民间艺术“剪纸”中吉祥寓意营造研究

徐紫淳(xu, zhi-chun) 한국서예학회 2021 서예학연구 Vol.39 No.-

전지 (剪紙)는 절단 · 조각 · 리머 · 줄 깎기 등의 기술 수단을 통해 제작한 예술품이다. 한조때 종이의 발명은 중국 민간전지예술의 발전을 촉진하였으며 이로써 전지예술은 첫 고봉을 이루었다. 그러나 이러한 고봉기는 전지의 수량의 증가에서만 반영되었고 민간전지의 자연발생적 성격과 농경기초는 질적인 변화를 가져오지 않았다. 전지 학자들은 보편적으로 한대(漢代)는 중국민간전지가 나타난 진정한 기점이라고 여기고, 중국민간전지예술은 ‘형식’ 과 ‘변이’의 이중 특징을 가지고 있다고 결론지었다. 종목특색이 성행하거나 주도될 때 민간전지예술은 전승의 안정성을 보여준다. 변이성의 특징이 주도적 지위를 차지할 때 민간전지예술은 발전의 혁신성을 보여주었다. 한조로부터 청조말기에 이르기까지 풍격화 특징은 중국 민간전지의 변천에서 주도적 역할을 하였다. 종이가 등장하기 전에는 나뭇잎, 실크, 가죽, 호일 등을 이용한 ‘종이 오리기’ 무대가 있었다. 동한시기 채후지의 발명은 전지를 전지로 전환시킬 수 있게 하였지만 채후지가 발명된 초기에 채후의 종이는 가격이 비싸 진정으로 종이를 자르거나 조각하는 과정에 사용하기가 어려웠다. 신장 투루판, 주얼 고분에서 출토된 북조시대 원숭이 자투리, 말 자투리, 팔각 자투리, 금은화 자투리, 국화 자투리 등 5점의 전지 조각이 실물 자료로는 가장 오래된 것이다. 수당시기에 사람들은 설날, 청명절, 단오절, 칠석절, 원소절 등에 전지를 이용해 새해를 맞이하였는데, 이는 민간에서 전지를 이용한 응용이 명절과 신앙과 밀접한 관계가 있음을 보여준다. 세계 각지의 거의 모든 고대 문자는 모두 상형문자이다. 한자는 수 천 년의 발전과 변화를 거쳐 유전되어 오늘의 한자로 되었다. 이런 필체로 형성된 서예는 선인들의 인격이상, 심미정신과 윤리 관념을 응집시켰다. 중화민족에 대한 한자의 규범과 응집작용은 세계 모든 문화가운데서 유일무이하다. 한자와 중국전통의 전지(剪紙)는 모두 중화민족이 수 천 년 간 이어온 우수한 전통문화 예술유산이다. 그들 사이에는 많은 비슷한 점이 있다. 이들은 중국문화사상의 기본정신을 집중하였고 중국문화사상의 개념을 포함하였으며 중국문화전통의 도덕정신과 예술정신을 구현하고 있다. 하지만 여러 가지 이유로 문화예술의 교류와 융합의 기회는 많지 않다. 서로 결합한다면 민족예술의 창조를 위한 긍정적인 의미가 있을 것이라고 말했다. ‘한자 전지’는 중국 전지(剪紙)의 한 형태로 한자와 서예와 전지를 유기적으로 결합시켰다. 이 글은 한대(漢代) 전지예술의 형성으로부터 시작하여 중국 고대인의 관념과 정신적 요구를 탐구하였으며 전지의 기원으로부터 시작하여 전지예술 언어, 제작기술, 창작방법, 창작방법, 창작방법 등을 분석하였다. 세화의 인물 형상과 사회적 의의는 서로 다른 시기의 역사 배경, 사회 문화 습관과 결부하여 전지와 기타 예술 형식의 관계 및 전지 예술이 나타내는 동방의 매력과 사상을 탐구한다. 이 글은 전지 예술의 발전 역사를 정리하여 전지의 예술적 특징을 분석하고, 전지 예술 중의 상서로움을 상징하는 것에 대해 분석하고 연구한다. Jian zhi(剪纸) is a work of art made by cutting, carving, reaming, filing and other technical means. The invention of paper in han Dynasty promoted the first peak of the development of Chinese folk paper-cutting art. However, this peak is only reflected in the increase in the number of paper-cutting, and the spontaneous nature of folk paper-cutting and the foundation of farming have not undergone qualitative changes. Paper-cut scholars generally believe that the Han Dynasty is the real origin of Chinese folk paper-cut, and conclude that Chinese folk paper-cut art has the dual characteristics of program and variation . When the program features are prevalent or dominant, folk paper-cut art shows the stability of inheritance; When the characteristics of variability dominate, folk paper-cut art shows innovation in development. From the Han Dynasty to the end of the Qing Dynasty, stylization played a leading role in the evolution of Chinese folk paper-cutting. Before paper, there was a paper-cut stage with leaves, silk, leather and foil as carriers. The invention of Caihou paper in the Eastern Han Dynasty made it possible to transform paper-cutting into paper-cutting. However, in the early days of the invention of Caihou paper, it was difficult to apply paper to cutting and carving because of its high price. In terms of material material, the five pieces of paper-cut fragments unearthed from turpan and Zhuoer tombs in The Northern Dynasty, namely, monkey flowers, horse flowers, star anise flowers, honeysuckle flowers and chrysanthemum flowers, are the earliest Jian zhi objects discovered so far. During the Sui and Tang dynasties, people celebrated the New Year with paper-cuts on festivals such as Spring Festival, Qingming Festival, Dragon Boat Festival, Qixi Festival and Lantern Festival, which shows that the application of folk paper-cuts is closely related to festivals and beliefs. Almost all ancient characters around the world are pictographs. After thousands of years of development and evolution, Chinese characters have been handed down and evolved into today s Chinese characters. The calligraphy art formed by this kind of writing embodies the personality ideal, aesthetic spirit and ethical concept of our ancestors. The normative and cohesive function of Chinese characters to the Chinese nation is unique among all cultures in the world. Chinese characters and traditional Chinese paper cutting are both excellent traditional cultural and artistic heritages of the Chinese nation for thousands of years. There are many similarities between them. They concentrate the basic spirit of Chinese cultural thought, contain the concept of Chinese cultural thought, and embody the moral spirit and artistic spirit of Chinese cultural tradition. However, due to various reasons, there are few opportunities for cultural and artistic exchanges and integration between the two countries. If it can be combined, it will have positive significance for the innovation of national art. Chinese character paper cutting is a form of Chinese paper cutting, which organically combines Chinese characters, calligraphy and Jian zhi. Such a variety of ways for the creation of paper cutting art auspicious meaning is very helpful, this paper from the Han Dynasty paper cutting art formed, discussed the concept and spiritual needs of ancient Chinese people, from the origin of paper cutting, analysis of paper cutting art language, production technology, creation methods, creation methods, creation methods, etc. The characters and social significance of the New Year pictures are combined with the historical background, social culture and customs of different periods to discuss the connection between paper cutting and other art forms and the Oriental charm and thought reflected by paper cutting art. This paper combs the development course of paper-cut art, analyzes the artistic characteristics of Jian zhi,

중국실학의 함의와 현대적 의의

張學智,池俊鎬 한국철학사연구회 2003 한국 철학논집 Vol.12 No.-

실학에 관한 대부분의 저서와 논문들은 일반적으로 明·淸시기에 일어난 ‘經世致用’ 思潮를 실학으로 정의하고 있다. 그러나 역사적인 문헌에서 드러나는 ‘실학’이라는 두 글자의 의미와 그리고 중국 역사에서 실제로 일어났던 사상조류의 변천을 살펴보면, 실학은 실제적으로 더욱 광범위한 내용을 포괄하고 있다. 실학은 도덕적인 측면에서의 ‘독실한 수양(篤實修養)’, 경제적인 측면에서의 ‘유가의 경전에 능통하여 실질적인 쓸모 있는 것에 정통함(通經致用)’, 事功이라는 측면에서의 ‘나라를 경영하여 세상을 구제함(經邦濟世)’이라는 세 가지 주요한 측면을 포괄하고 있다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 세 가지 측면을 역사적인 문헌과 사상사의 발전이라는 면으로 나누어 그 의미를 설명하였으며, 明·淸시기에 經世致用의 學이 왜 특별히 表彰되어 ‘실학’으로 불리게 되었는지 그 원인에 관하여도 검토하였다. 아울러 王陽明 心學의 변천과 明代 中·後期에 왕양명의 제자들이 토론한 주요 문제들이 갖는 의의를 탐구함으로써 明淸之際에 이르러 학풍이 크게 변화된 이유를 살펴보았다. 修德과 明經 그리고 經世의 세 가지 측면은 종합된 하나의 틀을 갖추고 있으며, 明德은 統領이 되고 明經과 致用은 輔翼이 된다. 그렇기 때문에 미래에 과학기술이 모든 것을 지배하고 모든 것을 제약하는 시대에 이르러서도 가치적인 理想을 수립할 수 있으며 사람의 최후까지도 배려하고 보살필 수 있게 된다. 이러한 점은 실학이 갖고 있는 현대적인 의의이기도 하다. 경제의 세계화 그리고 문화의 多元化시대인 오늘날 전통의 계승과 창조적인 발전은 중시되어야 한다. 아울러 전통에 관한 총체적인 이해와 설명을 통하여 새로운 學統도 형성하여야 한다. 중국 문화의 우수한 점을 흡수하고, 서양 민주제의 장점을 받아들이고, 지식인들의 憂患意識과 현실 정치에 대한 비판정신을 간직함으로써 정치적인 면에서도 새로운 政治文明을 건설하여야 할 것이다. Real Learning (Shixue) in Chinese classics and its historical context can be actually interpreted as a term which includes more comprehensive meaning than its literal meaning. Real Learning should be interpreted in three aspects: religious cultivating in morality, understanding the classics and making them be useful in social practice in Confucian studies, and administering the country and succoring the masses in the public affairs. This paper tries to articulate these three aspects of the connotation of Real Learning in terms of its meaning in texts and in the progress of the history of thought. According to this paper, these three aspects of the connotation of Real Learning played important roles in Chinese traditions of morality, learning, and politics. The ideological trend of practice in Ming and Qing Dynasties is not a totally new one but the continuation of Chinese traditional thought. Real Learning cannot be understood as an ideology which is similar to the Confucianism in the two Han Dynasties, Metaphysics in Wei and Jin Dynasties, Buddhism in Sui and Tang Dynasties, or Neo- Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties. 一般硏究實學的著作和論文都以明淸時期興起的經世致用思潮來定義實學本文則認爲, 從“實學”這兩個字在歷史典籍里的意思和中國歷史中實際發生的思想潮流的變遷來看, 實學實際上包括着更爲廣闊的內容. 實學應該包括三個主要的方面: 道德上的篤實修養, 經學上的通經致用和事功上的經邦濟世. 本文對這三個方面分別從歷史文獻和思想史的發展說明타們的眞實義涵. 着重梳理這三個方面對中國道統、學統、政統發生的巨大影響, 認爲明淸經世思潮是中國源遠流長的利用、厚生傳統的延續, 不是明淸時期特有的. “實學”只是一個標志學術思潮或學風轉型的槪念, 不能把타作爲和兩漢經學、魏晋玄學、隋唐佛學、宋明理學平行的思潮. 本文還檢討了明淸經世致用之學爲什요特別被表彰爲實學的原因, 幷從王陽明心學的演變及王陽明弟子所討論的主要問題在明代中後期的意義說明明淸之際學風丕變的根据. 在實學的現代意義方面, 本文認爲, 修德、明經、經世三個方面應當組成一個광架, 明德是統領, 明經、致用爲輔翼, 在未來科技宰制一切、規約一切的時代樹立价値理想, 完成人的終極關懷. 在當今經濟全球化、文化多元化的時代中重視對傳統的繼承與創造性轉化, 幷經過詮釋形成新的學統. 在政統方面, 吸收中國文化的優良成分, 吸納西方的民主制度的長處, 保持知識分子的憂患意識和對現實政治的批判精神, 建設新的政治文明.

GVC의 전방 및 후방 참여가 ASEAN에서 중국의 OFDI에 미치는 영향

( Zhi-chun Yu ),( Meng Li ),( Young-jun Choi ) 한국동남아학회 2021 동남아시아연구 Vol.31 No.3

본 논문은 주로 ASEAN 글로벌 가치 사슬(GVC, global value chains)에 대한 전방 참여와 후방 참여가 중국의 아세안 투자에 미치는 영향을 연구한다. 연구 결과에 따르면 ASEAN 국가들의 GVC 전방 참여는 중국의 아세안 10개국 투자에 부정적인 영향을 미치는 반면 후방 참여는 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 아세안의 기술 발전, 고학력 노동력의 확대, 소비자 시장 소비 잠재력의 증가, 인프라 개선 및 시장 개방도는 중국의 아세안 투자를 유치하고 확대할 것이다. 이는 중국이 ASEAN 제조에 대한 투자 외에도 ASEAN 국가의 교육, 기술 연구 및 개발, 기반 시설 건설 및 3차 산업에 대한 투자를 촉진할 수 있음을 의미한다. 아세안 국가의 인건비는 아세안에 대한 중국의 투자와 긍정적인 상관관계가 있는 반면 천연자원은 부정적인 상관관계가 있다. 중국 기업은 아세안 국가의 풍부한 노동력을 최대한 활용하여 생산 비용을 절감하고 현지 소비 습관 및 선호도에 따라 시장을 적절하게 개발하여 가계 소비를 촉진하고 기업 이윤을 높일 것을 권장한다. 아세안 국가는 개방을 강화하고 인프라 건설을 개선하며 첨단 기술 인재 양성을 중시하고 중국을 포함한 더 많은 외국인 투자를 유치해야 한다. This paper mainly studies the impact of forward and backward participation in ASEAN global value chains on China's investment in ASEAN. The results show that forward participation in global value chains is negatively correlated with China's investment in ASEAN, while backward participation is positively correlated. The technological advancement of ASEAN, the expansion of the number of highly educated labor force, the increase of consumer market consumption potential, the improvement of infrastructure, and the degree of openness of the market will attract and expand China's investment in ASEAN. This means that in addition to investment in ASEAN manufacturing, China can also promote investment in education, technology research and development, infrastructure construction, and tertiary industries in ASEAN countries. The labor cost of ASEAN countries is positively correlated with China's investment in ASEAN, while natural resources are negatively correlated. It is recommended that Chinese companies make full use of the abundant labor resources of ASEAN countries, reduce production costs, and appropriately develop markets according to local consumption habits as well as preferences, stimulate household consumption, and increase corporate profits. ASEAN countries need to strengthen opening up, improve infrastructure construction, attach importance to the training of high-tech talents, and attract more foreign investment, including China.

Research on the Problems and Development Countermeasures of China's New Energy Vehicles : Based on SCP model

( Zhi-chun Yu ),( Young-jun Choi ) 국제지역학회 2020 국제지역학회 추계학술대회 자료집 Vol.2020 No.0

The automobile industry is one of China's pillar industries. In recent years, consumers' awareness of new energy vehicles has increase d and the concept of low-carbon life consumption has deepened. New energy vehicles have entered the public's field of vision. However, due to the worldwide outbreak of the new coronavirus, the automotive industry is currently facing tremendous pressure, challenges and opportunities. This requires automotive companies to accelerate industrial transformation and optimize the pace of upgrading to overcome difficulties and grow stronger. This paper uses the SCP model framework to analyze China's new energy automobile industry from the aspects of market structure, corporate competitive behavior, and industry performance, so as to put forward corresponding policy recommendations for the development of China's new energy automobile industry

An Efficient Multi-PCA Based On-line Monitoring Scheme for Multi-Stages Imperial Smelting Process

Zhi-kun Hu,Zhi-wen Chen,Wei-Hua Gui,Chun-hua Yang,Lin-zi Yin,Xiao-qi Peng 제어·로봇·시스템학회 2013 International Journal of Control, Automation, and Vol.11 No.2

Imperial Smelting Process (ISP) is one of the main methods for Zinc and Lead smelting. In this paper, we firstly focus on its unique characteristics that ISP consists of many feeding cycles repeated in a similar way, and the normal process changes and multiple operating conditions would be frequently found in the process which would always lead to false alarms. To this end, we classify each feeding cycles of ISP into initial stage, transition stage, and steady stage, and use standard PCA, first order perturbation (FOP) based recursive dynamic PCA and multi-mode approach to deal with them respectively. The monitoring results using real data show that the proposed scheme can be able to eliminate false alarms and detect faults efficiently.

Disambiguate Chinese Word Sense Based on Linguistics Knowledge

Chun-Xiang Zhang,Long Deng,Xue-Yao Gao,Zhi-Mao Lu 보안공학연구지원센터 2014 International Journal of Database Theory and Appli Vol.7 No.6

Word sense disambiguation (WSD) is important to many application problems in natural language processing fields, such as machine translation, parsing analysis and information retrieval. In this paper, we propose a new method to determine correct sense categories of Chinese words based on linguistics knowledge. The left word string and the right word string around the ambiguous word are respectively analyzed. Their syntactic structures are obtained for determining its intended sense. Syntactic category and part of speech are extracted as disambiguation features. A naive bayesian model is used as the classifier. Experimental results showed that the accuracy rate of classification arrives at 64%. The performance of disambiguation is improved.

A Study on the Strain Stability of Si/SiGe Layer Structure in a Heterojunction Bipolar Transistor during Thermal Processing

Zhi Hong Liu,Chang Chun Chen,Wen Tao Huang,Wei Zhi Dou,Yi Lin Shan,Wei Zhang,Jun Zhu,Pei Hsin Tsien 대한금속학회 2004 METALS AND MATERIALS International Vol.10 No.3

Remarkable impact of amino acids on ginsenoside transformation from fresh ginseng to red ginseng

Zhi Liu,Xin Wen,Chong-Zhi Wang,Wei Li,Wei-Hua Huang,Juan Xia,Chang-Chun Ruan,Chun-Su Yuan 고려인삼학회 2020 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.44 No.3

Background: Amino acids are one of the major constituents in Panax ginseng, including neutral aminoacid, acidic amino acid, and basic amino acid. However, whether these amino acids play a role in ginsenosideconversion during the steaming process has not yet been elucidated. Methods: In the present study, to elucidate the role of amino acids in ginsenoside transformation fromfresh ginseng to red ginseng, an amino acids impregnation pretreatment was applied during thesteaming process at 120 C. Acidic glutamic acid and basic arginine were used for the acid impregnationtreatment during the root steaming. The ginsenosides contents, pH, browning intensity, and free aminoacids contents in untreated and amino acidetreated P. ginseng samples were determined. Results: After 2 h of steaming, the concentration of less polar ginsenosides in glutamic acidetreatedP. ginseng was significantly higher than that in untreated P. ginseng during the steaming process. However,the less polar ginsenosides in arginine-treated P. ginseng increased slightly. Meanwhile, free aminoacids contents in fresh P. ginseng, glutamic acid-treated P. ginseng, and arginine-treated P. ginsengsignificantly decreased during steaming from 0 to 2h. The pH also decreased in P. ginseng samples at hightemperatures. The pH decrease in red ginseng was closely related to the decrease in basic amino acidslevels during the steaming process. Conclusion: Amino acids can remarkably affect the acidity of P. ginseng sample by altering the pH value. Theywere the main influential factors for the ginsenoside transformation. These results are useful in elucidatingwhy andhowsteaming induces the structural change of ginsenoside in P. ginseng and also provides an effectiveand green approach to regulate the ginsenoside conversion using amino acids during the steaming process.

Synthesis and Evaluation O-Benzyl Oxime-ether Derivatives Containing β-Methoxyacrylate Moiety for Insecticidal and Fungicidal Activities

Zhi-Bin Hu,He-An Luo,Xiao-Guang Wang,Ming-Zhi Huang,Lu Huang,Huai-Lin Pang,Chun-Hui Mao,Hui Pei,Chao-Qun Huang,Jiong Sun,Ping-Le Liu,Ai-Ping Liu 대한화학회 2014 Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society Vol.35 No.4

In attempt to lead compounds exhibiting both insecticidal and fungicidal activities, a series of O-benzyl oximeether derivatives were designed and synthesized by introducing β-methoxyacrylate pharmacophore into a scaffold. The insecticidal activity against Aphis fabae and the fungicidal activity against Erysiphe graminis were screened. The title compounds exhibited remarkable insecticidal and fungicidal activities. The most potent compound 6d was identified. Its insecticidal LC50 against A. fabae is 6.4 mg/L, which is lower than that of chlorfenapyr (19.4 mg/L) and even close to the level of imidacloprid (4.8 mg/L). Its fungicidal EC90 in preventive and curative treatment against E. graminis are 2.2 and 4.8 mg/L, respectively, which are lower than azoxystrobin (7.0 and 5.9 mg/L). These results indicate that compound 6d can be considered as a lead for further developing new O-benzyl oxime-ether typed candidates with both fungicidal and insecticidal activities.

Mutant of Streptomyces sp. AG-P1441 Increased Paromomycin Production

Chun-Zhi Jin,Dong-Jin Park,Chang-Jin Kim 한국농약과학회 2015 한국농약과학회 학술발표대회 논문집 Vol.2015 No.4