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Kim, Sae-Hoon,Kim, Tae-Wan,Kwon, Jae-Woo,Kang, Hye-Ryun,Lee, Yong-Won,Kim, Tae-Bum,Kim, Sang-Heon,Park, Heung-Woo,Park, Sung-Woo,Chang, Yoon-Seok,Cho, You-Sook,Park, Jung-Won,Cho, Young-Joo,Yoon, Ho-J Informa Healthcare 2012 The Journal of asthma Vol.49 No.3
<P><I>Objective</I>. The prevalence of asthma is increasing, and asthma causes considerable socioeconomic burden worldwide. Few studies have been conducted to evaluate the risk factors associated with economic cost of asthma in Korea. This study evaluated asthma cost according to severity, control, and patient factors in Korean tertiary hospitals. <I>Methods</I>. Direct and indirect costs were assessed in physician-diagnosed adult asthmatics recruited from eight tertiary hospitals in Korea. Official direct medical costs were derived from the analysis of 1-year expenditures related to hospital care utilization and asthma medication. Nonofficial medical costs, nonmedical direct costs, and indirect costs were investigated using a questionnaire designed specifically for the study. <I>Results</I>. A total of 314 patients with persistent asthma were recruited. Both direct and indirect costs were significantly higher for patients with severe persistent asthma than for those with mild and moderate persistent asthma ($2214 vs. $871 and $978, <I>p</I> < .001; $2927 vs. $490 and $443, <I>p</I> < .001, respectively). Costs of asthma increased significantly in poorly controlled compared with somewhat controlled and well-controlled asthma ($7009.8 vs. $2725.3 vs. $1517.3, respectively; <I>p</I> < .001). After stratification for severity, a significant cost increase in the poorly controlled asthma group was observed only for indirect costs and not for direct costs. A multivariate analysis showed that female gender was a risk factor for increased indirect costs. <I>Conclusion.</I> The burden of asthma was higher both for patients with severe persistent asthma and for patients with poorly controlled asthma. More effective strategies are needed to improve control status, particularly targeting patients with severe asthma.</P>
불임우치료를 위한 Prostaglandin $F_{2\alpha}$의 응용
이용옥,조종후,장세진,정영채,Rhee Young O.,Cho Jong H.,Chang Sae J.,Chung Yung C. 대한수의사회 1978 대한수의사회지 Vol.14 No.3
Therapeutic effects of synthetic PGF 2 alpha (Estrumate, ICI) were evaluated in various cases of bovine infertility. of 19 anestrus dairy cows (Holstein-Friesian) for 3 to 12 months post-partum, 16 showed estrus within 10 days after a single intramuscular
소청룡탕(小靑龍湯) 물 및 에탄올 추출물의 염증 관련 질환 약리 효능에 관한 실험적 연구
전우영,이미영,임혜선,신인식,김예지,진성은,유새롬,서창섭,김정훈,하혜경,정수진,김온순,신나라,김성실,신현규,Jeon, Woo-Young,Lee, Mee-Young,Lim, Hye-Sun,Shin, In-Sik,Kim, Yeji,Jin, Seong Eun,Yoo, Sae-Rom,Seo, Chang-Seob,Kim, Jung-Hoon,Ha, Hyekyung,J 대한한의학방제학회 2012 大韓韓醫學方劑學會誌 Vol.20 No.2
Objectives : The present study aimed to investigate the pharmacological activity of water and ethanol (EtOH) extracts from Socheongnyong-tang (SCNT) on inflammation and its related disease. Methods : The cells were treated with nontoxic concentrations of water and EtOH extract from SCNT in BEAS-2B, HaCaT, RAW 264.7 and 3T3-L1 cells. These cells were stimulated by tumor necrosis facter (TNF)-${\alpha}$, TNF-${\alpha}$/interferon (IFN)-${\gamma}$, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), respectively. 3T3-L1 cells were differentiated by insulin. After incubation, supernatant were collected and biological indicator measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results : Our results indicate that the water and EtOH extract of SCNT significantly inhibited the production of regulated on activation normal T-cell expression and secreted (RANTES) by treatment of TNF-${\alpha}$ in BEAS-2B cell, and significantly reduced the production of RANTES and macrophage-derived chemokine increased by treatment of TNF-${\alpha}$/IFN-${\gamma}$ in HaCaT cell. Moreover, those extracts significantly decreased the activity of nitric oxide and prostaglandin $E_2$ in LPS-induced RAW 264.7, and significantly inhibited the increased activity of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and expression of leptin induced by differentiation in 3T3-L1 cell. Conclusions : These results indicate that both water and EtOH extract of SCNT has powerful effects on inflammation and its related disease. Therefore, SCNT can be developed as a potential pharmacological agent related various diseases. Although the significant effects were observed in both SCNT water and EtOH extract, the EtOH extract was more effective on most experiments than its water extract. Taken together, these findings indicate that the SCNT EtOH extract may have more potential pharmacological agent.