Normality, the Insane Asylum, and Grotesque Religiousness in Flannery O’Connor’s Fiction

진성은 한국현대영미소설학회 2015 현대영미소설 Vol.22 No.1

In Flannery O’Connor’s works, madness has been emphasized to understand the features of her grotesque Southern writing. As O’Connor seems to focus on religious aspects in her stories, many critics have also highlighted her spiritual view of the world. Nonetheless, O’Connor’s own perception of grotesqueness with regard to confinement can be seen through the history of the mental asylum in her town. Milledgeville hosted arguably the largest asylum in the world from 1842 until 2010. In the peak time of her writing career, around the mid-twentieth century, the mental hospital housed more than 12,000 patients in the institution, including various kinds of patients and even the criminally insane. I attempt to read her stories by juxtaposing real horror in the town and O’Connor’s awareness of the atrocity toward the patients in her neighborhood. Particularly, in Wise Blood (1952), the protagonist, Hazel Motes suffers from PTSD after returning from the war. Due to his deviance, he must be confined in the Milledgeville asylum, but in the novel, he is not. The definition of ordinariness in society, through O’Connor’s depiction of the protagonist, seems to be arbitrary. Historical facts surrounding O’Connor’s region reveal that the possibility of taking ordinary people from the street to the asylum existed to reinforce the power of the hospital. It acquired personal, familial, and political purpose. Herein, I suggest that O’Connor criticizes the social system for treating the insane irrationally, and that the community itself was lunatic.

담원 정인보의 자녀교육 - 家族敍事를 중심으로 -

진성수(陳晟秀) 한국양명학회 2020 陽明學 Vol.0 No.56

강화학파의 학맥을 계승하여 지행합일을 강조한 담원은 그의 가족과 자녀들에게는 어떤 영향을 주었으며, 또한 어떻게 기억되고 있을까? 이 논문은 부모의 양육태도라는 측면에서 담원이 어떤 가족경험을 통해 자녀들과 신뢰관계를 구축했는지를 살펴보았다. 구한말을 대표하는 사상가나 국학자가 아닌 한 사람의 家長으로서 자녀들을 어떻게 양육했는지 살펴봄으로써 아버지 담원의 새로운 모습을 탐색하였다. 담원의 자녀교육은 理性的으로 주입되는 특정한 개념과 문장이 아니라 평소의 언행과 소신, 가치관과 인생관에 의한 感性的경험에 의해 보다 효과적으로 이루어졌음을 알 수 있다. 일반적인 교육에서는 비전과 목표를 향한 지시와 훈계가 중요한 부분을 차지하지만, 가정에서의 자녀교육은 지시와 훈계로만 이루어지지 않는다. 왜냐하면 지시와 훈계는 어떤 사실을 이해하거나 깨닫게는 할 수 있지만, 이해하고 깨달은 것을 실천하게 만드는 원동력은 감동과 여운이기 때문이다. 이런 점에서 담원의 자녀교육은 五感을 통해 소통되고 가족서사를 통해 기록되는 감각과 기억이라는 방식으로 이루어졌음을 알 수 있다. How did Damwon who emphasized the importance of the unity between what you know and how your behave inheriting Kanghwa(江華) School’s teaching influence his family and children and how is he remembered? This paper examines the ways in which Damwon built trust with children in his parenting attitude. This paper explores Damwon not as the best thinker or a national scholar in the Late Period of Joseon but from a new perspective as a father observing how he raised his children. Damwon’s parenting was most effective through emotional experiences of everyday conversations and beliefs, values, and views of life rather than the specific concepts and sentences that were rationally taught to their children. In general, giving instruction and disciplining children towards a vision or a goal are major part of education but parenting at home is more than giving instruction and disciplining. That is because instruction and discipline can help you understand or realize facts but the driving force that lets children understand and realize what they learned is moving and impressive. In this respect, Damwon’s parenting was achieved through the sense and memories that are communicated through the five senses and recorded through the family narrative.

Changing Identities and the Legacy of Black Fanaticism in The Confessions of Nat Turner and Two Films Entitled The Birth of a Nation

진성은 한국영어영문학회 2018 영어 영문학 Vol.64 No.3

Nat Turner’s rebellion in 1831 was considered pre Civil War South’s most dreadful nightmare due to the merciless murder of white slave owner victims. The motive of vengeance has been emphasized as that of Turner’s notorious black preacher religious fanaticism. However, the recent film, The Birth of a Nation (2016) directed by Nate Parker, utilized the identical title of a film (1915) directed by D. W. Griffith. Providing limited evidence, information about the rebellion in Thomas Gray’s pamphlet The Confessions of Nat Turner (1831), was the only accessible historical source for the factual event of the slaves’ rebellion. In addition, William Styron’s The Confessions of Turner (1967), a fictionalized biography, also examined Turner’s life in the harshness of slavery. Although these two texts deal with the personal level of Nat Turner’s rage and religious enthusiasm, both provide only fractured parts of the motive of vengeance. Strikingly, Parker’s film interrogates the ideology of “victims,” as well as the hierarchical term of “confessions,” with their different positions between whites and blacks. More specifically, Parker’s film offers discursive fields of proslavery arguments regarding biblical interpretations in addition to external visualization of slaves’ inner emotional lives. The film demonstrates how the institution of slavery allowed slaves to be exploited, beaten, raped, through interrogating the problematic image of the “contested hero” Nat Turner. In contrast to the traditional image of blacks’ bloody rebellion, the film underlines the absurdity of certain Biblical misinterpretations. It furthermore implies how the 1915 film manipulated proslavery propaganda in America. Nat Turner’s rebellion in 1831 was considered pre Civil War South’s most dreadful nightmare due to the merciless murder of white slave owner victims. The motive of vengeance has been emphasized as that of Turner’s notorious black preacher religious fanaticism. However, the recent film, The Birth of a Nation (2016) directed by Nate Parker, utilized the identical title of a film (1915) directed by D. W. Griffith. Providing limited evidence, information about the rebellion in Thomas Gray’s pamphlet The Confessions of Nat Turner (1831), was the only accessible historical source for the factual event of the slaves’ rebellion. In addition, William Styron’s The Confessions of Turner (1967), a fictionalized biography, also examined Turner’s life in the harshness of slavery. Although these two texts deal with the personal level of Nat Turner’s rage and religious enthusiasm, both provide only fractured parts of the motive of vengeance. Strikingly, Parker’s film interrogates the ideology of “victims,” as well as the hierarchical term of “confessions,” with their different positions between whites and blacks. More specifically, Parker’s film offers discursive fields of proslavery arguments regarding biblical interpretations in addition to external visualization of slaves’ inner emotional lives. The film demonstrates how the institution of slavery allowed slaves to be exploited, beaten, raped, through interrogating the problematic image of the “contested hero” Nat Turner. In contrast to the traditional image of blacks’ bloody rebellion, the film underlines the absurdity of certain Biblical misinterpretations. It furthermore implies how the 1915 film manipulated proslavery propaganda in America. Key Words: The Birth of a Nation (2016), The Confessions of Nat Turner (1967), Slavery, Contested Hero, Vengeance Notes on

Effects of Korean traditional herbal formula for common cold on the activities of human CYP450 isozymes

진성은,하혜경,정수진,신현규 대한한의학회 2014 대한한의학회지 Vol.35 No.2

Objectives: Most drug interactions are attributed to the inhibition or induction of the activity of cytochrome P450s (CYP450). Although the regulation of CYP450s by drugs has been widely reported, there have been few studies on influence of traditional herbal formulas on the drug-metabolizing enzymes. Because herbal formulas have been used traditionally to treat various diseases and because herb-drug interactions are crucial factors determining therapeutic efficacies, a systematic evaluation of the effects of herbal formulas is important. Methods: The effects of Galgeun-tang (GGT, gegen tang), Gumiganghwal-tang (GMGHT, jiuweiqianghuo tang), Insampaedok-san (ISPDS, renshenbaidu powder), Samsoeum (SSE, shensu drink), Socheongryong-tang (SCRT, xiaoqinglong-tang) and Sosiho-tang (SSHT, xiaochaihu tang) that are traditional herbal formulas used to treat common cold, on drug-metabolizing enzymes were evaluated through an in vitro CYP3A4, CYP2D6, CYP2C19 and CYP2E1 inhibition assay to assess its interaction potential with synthetic drugs. The inhibitory effects of herbal formulas were characterized with IC50 values. Results: These six herbal formulas inhibited the activities of CYP3A4, 2C19, 2D6 and 2E1, in a concentration- dependent manner. Among the six herbal formulas, GGT critically inhibited CYP2C19, CYP2D6 and CYP2E1. GMGHT also inhibited CYP2D6 and CYP2E1 to a greater extent than the other CYP450 isozymes. Additionally, SSE and SSHT may change the effects of medicines that depend primarily on the CYP2C19 and CYP2E1 pathways. On the other hand, ISPDS and SCRT were not inhibited CYP3A4, CYP2C19, CYP2D6 and CYP2E1-mediated metabolism. Conclusions: These findings provide useful information regarding the safety and effectiveness of herbal formulas.

가족서사로 본 담원 정인보

진성수(陳晟秀) 한국양명학회 2021 陽明學 Vol.- No.61

감통과 지행합일, 민족정신과 애국심, 인간에 대한 신뢰와 사랑을 강조한 담원은 가족들에게 어떤 존재로 기억되었을까? 본 논문에서는 가족서사에 나타난 담원의 6가지 모습을 살펴보았다. 첫째, 가학을 계승한 선비 담원은 가문의 유풍(遺風)을 계승하여 대의(大義)를 높이고 스승에 대해 깊은 존경심을 가졌다. 둘째, 효심이 깊은 아들로서의 담원은 장기간 출장 중에도 부모님의 건강을 걱정하며 보낸 안부 편지와 각종 음식, 어머니에 대한 감사와 그리움을 담은 『자모사(慈母思)』를 통해 알 수 있다. 셋째, 자상한 남편으로서의 담원은 세상을 떠난 부인을 애도하며 지은 시조(時調)와 고생하는 부인에게 보낸 편지에서 잘 드러난다. 넷째, 다정한 아버지로서의 담원은 정(情)이 많은 가장이었으며 어린 자녀와 농담을 하거나 출가한 딸의 생일을 챙기는 친정아버지였다. 다섯째, 자녀의 눈높이 교육자로서의 담원은 시(詩)를 읽을 때 주관을 강조한 일, 책을 대하는 태도를 강조한 일, 자녀들의 말씨를 세심하게 살피며 타고난 재주보다 노력을 소중히 여기라고 가르친 일에서 알 수 있다. 여섯째, 국학을 강조한 양명학자로서의 담원은 조국독립을 위해 아호(雅號)를 지은 일, 일본어로만 강의해야 하는 대학 강단을 떠난 일, 겨레의 ‘얼’을 되찾아야 한다며 국민계몽에 투신한 일 등에서 알 수 있다. 가족서사에 나타난 담원의 모습은 감성적 경험을 통해 가족과 진솔하게 소통하는 아버지였다. Damwon emphasized sensual and emotional empathy(感通), unity of knowledge and action, national spirit and patriotism, trust and love for mankind throughout his lifetime. Then how was Damwon received by his family members? This study examines six characteristics of Damwon purveyed in his family narrative. First, Damwon, who inherited the family legacy elevated the cause to a higher level and had a deep respect for his teachers. Second, Damwon was very filial to his parents. The letters and food he sent as care packages during long business trips to his parents concerned about their health and his gratitude and longing for his mother portrayed in his book Jamosa(慈母思) demonstrates his filial devotion. Third, the poems he wrote while mourning for his deceased wife and letters he sent to his sick wife also demonstrate what a caring husband Damwon was. Damwon was also a very affectionate father who often shared jokes with his young children and sent birthday wishes on their birthdays, even after the girls were married. His emphasis on subjectivity when reading poetry, emphasis on the attitude while reading books, attentiveness to his children’s words, and emphasis on hard work over innate talent all indicate how he sought to educate his children at their eye level. Sixth, Damwon, a firm believer of Yang Ming Studies gave children’s nickname(雅號) as a way to achieve national independence. He also gave up on his teaching career when he was only allowed to teach in Japanese, and devoted himself to national enlightenment with a quest to find a national spirit. He was a father who truly knew how to communicate with his family through emotional experiences as portrayed in his family narrative.

War Correspondent, Journalism and Gothic Elements in Louisa May Alcott's Hospital Sketches

진성은 미래영어영문학회 2023 영어영문학 Vol.28 No.4

Louisa May Alcott's Hospital Sketches (1863) highlighted the emerging positions and roles of women during the American Civil War. Many critics have focused only on the content of the story. Nonetheless, the context of journalism and Alcott's role as correspondent in the story have not been fully understood in the criticism. Her readers were curious about the realities on the battlefield. More specifically, in Hospital Sketches, Alcott's character, Tribulation Periwinkle, wrote about her experience as Civil War nurse in her journal, in letters, in sketches printed serially in a newspaper, and then as a book. The address to many of her newspaper readers, which she titled “A Postscript” in Hospital Sketches, appeared later than her original newspaper serial. Its presence in her later book indicates the importance of the first newspaper printing. The question that her readers asked her about services for the dead was clearly an important matter. Gothic elements of image and likeness pervade this piece, and it provides precedent for her later Gothic stories in its genesis, journalistic publication, and religious context. Ultimately, her role as war correspondent and the representation of journalism in the story present a stepping stone for Alcott's future career as a writer of Gothic thrillers and for the new status of American women after the Civil War.

『老子衍』과 王夫之의 『老子』 이해

진성수(陳晟秀) 한국양명학회 2008 陽明學 Vol.0 No.21

왕부지는 『老子衍』 「自序」에서 老子의 無爲淸淨의 가치에 대해서는 어느 정도 인정할 수 있으나, 儒學者로서 老子를 결코 龍과 같은 존재로 평가할 수는 없다고 보았다. 이것은 본문의 내용을 통해 볼 때, 본체와 작용을 서로 분리함으로써 결과적으로 ‘현상[有]’ㆍ‘본질[無]’과 ‘잠재[幽]’ㆍ‘드러남[明]’을 대립시킨 노자철학에 대한 왕부지의 평가에 기초한 것이었다. 이렇게 볼 때, ‘大道汎兮, 其可左右’ 해석을 중심으로 한 『『老子衍』의 思想史的意義는 세 가지로 정리할 수 있다. 첫째, 왕부지가 「自序」에서도 밝히고 있듯이 玄學과 佛敎, 그리고 禪宗의 논리가 아닌 儒學의 입장에서 『老子』의 本旨를 해석ㆍ비판하고 있다. 즉 전환기 儒敎知識人으로서 明왕조 멸망의 원인을 사상적 혼란에서 찾았던 왕부지에게 있어서는 당연한 임무로 받아들여졌다. 따라서 왕부지의 道家에 대한 비판은 玄學, 佛敎, 陽明學에 대한 儒家의 비판의식과 같은 맥락에서 이해할 수 있다. 둘째, 왕부지는 『老子』 연구를 통해 자신의 形而上學을 보완하여 易學思想의 핵심인 乾坤竝建에 적용하는 등,轉換期 知識人의 종합적인 성격을 보여주고 있다. 즉 그는 乾坤竝建을 활용하여 十二陰陽의 響背[表裏隱現]를 중심으로 明ㆍ顯과 微ㆍ隱ㆍ幽의 관계를 설명한다. 이로써 현상적으로 드러난 것은 실제로 존재하는 전체의 절반에 불과하기 때문에 하나의 卦에 있는 12位 중에 현실적으로는 6位 밖에 볼 수 없다는 주장을 내놓게 된다. 셋째, 왕부지는 儒家理念에 입각하여 『老子』를 해석하여 『老子衍』으로 재창조함으로써 노자철학의 새로운 지평을 열어 주고 있다. 그러나 왕부지 의 『老子衍』은 기본적으로 儒家의 입장에서 道家를포용한 것이기 때문에 이미 상당부분 변형되지 않을 수 없었다. 따라서 왕부지의 노자철학에 대한 해석과정에서 道家의 핵심개념은 자연스럽게 儒家의 핵심개념으로 전환되거나 왜곡되었을 가능성을 배제할 수는 없을 것이다.

토모테라피를 이용한 두경부암 영상유도 방사선 치료 시 개인별 경추고정용구의 유용성 평가

진성은,장세욱,최정환,김민주,안승권,이상규,조정희,Jin, Sung Eun,Chang, Se Wuk,Choi, Jung Hoan,Kim, Min Joo,Ahn, Seung Kwon,Lee, Sang Kyu,Cho, Jung Heui 대한방사선치료학회 2018 대한방사선치료학회지 Vol.30 No.1

목 적 : 두경부암 방사선 치료 시 사용되는 규격화된 기성 베개에 개인별 경추고정용구를 적용하여 개인별 경추고정용구의 유용성을 평가하고자 한다. 대상 및 방법 : 본원에서 토모테라피를 이용한 두경부암 치료 환자 중 기성 베개만을 사용한 환자와 개인별 경추고정용구를 적용한 환자 각각 20명을 대상으로 환자 당 20회 치료 시 획득한 MVCT 영상을 토모테라피 영상유도 프로그램으로 자동 보정한 영상을 바탕으로 2번 경추 최하단부부터 발쪽으로 6.7 cm까지 10분할하여 각 분할 당 경추 위치 값을 치료설계 시의 경추 위치 값과 비교하였다. 결 과 : 개인별 경추고정용구를 적용한 경우 50 mm 기준 경추만곡도 일치율은 평균 98.9 %, 최대오차 평균 12.9 mm, 1회 치료 당 평균 오차 5.8 mm, 표준편차 평균 0.59 mm로 측정되었고 개인별 경추고정용구를 적용하지 않았을 경우 경추만곡 일치율은 평균 95.9 %, 최대오차 평균 41.9 mm, 1회 치료 당 평균 오차 19.4 mm, 표준편차 평균 1.34 mm로 측정되었다. 결 론 : 두경부 암 방사선 치료 시 개인별 경추고정용구 적용이 필요할 것으로 사료된다. Purpose : Standardized pillow may not support patient's individual cervical spine thoroughly when head and neck radiation therapy with $Tomotherapy^{(R)}$. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to make a comparative analysis for the difference of using standardized pillow only and using customized cervical spine immobilizer with standardized pillow. Materials and Methos : The head and neck cancer patients who are treated image-guided radiation therapy(IGRT) with $Tomotherapy^{(R)}$ were divided into two groups, 20 patients using standardized pillow only, and 20 patients using customized cervical spine immobilizer with standardized pillow. We achieved 20 mega-voltage computed tomography(MVCT) image per patient, compared curvature of the cervical spine in MVCT with curvature of the cervical spine in CT-simulation. Results : Results of comparative analysis were curvature consistency 95.9 %, maximum error of distance 41.9 mm, average distance error per fractionation 19.4 mm, average standard deviation 1.34 mm in case of using standardized pillow only, curvature consistency 98.9 %, maximum error of distance 12.9 mm, average distance error per fractionation 5.8 mm, average standard deviation 0.59 mm in case of using customized cervical spine immobilizer with standardized pillow. Conclusion : Using customized cervical spine immobilizer shows higher reproducibility and low distance error, therefore customized cervical spine immobilizer could be useful for head and neck cancer patients who need radiation therapy.

삼출건비탕의 추출용매에 따른 성분 함량 및 효능 비교 연구

진성은,서창섭,하혜경,임혜선,김예지,전우영,유새롬,김정훈,신인식,김성실,신나라,이미영,정수진,김온순,신현규 한국생약학회 2012 생약학회지 Vol.43 No.4

In order to investigate anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic and anti-obesity activities of Samchulkunbi-tang (SCT; Shen zhu jian pi-tang) water and 70% ethanol (EtOH) extracts, in vitro inhibitory activities against nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells,and macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC/CCL22) and regulated on activation of normal T-cell-expressed and -secreted (RANTES/CCL5) production in TNF-α/interferon-γ-stimulated HaCaT and BEAS-2B cells as well as glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) activity and leptin production in 3T3-L1 cells were determined. A HPLC was used for quantification of the seven marker components (albiflorin, paeoniflorin, liquiritin, naringin, hesperidin, poncirin and glycyrrhizin) of SCT water and 70% EtOH extracts. SCT showed inhibitory effects against MDC and RANTES production in HaCaT cells, as well as RANTES production in BEAS-2B cells. In addition, SCT reduced not only NO, PGE2, IL-6 and TNF-α production in RAW 264.7 cells, but also GPDH activity and leptin production in 3T3-L1 cells. Furthermore, the biological activities and the contents of six compounds (except paeoniflorin) were higher in 70% EtOH extract than water extract. These results suggest that SCT has anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic and anti-obesity activities. These efficacies of 70% EtOH extract are relatively higher than that of water extract.

Effects of Herbal Formulas Bojungikgi-tang and Palmijihwang-hwan on Inflammation in RAW 264.7 Cells and the Activities of Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes in Human Hepatic Microsomes

진성은,하혜경,신현규 한국식품영양과학회 2018 Journal of medicinal food Vol.21 No.11

In the present study, Bojungikgi-tang (BJIKT: Buzhongyiqi-tang, Hochuekki-to) and Palmijihwang-hwan (PMJHH: Baweidı`huang-wan, Hachimijio-gan), traditional herbal formulas, investigated anti-inflammatory efficacies in murine macrophage cell line and the influence on the activities of drug-metabolizing enzymes (DMEs). The anti-inflammatory potentials of the herbal formulas were evaluated to inhibit the production of the inflammatory mediators and cytokines and the protein expression of inducible nitric oxide and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated RAW 264.7 cells. The activities of the major human DMEs, cytochrome P450 isozymes (CYP450s) and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase isozymes (UGTs), were measured by in vitro enzyme assay systems. BJIKT and PMJHH significantly suppressed the prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production (IC50 = 317.3 and 282.2 lg/mL, respectively) and the protein expression of COX-2 in LPS-treated RAW264.7 cells. On the human microsomal DMEs, BJIKT inhibited the activities of CYP1A2 (IC50 = 535.05 lg/mL), CYP2B6 (IC50 > 1000 lg/mL), CYP2C9 (IC50 = 800.78 lg/mL), CYP2C19 (IC50 = 563.11 lg/mL), CYP2D6 (IC50 > 1000 lg/mL), CYP2E1 (IC50 > 1000 lg/mL), CYP3A4 (IC50 = 879.60 lg/mL), UGT1A1 (IC50 > 1000 lg/mL), and UGT1A4 (IC50 > 1000 lg/mL), but it showed no inhibition of the UGT2B7 activity at doses less than 1000 lg/mL. PMJHH inhibited the CYP2D6 activity (IC50 = 280.89 lg/mL), but IC50 values of PMJHH exceeded 1000 lg/mL on the activities of CYP1A2, CYP2C19, CYP2E1, and CYP3A4. At concentrations less than 1000 lg/mL, PMJHH did not affect the activities of CYP2B6, CYP2C9, UGT1A1, UGT1A4, and UGT2B7. The results indicate that both BJIKT and PMJHH may be potential candidates to prevent and treat PGE2- and COX-2-mediated inflammatory diseases. In addition, this study will expand current knowledge about herb–drug interactions by BJIKT and PMJHH.