Corporate Governance Mechanisms and Bank’s Performance Evidence from Nepalese Commercial Bank

Azalli Bijay Lal Pradhan(Azalli Bijay Lal Pradhan ),Hemant Kothari(Hemant Kothari ),Tika Ram Chalise(Tika Ram Chalise ) KINFORMS 2023 Management Review Vol.18 No.1

Good governance is foremost in order to develop good corporate working culture. Governance includes all formal and informal rules under certain principles of accountability, transparency, and the rule of law. The implementation of corporate governance certainly influences the performance of the firm. This study focuses on the corporate governance practices implemented by the commercial banks of Nepal and their impact on the bank’s financial performance taking 11(2010-2020) years secondary data. The data were collected from Banking and Financial Statistics published by Nepal Rastra Bank. In addition to this, different published articles, reports, books, and magazines were also used. Multiple regression analysis was used to test the significance and importance of corporate governance in Nepalese Commercial Banks, where the dependent variable used was financial performance (ROA ROE and MB ratio), whereas the independent variables were Board Size, Independent directors, Board Meeting, Bank size, foreign ownership, government ownership, Bank Age. The result shows a positive relation of Age, Board size, independent directors, foreign ownership, firms’ size with the performance of the bank, whereas board meeting and government ownership shows negative relation.

Release and cytokine production of BmpB from BmpB-loaded pH-sensitive and mucoadhesive thiolated Eudragit microspheres

BIJAY SINGH,Tao Jiang,김유경,강상기,최윤재,조종수 한국고분자학회 2012 한국고분자학회 학술대회 연구논문 초록집 Vol.2012 No.4

The Pharmacological Eff ects of Benachio-F® on Rat Gastrointestinal Functions

Bijay Kumar Poudel,유재영,권용삼,박형근,손미원,전준호,김정아,김종오 한국응용약물학회 2015 Biomolecules & Therapeutics(구 응용약물학회지) Vol.23 No.4

Functional dyspepsia (FD) is a prevalent idiopathic upper gastrointestinal (GI) disorder characterized by diverse symptomatology including epigastric pain or discomfort, postprandial fullness, and early satiety. Although its pathophysiological mechanisms have not yet been fully established, the available studies suggest that the etiology of FD is invariably multifactorial. Benachio-F® (BF) is a proprietary liquid formulation of 7 herbal extracts that has been proposed to address this multifactorial etiology using multi-drug phytotherapy. The pharmacological effects of BF, in comparison with those of two other herbal products (Whalmyungsu®; WM and Iberogast®; IB) were evaluated in rats. In a laparotomy-induced rat model of delayed GI transit, BF signifi cantly accelerated the delayed gastric emptying caused by morphine, apomorphine, and cisplatin, and also signifi cantly increased mean gastric transit, as compared to the control animals. BF markedly increased gastric accommodation in rats and produced higher gastric volume values than did the control treatment. The effects of BF were generally comparable or superior to those of WM and IB in these models. Furthermore, BF signifi cantly stimulated biliary fl ow, as compared to the control treatment. These results indicated that BF might have great potential as an effective phytotherapeutic agent capable of reducing GI symptoms and increasing quality of life in FD patients.

Impact of SiC colloidal suspension properties for the fabrication of highly porous ceramics

Bijay Basnet,Woo Young Jang,Jung Gyu Park,In-Sub Han,Tae Young Limc,Hyung Mi Lim,김익진 한양대학교 세라믹연구소 2017 Journal of Ceramic Processing Research Vol.18 No.9

This study discusses the impact of colloidal suspension properties on the wet foam stability of porous ceramics obtained by direct foaming from a particle-stabilized colloidal suspension. The influence of binder content on the wet foam stability interms of rheology, surface tension, average bubble size and air content are reported. The partial hydrophobization of colloidal suspension was carried out by applying Octylamine as surfactant. PEG binder was added as a wet foam stabilizer. The results shows the wet foam stability of more than 90%, which corresponds to an air content of 86.5% with a colloidal suspension containing 20 wt.% of binder. The Newtonian additive, binder decreases viscosity of colloidal suspension to create a favorable condition for wet foam stability. Uniform distribution of highly open/interconnected pores was controlled with an increase in the binder content of up to 20 wt.%, leading to a higher wet foam stability for porous ceramics.

Key Constructs of TQM implementation

Bijay Lal Pradhan,Rajeshwori Malla,Tikaram Chalise 대한산업공학회 2017 대한산업공학회 춘계학술대회논문집 Vol.2017 No.4

Alteration of Striatal Tetrahydrobiopterin in Iron-Induced Unilateral Model of Parkinson’s Disease

Bijay Aryal,이진구,김학림,김형건 대한약리학회 2014 The Korean Journal of Physiology & Pharmacology Vol.18 No.2

It has been suggested that transition metal ions such as iron can produce an oxidative injuries tonigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons, like Parkinson’s disease (PD) and subsequent compensativeincrease of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) during the disease progression induces the aggravation ofdopaminergic neurodegeneration in striatum. It had been established that the direct administrationof BH4 into neuron would induce the neuronal toxicity in vitro. To elucidate a role of BH4 in pathogenesisin the PD in vivo, we assessed the changes of dopamine (DA) and BH4 at striatum in unilateralintranigral iron infused PD rat model. The ipsistriatal DA and BH4 levels were significantly increasedat 0.5 to 1 d and were continually depleting during 2 to 7 d after intranigral iron infusion. The turnoverrate of BH4 was higher than that of DA in early phase. However, the expression level of GTPcyclohydrolaseI mRNA in striatum was steadily increased after iron administration. These resultssuggest that the accumulation of intranigral iron leads to generation of oxidative stress which damageto dopaminergic neurons and causes increased release of BH4 in the dopaminergic neuron. Thedegenerating dopaminergic neurons decrease the synthesis and release of both BH4 and DA in vivothat are relevance to the progression of PD. Based on these data, we propose that the increase ofBH4 can deteriorate the disease progression in early phase of PD, and the inhibition of BH4 increasecould be a strategy for PD treatment.

Key Constructs of TQM implementation

Bijay Lal Pradhan,Rajeshwori Malla,Tikaram Chalise 한국경영과학회 2017 한국경영과학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2017 No.4

Effect of Ginseng on Calretinin Expression in Mouse Hippocampus Following Exposure to 835 ㎒ Radiofrequency

Bijay Aryal,Dhiraj Maskey,Myeung-Ju Kim,Jae-Won Yang,Hyung-Gun Kim 고려인삼학회 2011 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.35 No.2

Exponential rise in the use of mobile communication devices has generated health concerns due to radiofrequency (RF) exposure due to its close proximity to the head. Calcium binding proteins like calretinin regulate the levels of calcium (Ca²?) which plays an important role in biological systems. Ginseng is known for maintaining equilibrium in the human body and may play a beneficial radioprotectant role against electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure. In the present study, we evaluated the radioprotective effects of red ginseng (RG) extract in a mouse model. Calretinin (CR) expression was measured using a free-floating immunohistochemical method in the hippocampus of mice after 835 ㎒ EMF exposure for 5 h/d for 5 d at specific absorption rate=1.6 W/㎏ for the different experimental groups. The control animals were treated with NaCl while the experimental animals received 10 ㎎/㎏ ginseng, or 30 ㎎/㎏; EMF exposed mice were also treated with NaCl, 10 ㎎/㎏ ginseng (E10), or 30 ㎎/㎏ (E30). Decreases in CR immunoreactivity (IR) along with loss of CA1 and CA3 interneurons and infragranular cells were observed in the ENaCl group while such losses were not observed in the E10 and E30 groups. CR IR significantly increased in the RG-treated group compared to control and EMF-exposed groups treated with NaCl. The study demonstrates that RG extract can serve as a radioprotective agent that maintains Ca²? homeostasis and prevents neuronal loss in the brain hippocampal region caused by RF exposure.

Effect of Ginseng on Calretinin Expression in Mouse Hippocampus Following Exposure to 835 MHz Radiofrequency

Bijay Aryal,Dhiraj Maskey,김명주,양재원,김형건 고려인삼학회 2011 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.35 No.2

Exponential rise in the use of mobile communication devices has generated health concerns due to radiofrequency (RF) exposure due to its close proximity to the head. Calcium binding proteins like calretinin regulate the levels of calcium (Ca^(2+)) which plays an important role in biological systems. Ginseng is known for maintaining equilibrium in the human body and may play a beneficial radioprotectant role against electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure. In the present study, we evaluated the radioprotective effects of red ginseng (RG) extract in a mouse model. Calretinin (CR) expression was measured using a free-floating immunohistochemical method in the hippocampus of mice after 835 MHz EMF exposure for 5 h/d for 5 d at specific absorption rate=1.6 W/kg for the different experimental groups. The control animals were treated with NaCl while the experimental animals received 10 mg/kg ginseng, or 30 mg/kg; EMF exposed mice were also treated with NaCl, 10 mg/kg ginseng (E10), or 30 mg/kg (E30). Decreases in CR immunoreactivity (IR) along with loss of CA1 and CA3 interneurons and infragranular cells were observed in the ENaCl group while such losses were not observed in the E10 and E30 groups. CR IR significantly increased in the RG-treated group compared to control and EMF-exposed groups treated with NaCl. The study demonstrates that RG extract can serve as a radioprotective agent that maintains Ca^(2+) homeostasis and prevents neuronal loss in the brain hippocampal region caused by RF exposure.

Development of polmeric irinotecan nanoparticles using a novel lactone preservation strategy

( Bijay Kumar Poudel ),( Biki Gupta ),( Thiruganesh Ramasamy ),( Raj Kumar Thapa ),( Yu Seok Youn ),( Han Gon Choi ),( Chul Soon Yong ),( Jong Oh Kim ) 영남대학교 약품개발연구소 2016 영남대학교 약품개발연구소 연구업적집 Vol.26 No.-

Irinotecan (IRT) is an important part of the first- and second-line regimen for metastatic colorectal and some other cancers. However, IRT suffers the constraints of pH-dependent conversion of active lactone form to inactive carboxylate form, burst release owing to its aqueous solubility, short half-life and dose-dependent side effects. In this study, we developed polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) that not only deliver IRT to tumor sites, but also overcome its drawbacks by preserving active lactone conformation, prolonging the plasma circulation time, and by providing sustained release. IRT complex was rendered hydrophobic by ion-pairing with anions (docusate sodium, sodium lauryl sulfate, and sodium tripolyphosphate), and loaded in PEG-PLGA NPs via water/oil/water double emulsification method. The NPs were spherical, ~60 nm, monodispersed, and had shell-core morphology. They retained >80% lactone form for more than 1 month of storage and exhibited sustained release characteristics. In addition, sub -100 nm size of NPs offered elevated cellular internalization. Owing to the presence of hydrophilic PEG outer layer and drug-loaded hydrophobic PLGA core, NPs conferred excellent plasma stability and prolonged the retention time of lRT by more than l0-fold as compared to free IRT. Therefore, this system could provide an excellent platform for efficient and sustained delivery of IRT and similar labile drugs to the tumor site, while maintaining their chemical integrity.