Safety Evaluation of Tobacco Substitute (Herbrette); Inhalation Toxicity, Mutagenicity and Immunotoxicity

Song, Kyung Seuk,Park, Kun Ho,Yoo, Gi Yong,Song, Sung-Ok,Kim, Hyun Woo,Kim, Jun Sung,Park, Jin Hong,Eu, Guk Joung,Hua, Jin,Cho, Hyun Sun,Hwang, Soon Kyung,Chang, Seung Hee,Tehrani, Arash Minai,Yu, Kye Korean Society of ToxicologyKorea Environmental Mu 2004 Toxicological Research Vol.19 No.3

Inhalation toxicity, mutagenicity, and immunotoxicity tests were performed using a smoke generation system to investigate the safety of Herbrette, a tobacco substitute made with the leaves of Perilla frutescens. ICR mice were exposed to nicotine-free Herbrette smoke with concentrations of 0 (control), 4.08 $\pm$ 1.32 mg/$m^3$ (low dose), 7.72 $\pm$ 2.14 mg/$m^3$ (medium dose) and 12.83 $\pm$ 1.69 mg/$m^3$ (high dose) total particulate matters (TPM) for 4 weeks. When compared to the control group, the body weights, organ weights in the exposed groups did not show any significant differences. However, certain change of several serum chemical data and biochemical parameters were observed, however, the changes were within normal physiological ranges. Moreover, no changes in organ weight, and no gross/microscopic changes were observed between the exposed and control groups. Salmonella typhimurium reverse mutation, in vivo chromosomal aberration and micronucleus assays revealed that Herbrette did not induce mutagenicity. Upon evaluation of peripheral cellular immunity of mice through in vitro lymphocyte proliferation assay, no significant difference was observed in mean stimulation index between the exposed and control groups. Taken together, our results strongly suggest that Herbrette may not cause toxicity on mice under current condition.

Safety Evaluation of Tobacco Substitute (Herbrette); Inhalation Toxicity, Mutagenicity and Immunotoxicity

Kyung Seuk Song,Kun Ho Park,Gi Yong Yoo,Sung-Ok Song,Hyun Woo Kim,Jun Sung Kim,Jin Hong Park,Guk Joung Eu,Jin Hua,Hyun Sun Cho,Soon Kyung Hwang,Seung Hee Chang,Arash Minai Tehrani,Kyeong Nam Yu,Chan H 한국독성학회 2004 Toxicological Research Vol.20 No.4

Inhalation toxicity, mutagenicity, and immunotoxicity tests were performed using a smoke generation system to investigate the safety of Herbrette, a tobacco substitute made with the leaves of Perilla frutescens. ICR mice were exposed to nicotine-free Herbrette smoke with concentrations of 0 (control), 4.08 ± 1.32 mg/㎥ (low dose), 7.72 ± 2.14 mg/㎥ (medium dose) and 12.83 ± 1.69 mg/㎥ (high dose) total particulate matters (TPM) for 4 weeks. When compared to the control group, the body weights, organ weights in the exposed groups did not show any significant differences. However, certain change of several serum chemical data and biochemical parameters were observed, however, the changes were within normal physiological ranges. Moreover, no changes in organ weight, and no gross/microscopic changes were observed between the exposed and control groups. Salmonella typhimurium reverse mutation, in vivo chromosomal aberration and micronucleus assays revealed that Herbrette did not induce mutagenicity. Upon evaluation of peripheral cellular immunity of mice through in vitro lymphocyte proliferation assay, no significant difference was observed in mean stimulation index between the exposed and control groups. Taken together, our results strongly suggest that Herbrette may not cause toxicity on mice under current condition.

90-Day Inhalation Toxicity of Dimethylamine in F344 Rats

Kyung Seuk Song,Kun Ho Park,Jeong Hyun Kim,Dong Un Han,Chan Hee Chae,Sung Jin Park,Hyun Woo Kim,Jun Sung Kim,Jin Hong Park,Guk Joung Eu,Jin Hua,Hyun Sun Cho,Soon Kyung Hwang,Seung Hee Chang,Kyeong Nam 한국독성학회 2005 Toxicological Research Vol.21 No.2

Dimethylamine (DMA) is a widely used commodity chemical with few toxicity data. Groups of 10 male and female F-344 rats were exposed by inhalation to 0, 5, 10, 20, 40 and 80 ppm of DMA for 6 hrs/day, 5 days/week for 90 days. The changes of body weight, organ weight, hematology, clinical chemistry, and histopathological changes were evaluated after the exposure. As the results, the body weight was significantly decreased at 80 ppm in male and female rats (p<0.05). The absolute lung weight showed no statistically significant changes in any group. In contrast, the relative lung weight significantly increased at 80 ppm in male and female rats (p<0.05). Erythrocytes, mean cell hemoglobin, leukocytes, neutrophil, and platelet numbers were significantly increased in male and female at 40 or 80 ppm of DMA (p<0.05, p<0.01). In addition, the serum values of total protein, urea nitrogen were increased in male and creatine kinase, total protein were increased in female rats at 40 or 80 ppm (p<0.05, p<0.01). Histopathological examinations of the male and female lung samples showed slight hyperplasia and congestion at 80 ppm. Taken together, our study revealed that maximum tolerated dose of DMA would be over 40 ppm

4 - (N - Methyl - N - nitrosamino) - 1(3-pyridyl) - 1 - butanone (NNK) Restored the Cap - dependent Protein Translation Blocked by Rapamycin

Jun-Sung Kim,Jin Hong Park,Sung-Jin Park,Hyun Woo Kim,Jin Hua,Hyun Sun Cho,Soon Kyung Hwang,Seung Hee Chang,Arash Minai Tehrani,Myung Haing Cho 한국독성학회 2005 Toxicological Research Vol.21 No.4

Eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) is a key element for cap-dependent protein translation controlled by affinity between eIF4E and 4E-binding protein 1 (4E-BP1). Rapamycin can also affect protein translation by regulating 4E-BP1 phosphorylation. Tobacco-specific nitrosamine, 4-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) is a strong lung carcinogen, but its precise lung cancer induction mechanism remains unknown. Relative roles of cap-dependent and -independent protein translation in terms of NNK-induced lung carcinogenesis were elucidated using normal human bronchial epithelial cells. NNK concentrations applied in this study did not decrease cell viability. Addition of NNK restored rapamycin-induced decrease of protein synthesis and rapamycininduced phosphorylation of 4E-BP1, and increased expression levels of mTOR, ERK1/AFG₁, p70S6K, and Raf-1 in a concentration-dependent manner. NNK also caused perturbation of normal cell cycle progression. Taken together, NNK might cause toxicity through the combination of restoration of 4EBP1 phosphorylation and increase of eIF4E as well as mTOR protein expression, interruption of Raf1/ERK as well as the cyclin G-associated p53 network. Our data could be applied towards elucidation of the molecular basis for lung cancer treatment.

The production technology and properties of an aluminum alloy processed by equal channel angular pressing

Jun Zhao,Chang-Hua Zhang,Chen-Bing Xu 대한기계학회 2019 JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Vol.33 No.2

Distribution of equivalent stress and equivalent strain was analyzed in the ECAP process based on material flow laws. Simulation results showed that severe plastic deformation occurred at the corner of the cavity, indicating a stress concentration at the equal channel angle. Distribution of stress and strain at the same section was not uniform. Equivalent stresses on the surface at the inside corner of the part were larger. Experimental results showed that forming speed and lubrication conditions had a great influence on quality of parts. The parts were in good condition with no wrinkle and rupture after ten ECAP passes. EBSD analyses showed that the original coarse grains were refined and uniformly distributed, and the average grain size of the cross section was about 620 nm after ten ECAP passes. With increasing the number of ECAP passes, the proportion of small angle grain boundaries decreased gradually and the ratio of large angle grain boundaries increased. Tensile strength and hardness increased sharply, while the elongation decreased sharply after the first ECAP pass. With succeeding the ECAP passes, the tensile strength, hardness and the elongation all increased slowly.

Neuron Discharge and c-Fos Expression in the Nucleus of the Solitary Tract Following Electroacupuncture at Acupoints of the Yangming Stomach Meridian of Foot

Jun-Feng He,Jie Yan,Jiang-Shan Li,Jian-Hua Liu,Chao Wang,Xiao-Rong Chang,Ya-Ting Qu 사단법인약침학회 2013 Journal of Acupuncture & Meridian Studies Vol.6 No.2

The nucleus of the solitary tract (nucleus tractus solitarii; NTS) is a primary center for both visceral afferents and somatic afferents. Previous experiments have demonstrated that the NTS is closely connected to the stomach and acupoints in the Yangming Stomach Meridian of Foot (ST Meridian). In this study, extracellular recording and immunochemistry methods were used to analyze the discharge of neurons and c-Fos protein expression in the NTS following acupuncture at different acupoints and a nonacupoint. A total of 104 discharging neurons were detected in the NTS of 52 rats, of which 86 provided complete data. After acupuncture at Sibai (ST 2), Zusanli (ST 36), Neiting (ST 44), Quanliao (SI 18), and the nonacupoint, the neuron response rate in the NTS was 65.12%, 51.16%, 46.51%, 34.88% and 31.40% respectively. For neuron response rate, there was a significant difference among Sibai (ST 2), Zusanli (ST 36), Neiting (ST 44), Quanliao (SI 18), and the nonacupoint (p < 0.01 or p < 0.05). In the other 48 rats, the number of c-Fos immunoreactive neurons in the NTS by electroacupuncture (EA) at Sibai (ST 2) group was significantly higher than that EA at other acupoints and the nonacupoint (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). EA at both Zusanli (ST 36) and Neiting (ST 44) increased c-Fos immunoreactive neurons significantly over EA at Quanliao (SI 18) and the nonacupoint (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01), while there was no difference between EA at Quanliao (SI 18) and the nonacupoint group (p > 0.05). The experiments demonstrated that the afferent convergence in NTS are different by body surface points stimulus, which suggests that the NTS might be a primary center in the central nervous system receiving acupoints stimulus from the ST Meridian.

Molecular cloning, chromosomal localization and expression profiling of porcine selenoprotein M gene

Ji-Chang Zhou,Hua Zhao,Jia-Yong Tang,Jun-Gang Li,Xiao-Li Liu,Yu-Mei Zhu 한국유전학회 2011 Genes & Genomics Vol.33 No.5

Selenoprotein M may regulate a myriad of biological processes through its redox function. In pigs, neither the nucleotide sequence nor the amino acid sequence is known. Furthermore,patterns of tissue expression and regulation by dietary selenium (Se) have not been examined. We determined the full coding sequence (CDS) and the chromosomal location of the porcine gene, SELM, and described its expression profile in vivo under different dietary Se concentrations. The cDNA sequence of porcine SELM from the start codon to the poly(A) tail was cloned by reverse transcription PCR. The CDS contained 429bases with a typical mammalian selenocysteine insertion sequence of form 2 (F2) located in the 3′-untranslated region. The gene was mapped to chromosome 14q21, where porcine SELM and its neighboring genes exhibited a similar organization to human homologues on chromosome 22q12.2. The expression pattern of SELM mRNA in muscle, thyroid, cerebral cortex, pituitary, testis, liver, and kidney was analyzed with real-time quantitative PCR in young male pigs fed a Se-deficient corn-soybean meal basal diet supplemented with 0.0, 0.3,or 3.0 mg Se/kg in the form of Se-rich yeast. Though the SELM mRNA abundance in each of the 7 tissues was not affected by the dietary Se concentrations, it was significantly higher in thyroid (P < 0.01) than in cerebral cortex, pituitary,testis, liver, and kidney at all of the 3 dietary Se concentrations.

4-(N-Methyl-N-nitrosamino)-1(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone(NNK) Restored the Cap-dependent Protein Translation Blocked by Rapamycin

Kim Jun-Sung,Park Jin Hong,Park Sung-Jin,Kim Hyun Woo,Hua Jin,Cho Hyun Sun,Hwang Soon Kyung,Chang Seung Hee,Tehrani Arash Minai,Cho Myung Haing Korean Society of ToxicologyKorea Environmental Mu 2005 Toxicological Research Vol.21 No.4

Eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (elF4E) is a key element for cap-dependent protein translation controlled by affinity between elF4E and 4E-binding protein 1 (4E-BP1). Rapamycin can also affect protein translation by regulating 4E-BP1 phosphorylation. Tobacco-specific nitrosamine, 4(N-methyl-N-nitrosamino )-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) is a strong lung carcinogen, but its precise lung cancer induction mechanism remains unknown. Relative roles of cap-dependent and -independent protein translation in terms of NNK-induced lung carcinogenesis were elucidated using normal human bronchial epithelial cells. NNK concentrations applied in this study did not decrease cell viability. Addition of NNK restored rapamycin-induced decrease of protein synthesis and rapamycin-induced phosphorylation of 4E-BP1, and increased expression levels of mTOR, ERK1/2, p70S6K, and Raf-1 in a concentration-dependent manner. NNK also caused perturbation of normal cell cycle progression. Taken together, NNK might cause toxicity through the combination of restoration of 4E-BP1 phosphorylation and increase of elF4E as well as mTOR protein expression, interruption of Raf1/ERK as well as the cyclin G-associated p53 network. Our data could be applied towards elucidation of the molecular basis for lung cancer treatment.

Micrococcus endophyticus sp. nov., isolated from surface-sterilized Aquilaria sinensis roots.

Chen, Hua-Hong,Zhao, Guo-Zhen,Park, Dong-Jin,Zhang, Yu-Qin,Xu, Li-Hua,Lee, Jae-Chan,Kim, Chang-Jin,Li, Wen-Jun Society for General Microbiology 2009 International journal of systematic and evolutiona Vol.59 No.5

<P>A Gram-positive bacterial strain, designated YIM 56238(T), was isolated from plant roots (Aquilaria sinensis), and characterized by using a polyphasic approach. Strain YIM 56238(T) grew optimally at pH 7.0-8.0 and at 28 degrees C. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain YIM 56238(T) indicated that it belongs to the genus Micrococcus. Chemotaxonomic data strongly supported the classification of this strain within the genus Micrococcus: the cell-wall peptidoglycan contained lysine, glutamic acid, alanine and glycine; the predominant menaquinones were MK-8(H(2)) (63.6 %) and MK-7(H(2)) (21.1 %); the phospholipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol and an unknown ninhydrin-negative phospholipid; and the major cellular fatty acids were iso-C(15 : 0) (30.95 %) and anteiso-C(15 : 0) (53.75 %). The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 72.9 mol%. A number of physiological features were found that clearly distinguished strain YIM 56238(T) from recognized species of the genus Micrococcus. DNA-DNA hybridization studies suggested that the novel strain represents a separate genomic species. On the basis of the data, therefore, strain YIM 56238(T) represents a novel species of the genus Micrococcus, for which the name Micrococcus endophyticus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is YIM 56238(T) (=DSM 17945(T)=KCTC 19156(T)).</P>

디지털 오디오 신호처리에 적합한 DSP 설계 및 FPGA 검증

류창원(Chang-Won Ryu),이동훈(Dong-Hun Lee),지화준(Hua-Jun Chi),김태훈(Tae-Hoon Kim),조군식(Koon-Shik Cho),박주성(Ju-Sung Park) 대한전자공학회 2007 대한전자공학회 학술대회 Vol.2007 No.7

This paper describes the design and verification process of a DSP, which is optimized for audio signal processing. We have run 5 audio algorithms on sixteen bit fixed point DSP, TMS320C542, to investigate the usage of each instruction, then choose the instruction sets that are used in implementing those algorithms. We can get ride of more than 100 instructions from TMS320C542's instructions based on that analysis. We have analyzed 3 conventional DSP to get idea for architecture design of target DSP. The DSP has data size of 24 bits to support high quality audio, and has 124 instructions and the complexity of 87,350 gates. The designed DSP was implemented in FPGA to accurately check the function with various test vectors. The test vectors consists of single instruction test, combination test of instructions, and audio applications.