Hwang, Cheol Seong,Kim, Seong Keun ELSEVIER 2018 CURRENT APPLIED PHYSICS Vol.18 No.8

<P>The presence of an AlN interfacial layer in high-k/In0.53Ga0.47As gate stacks improves the interfacial properties and enhances the electrical performance of devices. However, pure AlN is rarely grown by atomic layer deposition (ALD) because of the low reactivity of NH3 toward the common Al-precursor and the predisposition to oxidation of the grown AlN layer. Although a plasma-enhanced ALD technique significantly suppresses the oxygen content in the grown AlN layer, the deterioration of the interface properties by plasma-damage is a critical issue. In this work, an AlON interlayer was engineered by optimizing the NH3 feeding time in thermal ALD to improve the interface quality in Al2O3/AlON/In0.53Ga0.47As capacitors. It was determined that a mere increase in the NH3 feeding time during the ALD of the AlON film resulted in a higher nitrogen incorporation into the AlON interlayer, leading to a reduction in the interface trap density. Furthermore, the out-diffusion of elements from the In0.53Ga0.47As layer was effectively suppressed by increasing the NH3 feeding time. This work demonstrates that simple process optimization can improve the interface quality in high-k/In0.53Ga0.47As gate stacks without the use of any plasma-activated nitrogen source.</P>

초산 중독에 의한 범발성 혈관내 응고증: 1증례 보고

곽은경,김동자,박지영,배한익,채종민,곽정식,박태인 大韓法醫學會 1998 대한법의학회지 Vol.22 No.2

Strong corrosive acid is accidentally ingested by children or by psychiatric patients for the purpose of suicidal attempt. Late complications include chemical burn to pharyunx, perforation and stricture of upper gastrointestinal tract, respiratory insufficiencyand renal failure caused by hemoglobinuria following hemolysis. Acetic acid is difficult to ingestion large volume in a time because it is a strong irritant, provocating painful pharynx, and its autopsy case is rare. We report an autopsy case of acetic acid intoxication with acute disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) in several hours. We present pathogenesis of acetic acid intoxication and the associated forensic problems. A comatous 39-year-old female was admitted to emergency room 6 hours after she swallowed 90 gm of acetic acid. She was treated with gastric lavage but she was expired 9 hours after swallowing acetic acid. She was consulted to Department of Forensic Medicine of Kyungpook National University School of Medicine. She was grossly icteric and livor mortis was generally dark red. External wounds were 10 hemorrhagic lesions with 5 x 3.7cm and 3 x 2.8cm on the left arm and hand dorsum and facial abrasions. Internal gross examination revealed several purpural lesions in the gastric serosal surface and greater omentum. Microscopically, the stomach showed diffuse mucosal coagulation necrosis and intravascular hyalinized or fibrinoid thrombi in submucosal blood vessels. Liver showed necrosis of periportal area (zone I) and intracellular cholestasis around the central vein. Sections from renal tissue frequently show hemoglobin casts in the tubules and RBCs in the Bowman's capsules. Acetic acid of a remnant bottle, sampled blood and bloody necrotic tissues in the stomach were toxicologically examined in National Science Laboratory. The purity of ingested acetic acid is 98%, the concentration of acetic acid ion in blood is 734ppm and the content in gastric juice is 0.09%. In patients after acetic acid ingestion, DIC is most probably caused by procoagulants, produced by extensive acid-induced necrosis of the upper gastrointestinal tract. In this case, several purpural lesions were revealed on the arm, around facial abrasion and intravenous injection sites of the wrists. These are important to differentiate with contusion because she was battered before acetic acid ingestion. Purpurae in DIC are poorly demarcated, dark purple elevations with spreading margin but subcutaneous hemorrhage in contusion is grayish black or dark red with well demarcation (Table 2). But careful examination should be considered because traumatic hemorrhage is also exaggerated and mixed in DIC. (The Korean Journal of Legal Medicine)

성인병에 대한 한방치료법(증치의학과 사상의학)에 관한 연구 : 고혈압에 대한 한방치료법(중치의학과 사상의학)에 관한 연구

박동일,김영균,안창범,이인선,김종원,권정남,장경전,이인선,이성근,장용우,신영민 동의대학교 한의학연구소 1999 동의한의연구 Vol.3 No.-

We had a result of the treatment as below when is devided Korean medicine Tx.. Western medical Tx., Cooperative Tx.. 1) At the improvement of BP control, an average in Korean medicine Tx. (from 170㎜Hg/100㎜Hg to 150㎜Hg/90㎜Hg), an average in Western medical Tr. (from 170㎜Hg/100㎜Hg to 130㎜Hg/80㎜Hg), an average in Cooperative Tx.(from 180㎜Hg/110㎜Hg to 130㎜Hg/90㎜Hg), generally all pars had improvements of BP control. But it is not significant of each case. 2) At the improvement of symptoms by the apologetics, Cooperative Tx. is profitable in cases of 'GanHwa',' DamEum', 'EumYangYangHer', 'EumHer'. Korean medicine Tx. is superior in case of 'GiChe'. 3) At the improvement of symptoms by a questionnaire, Korean medical Tx., Western medical Tx., Cooperative Tx. groups had improvements, but each practice group didn't have specific significance. Only it was somewhat profitable to Korean medical Tx. in the 210㎜Hg/110㎜Hg, Western medical Tx. in the 180㎜Hg/110㎜Hg, Cooperative Tx, in the 170㎜Hg/90㎜ Hg. 4) There are the apparent improvements in patients whose BP are over 200㎜Hg of Korean medical Tx. group, whose BP are over 190㎜Hg of Western medical Tx. group and whose BP are over 170㎜Mg of Cooperative Tx. group. There are the improvement of diastolic BP in 110㎜Mg(Korean medical Tx., Western medical Tx.) and 90㎜Hg(Cooperative Tx.). 5) At the improvement of Pulse pressure, generally Pulse pressure are decreased. There are similar improvements in all of Korean medical Tx., Western medical Tx., and Cooperative Tx.. 6) At the Symptomatic approvement according to ages, Korean medical Tx., Cooperative Tx. are somewhat good for his twentieth, and Western medical Tx. is somewhat good for his forties. 7) the correlation of Obesity-grade and BP, as Obesity-grade is higher as BP is higher, but there are no similarity in the improvement. 8) At the EAV improvements, as examination into correlation with the point of 1~3th, we could get results as below. There are high improvements of DRHTM, DRALM, DLLYM, DLLIM in Cooperative Tx. There are high improvements of DRPASI, DLLARI in the Korean medical Tx. group. There are high improvements of DRFADM in Western medical Tx. group.

간경변증 환자에서 Escherichia coli 균혈증 합병 시 간기능 장애에 따른 C-reactive protein 생성 능력에의 영향

박완범,강철인,김동민,이기덕,장희창,김홍빈,오명돈,이효석,최강원 대한감염학회 2003 감염과 화학요법 Vol.35 No.5

목적 : C-reactive protein(CRP)은 간에서 생성되는 급성 반응물질이다. 하지만 간부전증 환자에서 CRP의 반응이 간기능에 따라 어느 정도 영향을 받는지는 별로 알려진 바가 없다. 본 연구에서는 간기능에 따른 CRP 생성 능력을 평가하고자 하였다. 방법 : E. coli 균혈증이 있는 간경변증 환자 30명을 대상으로 하였고 간기능은 균혈증이 발생하기 전 2개월 이내에 측정된 혈청 빌리루빈, 혈청 알부민, 프로트롬빈시간, Child-Pugh 점수로 평가하였다. 대조군 A는 간질환이 없으면서 E. coli 균혈증이 발생한 환자 30명으로 하였고 대조군 B는 간경변증이 있으면서 급성 감염의 증거가 없는 환자 30명으로 하였다. 환자군과 대조군 간에 CRP의 최대값을 비교하였다. 결과 : CRP의 최대값은 환자군에서 7.3±5.0㎎/dL, 대조군 A에서 17.9±8.3㎎/dL로 환자군에서 유의하게 낮았다.(P<0.001). 간경변증 환자에서 CRP의 생성은 Child-Pugh 점수에 비례하여 감소하였으나(P=0.004) Child=Pugh class C의 간기능을 가진 환자군에서도 대조군 B와 비교하여 의미있는 CRP의 생성을 보였다(5.3±3.2 vs. 0.5±0.4㎎/dL, P<0.001). 결론 : 간기능부전 환자에서 CRP 반응은 간기능 저하 정도에 따라 둔화되지만 심한 간기능 장애를 가진 환자에서도 CRP의 생성은 유지된다. Background : C-reactive protein (CRP) is an acute phase reactant produced in the liver. To assess the influence of liver dysfunction on the production of CRP, we evaluated CRP response to E. coli bacteremia in patients with or without liver cirrhosis (LC). Methods : 30 LC patients who developed spontaneous peritonitis with E. coli bacteremia were enrolled in the study. Baseline values of total bilirubin, serum albumin, and prothrombin time were obtained within 2 months prior to infection. Liver dysfunction was categorized according to the Child-Pugh score. 30 patients with E. coli bacteremia who had no underlying liver dysfunction were included as a control group. Matched-control of 30 LC patients without evidence of acute infection was also included. The peak CRP values were compared among the groups. Results : In the patients with E. coli bacteremia, the mean value of peak CRP was 7.3 (+/- 5.0) ㎎/dL in LC patients, 17.9 (+/- 8.3) mg/dL in patients without liver dysfunction (p<0.001). In the advanced LC patients with Child-Pugh class C, the level of CRP was 5.2 (+/- 3.3) ㎎/dL in patients with E. coli bacteremia, 0.5 (+/- 0.4) ㎎/dL in patients without acute infection (P<0.001). Child-Pugh score had correlation with decrease of CRP (linear regression test, P=0.004). Conclusion : CRP response during E. coli bacteremia was attenuated but maintained even in patients with advanced liver dysfunction.

셀레콕시브 및 그 합성유도체들의 항암활성 스크리닝

박정란,강진형,구효정,노지영,류형철,박상욱,고동현,조일환,이주영,황다니엘,김인경 한국약제학회 2003 Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation Vol.33 No.2

Selective COX (cyclooxygenase)-2 inhibitors including celecoxib have been shown to induce apoptosis and cell cycle changes in various tumor cells. New inhibitors are recently being developed as chemomodulating agents. We evaluated celecoxib and screened 150 synthetic compounds for anti-proliferative activities in vitro. Effects of celecoxib on COX activity, cell growth, cell cycle distribution, and apoptosis induction were determined in A549 COX-2 overexpressing human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. The COX inhibition of celecoxib increased with concentration up to 82% at 1μM after 24 hr exposure. Forty μM and 50μM of celecoxib induce G_1 arrest, and TUNEL-positive apoptotic cells, respectively. Among 150 compounds, several compounds were selected for having greater COX-2 inhibitory activity and higher selectivity than celecoxib with growth inhibitory activity. Celecoxib showed concentration-dependent COX inhibitory activity, and ability to induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human NSCLC cells in vitro. Among synthetic analogues screened, several compounds showed promising in vitro activity as COX-2 inhibitory anticancer agents, which warrant further evaluation in vitro and in vivo.

Comparison of prasugrel versus clopidogrel in Korean patients with acute myocardial infarction undergoing successful revascularization

Park, Keun-Ho,Jeong, Myung Ho,Kim, Hyun Kuk,Ahn, Tae Hoon,Seung, Ki Bae,Oh, Dong Joo,Choi, Dong-Joo,Kim, Hyo-Soo,Gwon, Hyeon Cheol,Seong, In Whan,Hwang, Kyung Kuk,Chae, Shung Chull,Kim, Kwon-Bae,Kim, Elsevier 2018 Journal of cardiology Vol.71 No.1

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P><B>Background</B></P> <P>Although there have been several reports that prasugrel can improve clinical outcomes, the efficacy and safety of prasugrel is unknown in Korean patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) undergoing successful revascularization.</P> <P><B>Methods</B></P> <P>A total of 4421 patients [637 patients were prescribed prasugrel (60/10 or 5mg, loading/maintenance dose) and 3784 patients clopidogrel (600 or 300/75mg)] with AMI undergoing successful revascularization were enrolled from the core clinical cohort of Korea Acute Myocardial Infarction Registry-National Institute of Health.</P> <P><B>Results</B></P> <P>After propensity score matching (637 pairs), there were no significant differences in baseline clinical and procedural characteristics and in-hospital medications between the two groups. The primary efficacy endpoint, defined as the composite of cardiac death, MI, stroke, or target vessel revascularization at 6 months showed no significant difference between prasugrel and clopidogrel (2.4% vs. 2.9%, <I>p</I> =0.593). Also, no difference was observed in the composite of cardiac death, MI, or stroke during hospitalization between two groups (0.8% vs. 0.9%, <I>p</I> =0.762). However, the incidence of in-hospital Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) major or minor bleeding was significantly higher in prasugrel compared with clopidogrel (5.3% vs. 2.7%, <I>p</I> =0.015). In multivariate linear regression analysis, trans-femoral intervention, use of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors, use of calcium channel blocker, and use of prasugrel were independent predictors of in-hospital TIMI major or minor bleeding [odds ratio (OR)=6.918; 95% confidence interval (CI)=2.453–19.510, OR=2.577; 95% CI=1.406–4.724, OR=4.016; 95% CI=1.382–11.668, OR=2.022; 95% CI=1.101–3.714].</P> <P><B>Conclusions</B></P> <P>Our study shows that the recommended dose of prasugrel had significantly higher in-hospital bleeding complications without reducing ischemic events compared with clopidogrel. However, further large-scale, long-term, randomized clinical trials are required to accurately assess the efficacy and safety of prasgurel and to find out the optimal dose for Korean AMI patients.</P>

장시간 불가피한 공복(fasting)후 인체의 내분비 변화 : 삼풍백화점 붕괴 사고후 구조된 3인의 증례 THREE CASES IN COLLAPSE OF SAMPOONG DEPARTMENT STORE

박규남,황주일,박조현,오동렬,이원재,오승택,김세경,김인철 대한응급의학회 1995 대한응급의학회지 Vol.6 No.2

The interactions between nutrition and the endocrine system are more intimate and complex that previously thought. Nutrition modulates secretion and activity of many hormones, as part of the stress adaptation process. Fasting, in particular, produces a number of important changes in the endocrine system, with teleological purpose of helping the body tolerate the lack of food ingestion. These changes are therefore beneficial and protective, although at times they may not appear to be that way. The endocrine changes of fasting mediate the metabolic response. We must emphasize that these changes are completely reversible when appropriate nutrition is established. These changes are as followes: 1) decreased insulin and increased glucagon levels, 2) decreased thyroid effect, 3) decreased sympathetic activity, 4) hypothalamic hypogonadism, 5) decreased growth, 6) altered glucocorticoid secretion and metabolism, 7) impaired mineralocorticoid response, 8) decreased ADH secretion and effect. We experienced three cases of involuntary prolonged fasting after collapse of Sampoong department store. They were released from collapsed field after 11(case Ⅰ), 13(case Ⅱ), 17days(case Ⅲ) respectively. In each case, the endocrine changes of plasma levels were as followes: decrease of cortisol in case Ⅰ, increase of GH in case Ⅱ, decrease of free T3, T3, cortisol and increase of reverse T3, insulin in case Ⅲ. Each one did not show the same endocrine changes of plasma levels. But we think these changes of fasting are beneficial in metabolic response of human.