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정덕주,안병길 東亞大學校 1999 東亞論叢 Vol.36 No.-
The Korean Government has announced its plan to reduce its present multi-level administrative hierarchical structure. The essence of the reform is to merge the current administrative units of Eup, Myun, Dong into a single administrative unit, the citizen's autonomous center, which will enhance citizens' welfare. The major reason behind this reform is to do away with redundancy due to gradual reduction of administrative work over the years. Another reason behind the reform is to tackle the problems relaed to a highly complex administrative structure. Through these reforms, the government aims to enlarge the opportunity for citizens' participation. However, there are criticisms that government's plan does not take citizen's voice into full consideration in the formaiton and operation of the citizen's autonomous center, that procedure is top down, and that the reform is politically motivated. Therefore, we must thoroughly reexamine the government's reform proposal from its innitial step. That is, we need to approach the matter by separately examining the urban and rural situation, and the reform must be aimed at increasing citizens' autonomy and participation.
Ahn, Gil Hwan,Lee, Jung June,Jun, Young Moo,Lee, Byung Min,Kim, Byeong Hyo Royal Society of Chemistry 2007 Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry Vol.5 No.15
<P>While <I>N</I>-(2-nitrobenzylidene)anilines produced mixtures of 2,1-benzisoxazoles and 3-anilino-2-aryl-2<I>H</I>-indazoles in the presence of indium and iodine in MeOH, <I>N</I>-(2-nitrobenzylidene)anilines were transformed into 3-anilino-2-aryl-2<I>H</I>-indazoles as the predominant major product through the change of the solvent from protic MeOH to aprotic THF. In an indium-mediated one-pot reductive reaction, 2-benzaldehydes and anilines in THF were also successfully transformed into the corresponding indazoles.</P> <P>Graphic Abstract</P><P><I>N</I>-(2-Nitrobenzylidene)anilines or <I>in situ</I>-formed <I>N</I>-(2-nitrobenzylidene)anilines in the presence of indium and iodine in THF were transformed into 3-anilino-2-aryl-2<I>H</I>-indazoles as the major product. <IMG SRC='http://pubs.rsc.org/services/images/RSCpubs.ePlatform.Service.FreeContent.ImageService.svc/ImageService/image/GA?id=b707240f'> </P>
A study on the optimal thickness of corn flakes produced by using the pressurized steam chamber
Ahn, Jun-Sang,Shin, Jong-Suh,Kim, Min-Ji,Son, Gi-Hwal,Gil, Deok-Yun,Kwon, Eung-Gi,Park, Byung-Ki Korean Society of Animal Sciences and Technology 2020 한국축산학회지 Vol.62 No.4
This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of the thickness of corn flakes produced by pressurized steam chamber (PSC) on rumen fermentation characteristics and nutrient degradability in Hanwoo and Holstein cows. Corn flakes were treated by PSC, in three groups based on corn flake thickness: < 2.5 mm (T1), 2.5-3.0 mm (T2), and > 3.0 mm (T3). Corn flake thickness significantly influenced pH (p < 0.01) and propionate concentration (p < 0.05) and slightly but not significantly influenced acetate, butyrate, and total-volatile fatty acids (T-VFA) concentrations. The dry matter (DM) degradability increased significantly with a reduction in corn flake thickness (p < 0.01), being significantly greater in T1 and T2 than T3 groups (p < 0.01) and similar between T1 and T2 groups throughout whole incubation time. Also, starch degradability was the lowest in T3 groups than others (p < 0.01). Thus, the present results showed that considering the production efficiency and economic feasibility, the optimal thickness of corn flakes produced in a PSC is recommended to be 2.5-3.0 mm.
전신마취시 경막외강에 Bupivacaine과 함께 투여한 Neostigmine의 술호 진통 효과
안태훈,소금영,정종달,김길범,유병식,임경준,김훈정 대한마취과학회 2000 Korean Journal of Anesthesiology Vol.39 No.3
Background: Intrathecal injection of analgesic agents such as opioids, clonidine, ketamine and nalbuphine with a local anesthetic produces analgesia in patients. Recently, the analgesic effect of intrathecal neostigmine has been investigated; however, the use of epidural neostigmine has not been investigated. The purpose of this study was to define the analgesic effectiveness and the side effects of epidural neostigmine. Methods: Forty patients undergoing a total abdominal hysterectomy were divided into 4 groups. After intramuscular 0.1 mg/kg midazolam premedication, patients were randomized to receive epidural bupivacaine with saline (control group), 1 ㎍/kg epidural neostigmine (Group I), 2 ㎍/kg epidural neostigmine (Group II), or 3 ㎍/kg epidural neostigmine (Group III) postoperatively. The concept of the visual analog scale, which consisted of a 10-cm line with 0 equaling $quot;no pain at all$quot; and 10 equaling $quot;the worst possible pain$quot; was introduced. Pain was assessed by using the visual analog scale at 1, 6, 9, 12, and 24 h postoperatively, and intramuscular 90 mg diclofenac was available at the patient's request. Results: The visual analog scale score at first rescue analgesic and the incidence of adverse effects were similar among neostigmine groups. The analgesic consumption in 24 hours and the pain visual analog scale score at 3 h, 12 h, and 24 h were significantly decreased in neostigmine groups compared with control groups. Conclusions: Epidural neostigmine coadministered with bupivacaine produces a dose-independent analgesic effect compared to the control group and a reduction in postoperative rescue analgesic consumption without increasing the incidence of adverse effects.
Toxicity assessment of Gryllus bimaculatus (a type of cricket) glycosaminoglycan
Ahn Mi Young,Joo Hyo Jin,Kim Jin Sik,Yeon Yong,Ryu Hyeon Yeol,Choi Byung Gil,Song Kyung Seuk,Kim Sang Ho,Park Myeong Kyu,Jo You Young 한국독성학회 2020 Toxicological Research Vol.36 No.4
We performed general toxicity studies of Gryllus bimaculatus (two-spotted cricket) glycosaminoglycan (GbG), including a single, 4-week repeated oral dose toxicity test in ICR mice, and short-term genotoxicity tests. The mutagenic potential of the purified GbG was non-genotoxic when it was evaluated using short-term genotoxicity tests, namely Ames, chromosome aberration (CA), and micronuclei (MN) tests. In Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli assays, GbG did not produce any mutagenic response in the absence or presence of S9 mix with five bacterial strains (TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1537, and WP2uvrA). Chromosome aberration test showed that GbG had no significant effect on Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. In mouse micronuclei tests after twice oral treatments per day for two days, no significant alteration in the occurrence of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes was observed in ICR male mice intraperitoneally administered with GbG at doses of 15.63, 31.25, or 62.50 mg/kg. These results indicate that GbG has no mutagenic potential in these in vitro and in vivo systems. After GbG was orally administered at doses of 20, 40, 80, and 160 mg/kg for a single oral dose toxicity study and at 0, 40, 80, and 160 mg/kg bw/day for 4-week oral dose toxicity study, there were no observed clinical signs or deaths related to treatment in any group tested. Therefore, the approximate lethal oral dose of GbG was considered to be higher than 160 mg/kg in mice. Throughout the administration period, no significant changes in diet consumption, ophthalmologic findings, organ weight, clinical pathology (hematology, clinical chemistry, coagulation, and urinalysis), or gross pathology were detected. Microscopic examination did not identify any treatment-related histopathologic changes in organs of GbGtreated mice in the high dose group. These results indicate that the no-observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of GbG is higher than 160 mg/kg bw/day in mice.