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Cleary, L.J.,Van Herk, F.,Gibb, D.J.,McAllister, T.A.,Chaves, A.V. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2011 Animal Bioscience Vol.24 No.7
Our objective was to determine the differences in the rate and extent of dry matter digestion between barley subjected to differing agronomic variables. Two malting barley varieties, Copeland and Metcalfe were seeded at rates of 200 and 400 plants/$m^2$. Each of these varieties received nitrogen fertilizer at rates of 0, 30, 60 and 120 kg/ha, resulting in a total of 20 different barley grain samples. Samples were ground through a 6mm screen and approximately 3 g of each weighed into 50 ${\mu}m$ Dacron bags and sealed. The bags were incubated in three ruminally cannulated Holstein cattle for periods of 0, 3, 6 and 24 h. Using the data obtained from these incubations, rates of digestion were able to be predicted. The soluble fraction ranged from 0.229-0.327, the slowly degradable fraction ranged from 0.461-0.656, and the undegradable fraction ranged from 0.038-0.299. The rates of digestion ranged from 0.127-0.165 $h^{-1}$ and the effective degradability ranged from 0.527-0.757. At the Canora location, the Copeland samples which received 120 kg/ha of nitrogen fertilizer had a significantly lower (p = 0.013) soluble fraction than the rest of the samples at that location. A significant interaction (p = 0.009) was seen between the seeding rate and nitrogen fertilizer application with samples from the Canora location, as well as significant differences (p = 0.029) between nitrogen application rates in samples from the Indian head location. The rate of digestion of samples from the Indian head location differed (p = 0.020) between the two seeding rates, with samples seeded at 200 seed/$m^2$ having a slightly higher rate of degradation. Differences in the effective degradability were seen between the different nitrogen application rates with samples from both the Canora and Indian head locations, as well as an (p = 0.004) interaction between the seeding rate and nitrogen fertilizer application rate. Although there was not a clear correlation between the different variables, both nitrogen application and seeding rate did have a significant effect on the rates and extent of digestion across each of the four locations.
Raj Das,Paul W. Cleary 사단법인 한국계산역학회 2015 Computers and Concrete, An International Journal Vol.16 No.6
Damage by high-speed impact fracture is a dominant mode of failure in several applications of concrete structures. Numerical modelling can play a crucial role in understanding and predicting complex fracture processes. The commonly used mesh-based Finite Element Method has difficulties in accurately modelling the high deformation and disintegration associated with fracture, as this often distorts the mesh. Even with careful re-meshing FEM often fails to handle extreme deformations and results in poor accuracy. Moreover, simulating the mechanism of fragmentation requires detachment of elements along their boundaries, and this needs a fine mesh to allow the natural propagation of damage/cracks. Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) is an alternative particle based (mesh-less) Lagrangian method that is particularly suitable for analysing fracture because of its capability to model large deformation and to track free surfaces generated due to fracturing. Here we demonstrate the capabilities of SPH for predicting brittle fracture by studying a slender concrete structure (column) under the impact of a high-speed projectile. To explore the effect of the projectile material behaviour on the fracture process, the projectile is assumed to be either perfectly-elastic or elastoplastic in two separate cases. The transient stress field and the resulting evolution of damage under impact are investigated. The nature of the collision and the constitutive behaviour are found to considerably affect the fracture process for the structure including the crack propagation rates, and the size and motion of the fragments. The progress of fracture is tracked by measuring the average damage level of the structure and the extent of energy dissipation, which depend strongly on the type of collision. The effect of fracture property (failure strain) of the concrete due to its various compositions is found to have a profound effect on the damage and fragmentation pattern of the structure.
Kim, G.,Kang, S.,Kim, Y.,Bilger, R. W.,Cleary, M. J. INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS 2007 COMBUSTION THEORY AND MODELLING Vol.11 No.4
<P> This study has been mainly motivated to assess computationally and theoretically the conditional moment closure (CMC) model and the transient flamelet model for the simulation of turbulent nonpremixed flames. These two turbulent combustion models are implemented into the unstructured grid finite volume method that efficiently handles physically and geometrically complex turbulent reacting flows. Moreover, the parallel algorithm has been implemented to improve computational efficiency as well as to reduce the memory load of the CMC procedure. Example cases include two turbulent CO/H2/N2 jet flames having different flow timescales and the turbulent nonpremixed H2/CO flame stabilized on an axisymmetric bluff-body burner. The Lagrangian flamelet model and the simplified CMC formulation are applied to the strongly parabolic jet flame calculation. On the other hand, the Eulerian particle flamelet model and full conservative CMC formulation are employed for the bluff-body flame with flow recirculation. Based on the numerical results, a detailed discussion is given for the comparative performances of the two combustion models in terms of the flame structure and NOx formation characteristics.</P>
( Gao Ming Zhang ),( Min Xu ),( Yu Yin Zhang ),( Ming Zhang ),( David J. Cleary ) 한국액체미립화학회 2010 한국액체미립화학회 학술강연회 논문집 Vol.2010 No.-
Fuel temperature and the ambient pressure can dramatically influence spray characteristics such as the spray structure, spray penetration, and quantity of vaporized fuel. Higher fuel temperatures that occur in today`s direct-injection engines can reach superheated conditions, dramatically changing the spray due to flash boiling. In this paper, the spray structure and vaporization behaviors are examined for a multi-hole DI injector over a range of superheated conditions. Planer laser-induced-exciplex fluorescence (PLIEF) is used to characterize the spray, where fluorobenzene (FB) and diethyl-methyl-amine (DEMA) are added into n-hexane as vapor and liquid tracers, respectively. The temperature dependence of crosstalk signal intensity is examined using a quartz cell and necessary corrections are made to the spray image. The individual plumes from this multi-hole injector are determined to collapse with increasing superheat degree until the spray transforms into a single plume. The liquid component of the spray is more resistant to collapsing as comparing to the vapor component, where a vapor jet-like structure is formed near the centerline axis of the fuel spray once collapsed. The relative vapor quantity increases with fuel temperature in a near linear fashion until a step change is observed for the vapor signal when the two vapor plumes merge into a single structure.